The Muscular System
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Dr.Ibtisam Khalaf Abd Ali
MUSCLE TISSUE SKELETAL MUSCLE
• All muscle tissue is composed of muscle cell “muscle
TYPES OF MUSCLE OR MUSCLE TISSUE
fibers”, and exhibits specific characteristics including • I. Structural Organization of Skeletal Muscle
the following: • 1. Skeletal muscle.
• 1. Excitability: response to stimuli by initiating • 1. Structures of muscle.
electrical signal (action potential) that spread across
plasma membrane and spark internal events leading • 2. Cardiac muscle . • a. Epimysium b. Fascicle c. Perimysium
to muscle contraction.
• d. Muscle fiber e. Endomysium f. Myofibrils
• 2. Contractility: cell shortening. • 3. Smooth muscle.
• 3. Extensibility: extending in length in response to • g. Deep fascia h. Tendon i. Sattellite cel
contraction of opposing muscle cells.
4. Elasticity: ability to return to its original length •
when tension is released
Structural Organization of Skeletal 2. Structures of fascicle.
Muscle 3. Structures of muscle fiber
• a. Perimysium
(muscle cell).
• a. Endomysium
• b. Muscle fiber • b. Myofibril
• c. Neuromuscular junction
• c. Endomysium • d. Nuclei
• d. Nerve
II. Structural Organization of Arrangement of filaments in skeletal
The Structure of Skeletal Muscle fiber Myofibrils and Myofilaments muscle fiber
• . Structures of myofibrils: compose from many
sarcomeres
• Sarcomere: the smallest contractile unit in myofibril of
striated muscle fiber. Each sarcomere composed from:
• a. Myofilament – Actin- (Thin filament)
• b. Myofilament-Myosin (Thick filament)
CONTRACTION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE I. Steps Involved in the Mechanisms of
Sliding Theory
Contraction: is the sliding of actin over myosin •
in the presence of Ca++ (calcium ion). “Skeletal
muscle are attached to bones by tendons, and
contraction of skeletal muscle exerts a pull on
bone and movement”, most skeleton muscles
extend between bones. The less movable
point of attachment of the muscle called
“Origin”, and the more movable called
“Insertion”.
I. Steps Involved in the Mechanisms of Steps in the initiation and the end of
• 5. Action potential (electrical signal) spread
Sliding Theory: contraction
through cell membrane to “T –tube” and then to
• 1. Excitable tissues: nerve and muscle (nerve sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium ion.
impulse in axons cause muscle impulses in
sarcolemma). • 6. Calcium ion triggers the process of sliding.
• 2. Excitable cell: cell that is capable to create and • 7. Relaxation: the period after a contraction when
conduct action potential the tension in the muscle fiber return to resting
• 3. Action potential: Changes in membrane levels, and this done by:
potential of excitable cells .also defined as • a. Active cytosolic calcium (Ca++) transported
electrical activity or electrical signal. across the cell membrane into the extracellular
• 4. Motor end plate produces neurotransmeter at fluid.
the neuromuscular junction, to stimulate the cell b. Active cytosolic calcium (Ca++) transported into •
membrane (sarcolema) to produce Action
potential (electrical signal). the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Relase and uptake of calcium by the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Neuromuscular Junction CONTROL OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
during Contraction and Relaxation of Skeletal Muscle
CONTRACTION
Skeletal muscle fibers contract only under the •
control of the nervous system.
Communication between the nervous system
and the skeletal muscle fiber occurs at a
specialized intercellular connection known as
neuromuscular junction
I. Structures of Neuromuscular Junction
(Chemical Synapse and Motor End Plate)
Neuro Muscular Junction II. Ions Fluxes in Action
Potential
• (Structure where axons transmit nerve impulse to
muscle fiber)
• 1. Synaptic knob (terminal) • 1. Sodium
• 2. Acetylcholine (ACh) (Synaptic Vesicles)
• 3. Synaptic cleft
• 4. Motor end plate
• 2. Potassium
• 5. Sarcolemma
• 6. Acetylcholine receptor • 3. Calcium
• 7. Acetylcholinestrase
• (AChE)
MUSCLE PERFORMANCE I. Factors Determine the Performance
Capabilities of any Skeletal Muscle
• 1. Types of muscle fibers in the muscle.
• Muscle performance: mean power and
• a. Fast fibers.
endurance. • b. Slow fibers.
• c. Intermediate fiber.
• Power: the ability to act (capability).
• 2. Physical Conditioning
• Endurance: the ability to sustain an activity over • a. Aerobic endurance.
a period of time.
• b. Anaerobic endurance.
MUSCLE TONE AND CONTRACTION III. Gluteal Intramuscular Injection ENERGETIC OF MUSCULAR ACTIVITY
I. Muscle Tone: normal tension, in muscle the
A single muscle fiber may contain 15 billion thick
resistance to passive elongation or stretch; or
partial contraction of the muscle; or residual filaments, during muscle fiber contraction,
muscle tension
each thick filament break down roughly 2500
II. Muscle Contraction: shortening of the
muscle ATP molecule per second. Small skeletal
Types of Muscle Contraction muscle contains thousands of muscle fibers.
