Robustness. + Disproportionate Collapse + Minimum Horizontal Load Explanatory Materials to the Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Steel 2005 Disproportionate Collapse ‘Asummay ofthe + The building shall be constructed so that inthe ‘background information ‘event ofan accident the building wil not suf and consideratons ‘collapse to an extent disproportionate tothe cause. reviewed during preparation af the code, ‘Topics to be covered in this talk “The Ronan point cllapse in May + Robustness + Serviceabilty limit stats for tall buildings progressive collapse. Pecans | en + Durability a continuity in Paras + Evaluation and modificationPrincipios. Ties and vertical tes Is “deemed to ‘atlety" the code requirements ‘Tying forces ater los of column Particular Hazards, ‘Types of tie + Column tee Genera te Ties Column ties ‘This isa “deemed to satsy" approach to complying with he code requirments.General Ties Anchorage of ties + Column tes ~to columns + Others —to perimeter tie General Ties Anchorage of deck and reinforcement + Stee! beams (te force = beam reaction) andlor + Reinforcement andlor * Decking Use of decking reinforcement ‘Anchorage of Secondary Beams | | |Limitation on Tying - Resistance to Horizontal Forces eee sh ing ey Limitations on the area of col + Its the area at rok from collapse + This ie normally greator than the contributing aroa + Reduced load factors can be used (table 4.3 of code) 1 Gee eed 035 (ron ret erage) Precast Units “Tying required to eachother orto support 9. by teinercement Procest tars tobe treated the same Key Elements + Design pressure is 24kNin? (load factor=1.0) + Can be limite to the failure load of attached loments eg. cladding + Reduced load factors for other loads: + te Load 036 fronds tt seg) + Elomeonts that are needed to stailee key elements are also key oloments, Limiting area of collapse Full oad apes to bear, ‘beam roatained Fale of stachod ‘beams, oss oad but ‘restainedMinimum Horizontal Load Design considerations for tall buildings Minimum 8. notional horizontal loads Tall Buildings - Serviceability limit state + Limits on defection (normally OK), oF ‘Dynamic analysis and limits on acceleration, or + Performance based analysis Tall buildings, Serviceability Deflection limits + Top deflection tinit = height!500 torey deflection limit holgh400 “For typical regular buildings these will normally be ‘enough but te RSE must consider whether these fare appropriateFast ie one te Com Research Dynamic Analysis + 10 yearraturn prod of 1 minute wind ulling eat) Residential 6 ‘Office bung, Hota EJ formance based design justification s + eccepton of cscontorisegueney dependent ust ofa ‘rotn matory be hob + Ac tam spas vind nea comets + sgn fie nd aig ak sent of pated acceptably erterUse of damping device. Dierontat sorening needs ‘consideron + cre and Couns Sere rom ry Lo 1 Sep + ourages arc ner tom Gravy Loudon {Seta criteria and column stability.Material Properties + Vola Strength + Unimate Tensile Strength + Elongation tofaiture + Notch Toughness + Carbon Equivalent + Through thickness propertios + Production process (Annealed, Quenched and Tempered etc) Ratio of UTS to yield Normal stool strese-strain curve Ductile-brittle transition Brittle fracture ato of UTS to ylolde Gan yield net section a Lome tae strength > ytd. Work hardening ‘uct allows plastic hinges Ps =e, fo ° * MSE aang 002Recent examples and code requirements ‘eidedy snaurna serie ch Grade $275JR and S3553R + Equivalent to grades 438 and S08 from BS 4350, + Notch toughness specitid in tho standard (EN 10028-2:2004) but only tested if asked for. + Limiting thickness for minimum service temperature oro.we: RSs Code Requirements Table 3.7 Se eee eee, Weldabitty and Carton Equivalent Values CEV=C% + MWS % + (CrHBOHVIS 4+ (CUTS 6 + Maximum CEV values are not given in ASTM for all grades + Welding procedures to AWS and EN 1011 can bbe based on grade- simplified procedure. ‘Through thickness properties ‘Through thickness stresses in welded Teefeuciform connections can lead to lamelia eaing “Trough thickness properties may be required ‘Depends on thickness, arrangement, wlding type and restraint areProduction process + Heat treatment can be used to produce the steet Needs to be taken into accountin cutting and welding Now Building Code of Practice - Steet Materials lass 2 Checking hacen arog eb taken 170, Premed gat cone tat one rteence sans ls ero, ‘onoaton teste svengh) hmm! peep (Glass 1H Checking (690 << 480) {Sheen ort 48 non tat + Sugar ac phos sat at exes 0025 «Ana et sor aoroaton oe en och \cigness and choncs conposton kan in cepa, ‘Glass UH Checking C,> 690) Not covered by Code Now Building Code. (lass 1 Checking = Chas Corot elarece de Esso equate prc ry for te ate Durabitity + Depends on exposure conditions + Protection systems must take account of ‘accessibility + Protection systoms must be compatible withthe fire protection system Now Building Code of Practice - Stee! Materials (ass 2 Checking Check Mandacnrorae A tem + Check CEV at renter han 048% a carbon cate ot rete + Shr end Proohate sal ot xc 108% + Prosad culty cone 0 of rarest (yk Exposure Conditions 7 hase — areas ‘eeogh sonar one ser aes apse ‘etedirduence uit Meta el pa cage.