Special Report

Cerebrovasc Dis 2013;35:202–208 Received: October 5, 2012

Accepted: November 22, 2012
DOI: 10.1159/000346077
Published online: March 5, 2013

How to Prepare and Deliver a Scientific

Presentation
Teaching Course Presentation at the 21st European Stroke Conference, Lisboa, May 2012

Andrei V. Alexandrov a Michael G. Hennerici b

a Comprehensive Stroke Center, University of Alabama Hospital, Birmingham, Ala., USA; b Department of Neurology,
UniversitätsMedizin Mannheim UMM, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany

Key Words talk or when standing by your poster, always think clearly,
Science · Presentation · Quality have a logical plan, gain audience attention, make them in-
terested in your subject, excite their own thinking about the
problem, listen to questions and carefully weigh the evi-
Abstract dence that would justify the punch-line. Conclusions: Rank
Background: A scientific presentation is a professional way scientific evidence in your presentation appropriately. What
to share your observation, introduce a hypothesis, demon- may seem obvious may turn erroneous or more complex.
strate and interpret the results of a study, or summarize Rehearse your presentation before you deliver it at a confer-
what is learned or to be studied on the subject. Presenta- ence. Challenge yourself to dry runs with your most criti-
tion Methods: Commonly, presentations at major confer- cally thinking colleagues. When the time comes, ace it with
ences include podium (oral, platform), poster or lecture, and a clear mind, precise execution and fund of knowledge.
if selected one should be prepared to PRESENT: Plan from Copyright © 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel
the start (place integral parts of the presentation in logical
sequence); Reduce the amount of text and visual aids to the
bare minimum; Elucidate (clarify) methods; Summarize re- Introduction
sults and key messages; Effectively deliver; Note all short-
comings, and Transform your own and the current thinking Over time communication standards between
of others. We provide tips on how to achieve this. Presenta- scientists have evolved along with improved scientific
tion Results: After disclosing conflicts, if applicable, start method, increasing scrutiny of analyses and upholding
with a brief summary of what is known and why it is required to the highest level of evidence anything we call research.
to investigate the subject. State the research question or the Scientific presentation is a professional way of sharing
purpose of the lecture. For original presentations follow a your observation, introducing a hypothesis, demon-
structure: Introduction, Methods, Results, Conclusions. In- strating and interpreting the results of a study, or
vest a sufficient amount of time or poster space in describ- summarizing what has been learned or is to be studied
ing the study methods. Clearly organize and deliver the re- on the subject. Professional presentations help dissemi-
sults or synopsis of relevant studies. Include absolute num- nate research, make peers aware of novel approaches,
bers and simple statistics before showing advanced findings or problems. These presentations make confer-
analyses. Remember to present one point at a time. Stay fo- ences memorable for both presenters and the audience.
cused. Discuss study limitations. In a lecture or a podium Anyone can recall the most exciting and most boring,