1. Isometric contraction.
2. Isotonic contraction
I. Sources of Energy Stored in Muscle Fiber
II.ATP Generation III. Hormones and Muscle Metabolism
1. ATP “Adenosine triphosphate”
1. Aerobic metabolism “Oxidative 1. Growth hormone.
2. CP “Creatine phosphate”
3. Glycogen phosphorelation”.
2. Testosterone.
2. Anaerobic metabolism “glycolysis”.
ATP + Creatine Creatine Phosphokinase ADP+ Creatine phosphate
ADP + Creatine phosphate Creatine Phosphokinase ATP + Creatine
The three sources of ATP production during FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
Muscle contraction DEVELOPMENT OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
1. Producing skeletal movement.
2. Maintaining pusture and body position.
3. Supporting soft tissues.
4. Guarding enterance and exits.
5. Maintaining body temperature.
CARDIAC MUSCLE
I. Cardiac Muscle Fibers are individual muscle
fibers arranged in thick bundles like skeletal
muscle fiber, but shorter and thicker, and have
one or two nuclei. Cardiac muscle fiber forms Y-
shaped branches; it is attached to adjacent muscle
fibers by junctions termed intercalated discs
SMOOTH MUSCLEI. Smooth Muscle Fiber
Specific structure of cardiac muscle fiber II. Control of Cardiac Muscle Contraction Characteristic
1. Intercalated disc. 1. Small cell.
2. Generally centrally located single nucleus. 2. Have one nucleus.
1. Automaticity.
3. Cardiac muscle fibers are: thinner and shorter 3. Capacity to divide.
than skeletal muscle fiber. 4. Composed from thick and thin filaments and dense body.
4. Contractions of cardiac muscle fiber depend on 2. Autonomic innervations. 5. Thick and thin filaments don’t organize into myofibrils.
Ca++ in ECF and sarcoplasmic reticulum. 6. Slow onset contraction, and may be tetanized and resistant to
fatigue.
5. CMF are slower onset in contraction and 3. Blood born chemicals .
resistant to fatigue. 7. Primarily aerobic metabolism.
8. Depend on ECF Ca++ to maintain contraction.
6. CMFs control by pacemaker cells (Automaticity).
9. No T-tube and dispersed sarcoplasmic reticular throughout
7. CMFs depend on aerobic metabolism (fat and sarcoplasm.
carbohydrate) to maintain energy.
II. Types of Smooth Muscle
1. Single unit smooth muscle (visceral smooth
muscle).
Found for example in the wall of gastrointestinal
tract, gallbladder, urinary bladder and other
internal organs.
2. Mutiunit smooth muscle found for example in
iris of the eye (to regulate the diameter of pupil),
male reproductive gland and wall of large
arteries.
•
III. Control of Smooth Muscle Contraction
IV. Types of Synaptic Communication
• 1. Chemical synapse.
• 2. Electrical synapse.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SKELETAL MUSCLE, CARDIAC MUSCLE AND SMOOTH
MUSCLE TISSUES CLINICAL TERMINOLOGY OF MUSCULAR SYSTEM Fibrosis : process in which muscle tissue is replaced
by fibrous connective tissue ,making muscle
Convulsion: a series of involuntary contraction of the weaker and less flexible.
voluntary muscles produced hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia,
metabolic disturbances, hormonal imbalances, brain cell Hypertonia : abnormally increased tonicity or
injury, stroke, anoxia, hemorrhage, high fever and epilepsy. strength .
Cramp: painful spasmodic muscular contraction. Muscle atrophy: skeletal muscle that is not
Creatine: nonprotein substance synthesized in the body from regularly stimulated by a motor neuron loses
three amino acids: arginine, glycine and methionine
.present in the muscle to store high energy phosphate muscle tone and mass. The reduction in muscle
necessary for muscle contraction. size, tone and power is called atrophy.
Dystrophy : imperfect nutrition. Muscle fatigue: muscle can no longer contract
Endurance: the ability to sustain an activity over a period of ,because of change in pH ,due to building of lactic
time. acid, a lack of energy or other problem.
Fibromyalgia syndrome : An inflammatory disorder Muscle Contraction: shortening of the muscle.
characterized by a distinctive pattern of symptoms
including tender points of body surface. Muscular dystrophy : degenerative myopathies that
produce muscle weakness and atrophy.
Power: the ability to act (capability).
Spasm: sudden involuntary contraction of muscle or group of
muscle accompanied by pain
Synapse: the junction between the processes of two neurons or
between a neuron and effector organ (muscle, gland or GI
neurons)
Tendonitis: inflammation of tendons and of tendon-muscle
attachments, one of the most common causes of acute pain in
the shoulder. It is frequently associated with calcium deposit
(calcium tendinitis) which may involve the bursa around the
tendon or near the joint, causing bursitis .
Tetany : continuous tonic spasm of a muscle, it is due to
abnormal calcium metabolism ,vitamin D deficiency and
alkalosis.
Tone :normal tension, in muscle the resistance to passive
elongation or stretch.
Twitch : mechanical response of skeletal muscle to single volley
action potential
