Quantitative aspects
of
Chemical Change
1
The mole
• The mole
– The number of elementary particles that is equal
to the number of carbon atoms in 12 g of
carbon-12 isotope.
i.e. there are 6,02 x 1023 atoms of carbon in 12 g
of the carbon-12 isotope.
1 mole of any/every element thus contains
6,02 x 1023 atoms of that element
This number of particles is also called the
Avogadro constant The mole 2
One mole of each substance:
The following contain 1 mole (6 x 1023) atoms:
32 g sulphur 12 g carbon 65 g zinc
250 g CuSO4.5H2O 18 g H2O 58,5 g NaCl
These contain 1 mole of molecules or formula units
3
Relative atomic mass (RAM)
4
Relative molecular mass (Mr)
This is the mass of 1 molecule of a covalent
substance – relative to the mass of 1 atom of
carbon-12 isotope.
It has the symbol Mr and the unit is also amu.
Find the relative molecular mass of water.
Mr(H2O) = 2(1) + 16 = 18 amu
Find the relative molecular mass of carbon
dioxide.
Mr(CO2) = 12 + 2(16) = 44 amu
Find the relative molecular masses for the
following: SO3 H2S NH3 NO2 Name them? 5
Relative formula mass
This is the mass of a formula unit of an ionic
compound, calculated by adding relative atomic
masses (RAM) together in their ratios.
Find the relative formula mass of calcium nitrate
Mr [Ca(NO3)2] = 40 +(2x14) +(6x16)
= 164 amu
i.e. Mass of one formula unit is 164 – relative to C-12.
C-12 is the international standard used today & masses
of all other atoms, molecules etc are determined from
this particular isotope of C. 6
Relative molecular/formula mass
Now find the relative molecular/formula mass of
each of the following substances:
HCl, H2O, CO2, H2SO4, & K2Cr2O7
Answers: 36,5 amu, 18 amu, 44 amu, 98 amu, &
294 amu respectively.
Ensure that you understand how each of these
values is obtained.
This simply means that the mass of a molecule of
HCl is 36,5 times as heavy as a nucleon (= 1 amu) 7
– relative to the C-12 isotope etc.
Molar mass
The molar mass of a substance is the mass of 1
mole of the substance and it is expressed in
g∙mol-1. Molar mass
It is determined by expressing the RAM in gram.
Relative molecular mass of water is 18 amu
Molar mass of water is 18 g∙mol-1
This means that 1 mole of water has a mass of
18 g & contains 6,02 x 1023 molecules of H2O.
Find the molar masses of the following:
NaCl H2SO4 CuSO4 Ca(OH)2 8
Finding the number of moles
• One mole of any substance is the relative atomic
mass or the relative formula mass expressed in
g.mol-1.
• One mol of Na is 23 g.mol-1, while one mol of water
is 18 g.mol-1
• The number of moles is determined as follows:
• n= m/Mr
• Where n = no. of moles, m = mass, Mr = molar mass
• How many moles are there in 40 g of carbon?
• n = m/Mr n = 40 g/ 12 g.mol-1 = 3.33 mol of C.
9
The mole
Consider each of the following masses:
1gH 16 g of O 35,5 g of Cl 36,5 g HCl 44 g CO2
Each contain 1 mole of Both contain 1 mole
atoms of molecules
These are the relative These are the relative
atomic masses expressed molecular masses
in gram. expressed in gram.
Each contain 6,02 x 1023 particles – either
atoms or molecules. 10
The mole
1 g of H contains 6,02 x 1023 atoms or
1 g of H contains ½ (6,02 x 1023 ) molecules
(Since H is diatomic: H2)
2 g of H contains 6,02 x 1023 molecules or
2 g of H contains 2(6,02 x 1023) atoms
Find the following:
The number of molecules in 16 g of oxygen.
The number of molecules in 142 g of chlorine.
The number of atoms in 64 g of oxygen 11
Water of crystallisation
Some salts contain water that is trapped within
the crystal structure – as the crystals were
originally formed. Heating copper sulphate
This is called water of crystallisation.
Examples: CuSO4∙5H2O, MgSO4∙7H2O (Epsom
salts), (CaSO4)2∙2H2O (Plaster of Paris).
This means that there are 5 moles of water of
crystallisation per mole of CuSO4.
Heating blue CuSO4∙5H2O crystals will remove
the water of crystallisation as it changes to white
12
anhydrous CuSO4.
Determining composition of
substances
It is very useful in Chemistry to be able to
analyse substances & calculate masses &/or
volumes of reacting substances and the
products that are formed in chemical reactions.
This useful when producing fertilizers,
medicines, plastics and the production of many
other substances.
Here we need to consider how many moles are
reacting etc. 13
Percentage composition
We sometimes need to find the % of each
element present in a compound.
This is called the percentage composition of the
compound & indicates what % of each element is
present in that particular compound.
If a substance has water of crystallisation – then
we find the % of water of crystallisation in the
compound. % composition
14
Percentage composition
Find the percentage composition of potassium
chloride.