© 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel Dr. A. Alexandrov

1015–9770/13/0353–0202$38.00/0 Director Comprehensive Stroke Center
Fax +41 61 306 12 34 UAB Hospital RWUH M226, 619 19th Street South
E-Mail [email protected] Accessible online at: Birmingham, AL 35249 (USA)
www.karger.com www.karger.com/ced E-Mail avalexandrov @ att.net
the most clear and most convoluted, the most Reduce the amount of text and visual aids to the bare
‘seriously?!’ and the most ‘wow!!’ presentations. Most minimum;
presentations, however, fall in the in-between level of ‘so E lucidate (clarify) methods;
what?’, ‘I did not quite get it …’, or ‘maybe’. This means Summarize results and key messages;
that all the work the authors have put in did not result Effectively deliver;
in a paradigm shift, advancement, or even ‘well, this is Note all shortcomings, and
good to know’ kind of an impact. We struggle to shape Transform your own and the current thinking of
up our young presenters to make their science clear and others.
visible, their presence known and their own networks So, as the scuba-diving instructors say: plan the dive,
grow. and dive the plan. The most important parts of scientific
Having initially struggled in preparing and delivering presentations should follow the logic of delivering the key
presentations ourselves, and having seen the many baby messages. For the original presentations (platforms or
steps of our trainees now accomplished or shy of a track posters), it is easy to simply follow the accepted abstracts,
record, we have put together these suggestions on how to most often structured following the IMRaD principle: In-
start, organize and accomplish what at first sight looks troduction, Methods, Results and Discussion (Conclu-
like a daunting task: presenting in front of people, many sions).
of whom may have expertise way beyond your own or Lecture format, content and logical flow of informa-
who are scrutinizing every bit of data and ready to shred tion often depend on the topic choice, which should be
any evidence you might have to pieces. Unfortunately, appropriate to the level of audience [1], time allotment
there is no other way to advance science and become rec- and the target audience. Most competitive conferences
ognized than to survive this campaign from conception offer short times even for invited lecturers as experts are
of a project to publication. This campaign has its own expected to demonstrate cutting edge science, which as-
(often interim and hopefully not singular) culmination in sumes that the audience is already knowledgeable and
a scientific presentation. This presentation also comes the expert is capable of delivering information that
with question and answer sessions and importantly, with sparks new thinking. The suggestion here to both novice
you and the audience possibly coming out of it with new and experienced speakers is to quickly summarize why
messages, new thinking and even energy for break- the subject of presentation is important (catch audience
throughs, no matter how small or large the leap would be. attention [2, 3]), where we are now (show the landscape
So let’s explore how to prepare and deliver a scientific of completed studies that established the common
presentation. knowledge or conundrums, equipoise, etc.) and to move
then to the latest advancements (this may include just-in
publications, ongoing or planned future research or the
Presentation Methods most provocative take on the evidence out there).
Turning back to original presentations, advice is avail-
Currently, the common types of presentations at ma- able on how to write abstracts following the IMRaD prin-
jor conferences include podium (oral, platform), poster or ciple [4] and how to draft subsequent manuscripts [5]. We
lecture. Although seemingly different and at times some cannot stress enough the need to quickly follow-up the
being more desirable over others, they all share the same abstract submission with drafting the full manuscript. If
prerequisites and challenges for successful execution. We the authors complete a manuscript before the presenta-
will examine common threads and identify unique as- tion at a conference, the presenter will have a luxury of
pects of each type of these presentations. However, the material to work with to compile either a set of slides for
first prerequisite for any scientific presentation (success- the podium or text and illustrations for the poster. If a
ful or not) is you, the presenter. manuscript was drafted and reviewed by coauthors, the
An effective presenter should have led the study, par- challenge for a presenter is going to be a good one: trim
ticipated in the analysis and drafting of the abstract and down most sentences as both slides and posters benefit
manuscript, i.e. the presenter should know the subject of from short statements (not even full sentences) and large
his or her talk inside out. One should therefore be pre- font sizes so that text can be easily read from a distance.
pared to PRESENT: Put yourself into the audience: your slides should be read-
Plan from the start (place integral parts of the presen- able from the last row of a large room or a huge ballroom
tation in logical sequence); and your poster should be still readable from at least 2 m.