‘Types of protective systems ‘Minimum thickness without special + Not to be used for High Strength steel (r 10.8 bolts) + Risk of cracking : See Galvanizing Structural Steelwork by BCSAIGA htputwwew.steelconstruction org! + Need to vent hollow sections + Difficult to paint ontop of galvanizing oh protection aan [Exposure [Piates and open] Sealed Hollow Ser — ae oo fi Seen aro =aF (May be less for proprietary products but RSE must samen provid jntcaion at coca eon ie eon ——e Siawe. Galvanizing Welding - basic requirements + Qusliied Welder + Welding Procedure Approval Records endorsed by ‘qualified personne! + Sultable welding procedure specifications Accurate f-up + Ether alto BS EN oral to AWS, + Qualifications must be forthe welding process used + Common processes are Submerged arc, Gas Matal are and Shielded Metal are Concrete encasement + Reinforcement required Inthe cover (wrapping fabrie) + If composite construction required the steel must be blast cleaned ‘Submerged Are Welding 10‘Submerged Are Welding Manual Gas Metal Are Welding Submerged Are Welding ‘Automatic Gas Metal Are Welding Gas Metal Are Welding ‘Shielded Metal Are WeldingShielded Metal Arc Welding Trapecion & Texting or Now Destructive Teaung Visual Inspection Shielded Metal Arc Welding Trapecion & Testing ov Non Desucive TENG Magnetic Partie Inspection Welding inspection + Visual—for weld size, dimensions, shape and large defects. Inspector must be tained + MPI ~for surface flaws. Operator must have tho correct certificate. Dye Penetrant testing can be tsed if agreed by the RSE + UT—for sub-surface defects. Operator must have ‘the correct cericate. Radiographic testing can be ‘dope butis generally too complicated to do safaly Inspection & Testing or Non Destructive Testing Magnetic Particle Inspection 12Tspecon & Tesing oF Now Desrucive Testing Taspection & Testing or Non Destructive Testing utrasoni Inspection Inspection & Testing or Non-Destuctwe Testing Inspection & Testing or Non-Destructive Testing Radiographic Inspection Inspection & Testing oF Non-Destructive Testing Utrasonic Inspection Taspection & Testing or Non-Destructive Testing Radiographic Inspection 13Inspection & Testing or Non-Destructive Testing Radiographic Inspection Inspection & Testing or Non-Destructive Testing Defeats, Segresstion Cracking Inspection 8 Testing or Non-Destructive Testing Defects, lamela Tearing Welding - Scope and Frequency of NDT + Visual inspoetion of all welds + UT and MPI on all Full Penetration But Welds + UT and MPI on a percentage of other welds “UT and or MPI on 100% of wolds to steels with @ viele strength > SOON + If defects are found testing must be increased 4Bolting + Limit the numberof diferent size and grades 0. ‘M20 and MDA grade 88 + Chinese standards use the same designation as ther acceptable standards but the bolts ar slower ‘strength + Where the assemblies are galvanized the nuts are fetapped and must be a higher strength than normal 29-rade 10 fran 88 bok. + Where oversized or elongated holes are used a ‘over plate is required Evaluation and Modification of Exisiting Structures + Understand structural system, materials and leadpaths + Assess state offre and corrosion protection systems + Eetablich any additional loads + Devise suitable details for connecting any new structure + Devise any strengthening systems which may be necessary Bolt tightening + Tighten bots in sequence + Use more than one cycle of tightening + Where a torque wrench is used to tighten preloaded bolts I'should be calibrated at least once per shift, + Whore fition i used in the connection the ‘surfaces mast be unpainted. + Wher the bolts are preloaded the paint on the ‘outside of the pls should not be too thick “If protoaded bots are undone they should be discarded. Permitted Deviat ns (tolerances) + Fabrication tolerances must not prevent structure bing erected to within the erection tolerances + Foundations and Holding Down bot tolerances at the interface between two trades (contracts) + Tolerances fora particular project may be diferent +i grater tolerances are allowed RSE must show ‘they dow’ affect the structure e.g. plumb, 15