Unit
INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH METHODES
I
Q. Part A Questions (2 Marks)
No.
1. Summarize correllational research.
2. Define research methodology.
3. List various steps in scientific research.
4. Relate IPR.
5. Illustrate research planning.
6. Match the purpose of the research.
7. Relate research objectives.
8. Outline literature search.
9. Explain hypothesis generation.
10. Outline research abstract.
Q. Part B Questions
No.
1. Discuss about scientific methods and scientific research.
Discuss in details about research planning.
2.
3. Explain the various steps in scientific research.
4.
Elaborate selection of a problem for research formulations of
selected problems.
Identification & formulation of a research problem is the first step
of the research process. Selection of research problem depends
on several factors such as researcher's knowledge, skills, interest,
expertise, motivation & creativity with respect to the subject of
inquiry.
Problem formulation is the mathematical representation of the
problem under study. SVM Classification problem is an
optimization problem whose mathematical representation consists
of an objective function and constraints .
1.CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
correlational research refers to a non-experimental research method that studies the
relationship between two variables with the help of statistical analysis.
Correlational research design does not study the effects of extraneous variables on the
variables under study.
There are three types of research
1. Natural research
2. Survey research
3. Archieval research
2.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:
A research methodology is an outline of how a given piece of research is carried out. It
defines the techniques or procedures that are used to identify and analyse information regarding
a specific research topic.
I. Quantitative research
II. Qualitative Research
III. Descriptive Research
IV. Analytical research
V. Applied Research
VI. Fundamental Research
VII. Exploratory Research
VIII. Conclusive Research
IX. Survey
X. Case studies
3.VARIOUS STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
The scientific method has five basic steps, plus one feedback step:
Make an observation.
Ask a question.
Form a hypothesis, or testable explanation.
Make a prediction based on the hypothesis.
Test the prediction.
Iterate: use the results to make new hypotheses or predictions
4.IPR:
Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) are legal rights that protect creations
and/or inventions resulting from intellectual activity in the industrial,
scientific, literary or artistic fields. The most common IPRs include patents,
copyrights, marks and trade secrets.
Patents
The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office grants property rights to
original inventions, from processes to machines. Patent law
protects inventions from use by others and gives exclusive
rights to one or more inventors. Technology companies
commonly use patents, as seen in the patent for the first
computer to protect their investment in creating new and
innovative products. The three types of patents consist of:
Design patents: Protection for the aesthetics of a device or
invention. Ornamental design patents include a product’s
shape (Coca-Cola bottle), emojis, fonts, or any other distinct
visual traits.
Plant patents: Safeguards for new varieties of plants. An
example of a plant patent is pest-free versions of fruit trees.
But inventors may also want a design patient if the tree has
unique visual properties.
Utility patents: Protection for a product that serves a practical
purpose and is useful. IP examples include vehicle safety
systems, software, and pharmaceuticals. This was the first,
and is still the largest, area of patent law.
2. Trademarks
Trademarks protect logos, sounds, words, colors, or symbols
used by a company to distinguish its service or product.
Trademark examples include the Twitter logo, McDonald’s
golden arches, and the font used by Dunkin.
Although patents protect one product, trademarks may cover a
group of products. The Lanham Act, also called the Trademark
Act of 1946, governs trademarks, infringement, and service
marks.
3. Copyrights
Copyright law protects the rights of the original creator of
original works of intellectual property. Unlike patents,
copyrights must be tangible. For instance, you can’t copyright
an idea. But you can write down an original speech, poem, or
song and get a copyright.
Once someone creates an original work of authorship (OWA),
the author automatically owns the copyright. But, registering
with the U.S. Copyright Office gives owners a head-start in
the legal system.
4. Trade Secrets
Trade secrets are a company’s intellectual property that isn’t
public, has economic value, and carries information. They may
be a formula, recipe, or process used to gain a competitive
advantage.
To qualify as a trade secret, companies must work to protect
proprietary information actively. Once the information is public
knowledge, then it’s no longer protected under trade secrets
laws. According to 18 USC § 1839(3), assets may be tangible
or intangible, and a trade secret can involve information that’s:
Business
Financial
Technical
Economic
Scientific
Engineering
5.RESEARCH PLANNING
A research plan is a short document, which sets out initial thoughts on a research project
in a logical and concise manner. It is a concept paper, which may be shared, in confidence,
with peers and potential collaborators. Several iterations of a research plan may be necessary
before it may be considered as complete.
Step 1: Recognize and develop your research topic. ...
Step 2: Do a preliminary research for data. ...
Step 3: Allocate Resources. ...
Step 4: Appraise your Data sources. ...
Step 5: Keep Notes During the process. ...
Step 6: Write the Research Paper.
Step 7:cite your reference properly
Step 8:Edit and proof read your research paper.
7.the purpose of the research
The purpose of research is to enhance society by advancing knowledge through scientific
theories, concepts and ideas. A research purpose is met through forming hypotheses,
collecting data, analysing, etc..
The main purposes of research are to inform action, gather evidence for theories, and
contribute to developing knowledge in a field of study.
8.literature search.
Literature search is a systematic and well-organised search from the already published
data to identify a breadth of good quality references on a specific topic.
Step 1: Decide on your research question in your own words. For example: “Discuss the
closure of residential care homes for older people”.
Step 2: Define the terms and concepts. ...
Step 3: Use Boolean operators. ...
Step 4: Limit your search. ...
Step 5: Select the right database. ...
Step 6: Start searching!
10.What is a hypothesis generation?
Hypothesis generation is a pre-decisional process by which we formulate
explanations and beliefs regarding the occurrences we observe in our
environment. The hypotheses we generate from long-term memory (LTM) bring
structure to many of the ill-structured decision making tasks we commonly encounter.29-
Jun-2012
1. Ask a question. Writing a hypothesis begins with a research question that you want to
answer. ...
2. Do some preliminary research. ...
3. Formulate your hypothesis. ...
4. Refine your hypothesis. ...
5. Phrase your hypothesis in three ways. ...
6. Write a null hypothesis.
10.What is abstract in research example?
o An abstract is an outline/brief summary of your paper and your whole
project.
o It should have an intro, body and conclusion.
o It is a well-developed paragraph, should be exact in wording, and must be
understandable to a wide audience.
1.Discuss about scientific methods and scientific research.
Psychologists use the scientific method to conduct their research. The scientific method is a
standardized way of making observations, gathering data, forming theories, testing
predictions, and interpreting results. Researchers make observations in order to describe
and measure behavior.
Make an observation.
Ask a question.
Form a hypothesis, or testable explanation.
Make a prediction based on the hypothesis.
Test the prediction.
Iterate: use the results to make new hypotheses or predictions
2.research planning
A research plan is a short document, which sets out initial thoughts on a research project
in a logical and concise manner. It is a concept paper, which may be shared, in confidence,
with peers and potential collaborators. Several iterations of a research plan may be necessary
before it may be considered as complete.
Step 1: Recognize and develop your research topic. ...
Step 2: Do a preliminary research for data. ...
Step 3: Allocate Resources. ...
Step 4: Appraise your Data sources. ...
Step 5: Keep Notes During the process. ...
Step 6: Write the Research Paper.
Step 7:cite your reference properly
Step 8:Edit and proof read your research paper.