How To Prepare and Deliver a Scientific Cerebrovasc Dis 2013;35:202–208 203

Presentation DOI: 10.1159/000346077
The latter will allow better poster viewing by several peo- Results are the key part of any scientific presentation,
ple during guided poster tours or when a small group podium, poster or lecture, and the most time, space and
gathers spontaneously to view it. careful ascertainment should be allotted to this section as
This logically brings us to the second step: use bare is necessary and feasible. It is vital to pack your presenta-
minimum of any type of information to deliver your tion with data that support your key messages. Remem-
presentation. Minimum text, minimum lines, minimum ber, a picture is worth a thousand words but show only
images, graphs, i.e. provide only the essential informa- quint-essential images or graphs. If appropriate include
tion as the audience attention span is short. Brevity, how- statistics and make this easy in structure, i.e. use formats
ever, should not compromise quality: you should always or values known by everybody such as odds ratios, Ka-
stride to have the highest quality visual aids since plan Meier curves, etc. (do not forget to include these data
these leave an impression on the audience [6] and good in the abstract as abstracts without data, numbers and
quality graphics are attributes of effective presentations calculations are often low rated or rejected). After pre-
[3]. senting data, show what you think of that or what the
At the same time, we cannot overemphasize the need limitations are since you thought more about this than
to stick to time limits set for a specific presentation. Pre- the audience, at least through preparation of your own
senters should test their presentation in ‘real life’ at home presentation.
to their friends or at work in front of colleagues and ask The last two concluding paragraphs (poster), com-
for criticism. It is better to get criticism from members of ments (this section of a lecture), or slides (podium) are
the department (including your boss) than in a huge au- supposed to cover study limitations and conclusions.
ditorium. Use a simple rule: an average talking time is 1 These should be the most carefully thought through,
min per slide in oral presentations. You can then see how strategically worded and evidence-based part of your
little you really can allocate to each slide if you load your presentation. Your reputation depends on the quality of
talk with the most complicated visual presentation of data interpretation. Also, think about a take-home mes-
data. sage with the main message you want to be remembered.
Let’s go to the specifics. The ‘Introduction’ slide usu- When practicing your presentations, deliver your talk to
ally includes a very brief description of background and your nonmedical spouse, boyfriend or girlfriend: by the
should explicitly state the research question. Call it ‘In- end of your presentation he or she should be able to re-
troduction and Study Purpose’. Adding a separate slide peat the take home message with best-prepared presenta-
for study aims lengthens the talk. Fewer slides also reduce tions.
the chance of making an error when advancing them on After conclusions, an ‘Acknowledgements’ slide is nice
the podium that can send presenters into further time to have at the end showing whom you are grateful to, but
deficit and stress, a commonplace even with those who it will not rescue a hopeless presentation. The ‘thanks to
know how to right-click. my colleagues’ should not come at the expense of time,
Methods should have bullet points, not necessarily full quality and content of your scientific presentation. There
sentences since you will be speaking over slides project- is no need to thank multiple people like they often do at
ing or in front of the poster to connect brief statements the Oscars. You have to rationally consider who and when
showing behind you. The basic rule is not to read your to acknowledge if their functions were important to your
slides or poster, nor tell the audience to read what the slide work but they were not listed among coauthors. If you
or poster says. Think of your slides or display material as received funding to support your work, it is very impor-
a reminder to yourself of what you are supposed to say in tant where appropriate or at the end of the presentation
detail and leave the noncritical words out of the slide and to acknowledge your sponsors or grant providers (such as
off the poster as it is an even easier source to pack with NIH Institute and grant number, MRC grant, INSERM
unreadable information. When you develop a presenta- or DFG labels, etc.). The higher the scientific level of the
tion imagine you are a novice to the field who would like grant donors, the more your presentation will be recog-
to be educated and taken on a journey while seeing and nized.
hearing the presentation. What can I learn in these few While preparing any part of your presentation, re-
minutes? As the presenter, also think ‘what can I pass to mind yourself to check whether the included material is
the audience in these few minutes?’ Further advice on any good and worthy of inclusion. You can simply ask,
how to plan, focus and arrange material to support key ‘am I wasting time during the oral presentation or space
messages is available [7, 8]. in the poster by including this and that?’ The answer lies