Write down formula & find KCl = 39 + 35,5
formula mass = 74,5 g.mol-1
% K in KCl is: 39 X 100 = 52,3%
74,5
35,5 X 100 = 47,7%
% Cl in KCl is: 74,5
We can use this method to determine which
fertilizers to use and what % of each element they 15
should contain.
Empirical formula from %
If you know the percentages of the elements
present in a compound, you can determine its
formula. Empirical formula
If a certain compound contains 11,1% H and
88,9% O, find the formula of the compound.
Convert to gram thus:11,1 g of H + 88,9 g of O
No. of mole of H = 11,1 = 11,1 mole
1
No. of mole of O = 88,9 = 5,55 mole
16
Ratio of H : O is 11,1 : 5,55 i.e. 2: 1
16
Empirical formula of this compound is H2O
Empirical & molecular formula
The empirical formula is determined from the %
composition of a substance & provides the
simplest ratio of the atoms in a molecule.
The molecular formula gives the actual number of
atoms in the molecule.
Molecular formula of a certain compound is C2H4
but its empirical formula is CH2.
One is a ratio while the other is the actual number
of atoms in the molecule.
17
Solutions
Many solids dissolve in liquids to form solutions.
Solvent – liquid doing the dissolving
Solute – substance being dissolved
When water is the solvent – we refer to aqueous
solutions and indicate with an (aq).
Salt in water could be written as: NaCl(aq) or as
Na+(aq) and Cl-(aq) NaCl in water
The more solute – the higher the concentration. 18
Concentration of solutions
The common way to express concentrations
of solutions is the number of moles of solute
per cubic decimetre:
No. of moles n
Concentration = i.e. c =
volume V
Units are: c in mol∙dm-3
Concentration
n in mol
V in dm3
The concentration of a solution is called its
molarity – expressed as: 3 mol∙dm-3 19
Standard solutions
These are solutions that have been made
up to be a specific concentration – say
0.1 mol per dm3.
Calculate the mass
of solute required
to make up your
standard solution
and then add &
dissolve in water in
a measuring flask. Making a standard solution
20
Molar gas volume
1 mole of any/every gas at STP occupies 22,4 dm3
& this is called the molar gas volume.
STP means standard temperature (00C or 273K) and
standard pressure (101,3 kPa) or 1 atmosphere
pressure.
This equation can be used to do calculations based
upon these relationships:
pV = nRT
21
Molar gas volume
1mole
H2
1 mole of every gas
1mole
occupies 22,4 dm3 at
CH4 STP.
1mole
22,4 dm3 N2
This phenomenon
at STP. only applies to gases
1mole – not solids & liquids.
NH3 1mole Molar gas volume
O2
Avogadro’s hypothesis:
Equal volumes of gases under the same conditions of
temperature & pressure have equal numbers of
molecules i.e. 22
10 cm3 of H2 & O2 have the same number of molecules at STP.
Mass-mass chemical reactions
Crucible Find mass of crucible without Mg
Mg ribbon
With Mg
Gauze
After reaction completed after
Tripod
heating Mg + oxygen
Bunsen
2Mg + O2 2MgO
2(24) of Mg reacts with (16)2 O2 to form 2(24+16) MgO
∴ 48 g Mg + 32 g O2 forms 80 g of MgO
∴ 2g Mg reacts with 2 x 32 g O2 to form 2 X 80 g of MgO
48 48
2g Mg reacts with 1,33 g of O2 to form 3,33 g of MgO
23
Relate these to the numbers you got.
Mass-volume chemical reactions
If you are required to find the volume of a gas
formed, first find the number of moles of gas formed
& then use the equation pV = nRT to find the
volume of the gas.
2,4 g of Mg reacts completely to form MgCl2 & H2. Find
the volume of the gas formed at 20 0C & 100 kPa.
Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2
24 g of Mg forms 2 g of H2
2,4 g of Mg forms 0.2 g of H2 (0,1 mole)
Now use pV = nRT to find the volume of the gas.
24
Mass volume calculation
Mass-volume chemical reactions
pV = nRT
100 x 103 x V = 0,1 x 8,31 293
V = 0,00243 m3 = 2,43 dm3
If the gas is at STP then you can use molar gas volume
of 22,4 dm3 to find the volume of the gas.
If this problem had been at STP then:
1 mole of H2 at STP occupies 22,4 dm3
0,1 mole at STP occupies 0,1 x 22,4 = 2,24 dm3
25
Information from Chemical equations
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) + energy
The above balanced equation tells us:
1 atom of Mg reacts with 2 molecules of HCl to form
1 molecule of MgCl2 & 1 molecule of H2.
1 mole of solid Mg reacts with 2 mole of HCl in
solution (water), to produce 1 mole of MgCl2 in
solution & 1 mole of H gas in proportion.
24 g of Mg reacts with 2(1 + 35,5) = 73 g of HCl to
form (24 + 71) = 95 g of MgCl2 & 2 g of H2.
Stoichiometry is the study of the amounts of 26
substances that react in chemical reactions.