204 Cerebrovasc Dis 2013;35:202–208 Alexandrov/Hennerici

DOI: 10.1159/000346077
Table 1. Basic structure for a podium presentation of an original ria, intervention or dependent variables and outcomes.
paper This requires diligent work with your coauthors and bio-
Slide Comment statisticians to make sure that you are brief but clear and
sufficient.
1. Title slide List the full title of your project, last names and A well-assembled Methods section will lead to a short-
initials of all listed coauthors and affiliation(s). er Results summary since your clear statement of the
2. Conflicts Most competitive conferences now require study aim and key methodology logically leads to audi-
disclosure or conflicts such as unapproved/ ence anticipation of the primary end-point findings.
off-label use and personal conflicts of interest There are key messages and delivered data points that
in regards to the research subject – follow tem-
plates that organizers usually provide. distinguish effective and clear presentations from those
resulting in confusion and further guesswork.
3. Introduction Brief bullet points about background.
State clearly the aim of the study or research
question.
Delivering a Presentation
4. Methods One-line, brief bullet points.
No more than 10 lines per slide (the fewer the
better – this enlarges font size); add more Effective presenters capture audience attention and
slides if necessary. stay focused on key messages [1–3, 6–8]. A study was per-
5. Results Brief lines of numeric data. formed at scientific conferences asking reviewers to iden-
No more than 10 lines per slide. tify the best features of effective presentations [3]. The
Use graphs or images with high resolution and most frequent comments on best features of presenta-
large axis value/numbers; add more slides if tions with respect to ‘content’ were identifying a key con-
necessary.
cept (43% of presentations) and relevance (43%). Best fea-
6. Study Mention these instead of a general ‘Discussion’ tures in evaluations of ‘slides’ were clarity (50%), graphics
limitations slide – most critical questions after the talk
(27.3%) and readability of the text and font size (23%).
point to study limitations – so be open about
them to avoid negative discussion after the Finally, best features in ‘presentation style’ were clarity
presentation. (59%), pace (52%), voice (48%), engaging with the audi-
7. Conclusions Brief statements outlining the most important ence (43%), addressing questions (34%) and eye contact
key messages. (28%) [3].
Here are some tips on how to avoid forcing yourself to
8. Acknowledge- Include this slide if you need to thank funding
ments agencies and sources as well as people who rush during a talk. Before you start (usually in the inter-
were not listed as coauthors. If you wish to mission or just before your session) familiarize yourself
thank someone among coauthors, do so briefly with the podium and learn how to advance slides and
while showing the title slide. operate the pointer or point with the mouse. If you stum-
ble at the beginning, you start your presentation with a
time deficit.
in checking if this material is directly related to the study Get to the podium while you are being introduced and
aim, data obtained, or in support of conclusions drawn. start right away (it is the responsibility of the moderator
Table 1 summarizes how you should structure the se- to properly announce you, your team and the title of the
quence of slides for the podium presentation. If you are talk and it is the responsibility of the conference organiz-
only given 8 min to present + 2 min for questions (10 min ers to have your title slide showing during the modera-
total), you can see that with 8 mandatory slides you are tor’s announcement). Do not read or repeat your study
already at the limit of 1 min per slide. In due course, we title. Thank the moderators and while the title slide is
will give you tips on how to reallocate time within your showing you may consider briefly thanking your coau-
presentation to expand the Methods and, most impor- thors/mentor here in just a few seconds.
tantly, the Results section as needed. Show the ‘Conflicts of Interest’ slide next and disclose
Always clarify study methods. Posters offer a greater if any conflicts are related to the study subject. If they ex-
freedom since you can show details of your experimental ist, conflicts should be acknowledged briefly but clearly.
setup or the methodology of your study design. A podi- Do not show a slide with several conflicts and tell the au-
um presentation often requires abbreviated mention of dience ‘here are my conflicts’ and switch to the next slide.
key elements of design, scales, inclusion/exclusion crite- It is important to simply say, ‘pertinent to this study I have

How To Prepare and Deliver a Scientific Cerebrovasc Dis 2013;35:202–208 205

Presentation DOI: 10.1159/000346077
…’ or ‘this study includes an off-label or investigational the important finding, point to the key part of an image
use of …’. Now you are logically ready to turn to the sub- and avoid long circular pointer motions around the whole
ject of your presentation. text line or big areas of graphic illustrations. It is distract-
Start with a brief summary of what is known and ing. Try to use the pointer only when necessary and do
why is it important to investigate the subject. This not read your slides with the pointer constantly aiming at
introduces the audience to the subject of research and where you are reading.
starts the flow of logic. If you are facing a challenge to When presenting your methods, clearly state the
present a complex study within in a short allotted period type of study, e.g. retrospective analysis, case series,
of time (such as 8 min for podium or a just a few minutes cohort or controlled trials, etc., and describe patient in-
during a guided poster tour), do not waste time. You may clusion/exclusion criteria. If too numerous, only list the
cut to the chase and simply say why you did the study. major ones. As an example, in a clinical trial of a fibri-
Coming with straight forward messages, which are au- nolytic agent the list of exclusion criteria could be very
thentic and concerned about the scientific question, gets extensive, so how can you present this on a dime? Your
you more credit with the audience than careful orches- slide should focus on the key inclusion criteria since a
tration of a perceived equipoise. However, we have di- patient who did not have those was obviously excluded,
gressed. and an audience at a stroke conference is generally famil-
For an effective message delivery, identify two people iar with multiple exclusion criteria for tissue plasmino-
towards opposite far ends of the audience and speak as if gen activator treatment. So, your slide or poster may have
you are personally talking to one of them at a time and the following in it (highlighted in bold) to which you
alternate between them. If lights shining in your face are may add the plain text in your (limited) verbal state-
too bright, still look towards the back of the room (or ments:
from time to time directly into the camera if your talk is
being shown on monitors in a large ballroom) and do not
bury your head into the podium or notes that you might Study Methods
have brought with you. The nonverbal part of any presen-
tation and the presenter’s body language are also impor- Our Major Inclusion Criteria: were
tant [6]. At all cost avoid bringing notes with you to any • total Pre-treatment NIHSS score >6 points
scientific presentation since you should have practiced • Presence of mismatch on MRI determined by
your talk enough to remember it or you should be famil- (EPTITHET) trial criteria
iar with the subject of your lecture to the point that even • Age <80 years and
if you have just been woken up, you can still maintain an • Time from symptom onset <8 h
intelligent conversation. Do not count on ‘it will come to After that, you may omit including a slide with the
me’ – practice your talk! Further advice on effective pre- long list of exclusions in favor of time. If there is a
senting skill is available [2]. specific contraindication new to the treatment agent in
Remember that at international conferences many at- your study, you could say ‘in addition to well-known
tendees are not native English-speaking people. Thus contraindications for systemic thrombolysis, patients
speak slowly and train your voice for best possible pro- were excluded if they had …’ at the end of showing the
nunciation! This recommendation is applicable to natives ‘Major Inclusion Criteria’ slide as shown above. Simi-
of English-speaking countries too. Native English speak- larly, in a poster, list only the most relevant inclusion and
ers from the UK, Commonwealth countries and the USA exclusion criteria and walk the audience through the
tend to speak fast, with a variety of accents that interna- methods without stumbling on too many detail
tional audiences may not understand easily while the in- disclosures. The audience will lose track of where you are
terpreters may not be able to keep up. When speaking, do going.
not turn away from the audience and look at your slide It is important to keep a balance between sufficient
projection on the main screen or at your poster all the disclosure of study methods and the length of this part of
time. If it is necessary to remind yourself what to talk your presentation. It is always helpful if you have a prior
about next, advance the slide, briefly glance at it, turn to study that used a similar or from which you developed
the audience and continue your presentation. Turn to your methodology that has already been published – you
your slide again only if you have to use a laser pointer or may show a reference to this study and move on faster
a mouse on the computer screen. Do so briefly, underline without sacrificing the quality. For example, ‘ultrasound

206 Cerebrovasc Dis 2013;35:202–208 Alexandrov/Hennerici

DOI: 10.1159/000346077
tests were done by experienced sonographers using a pre- was to show the prevalence of a new syndrome in your
viously published standard protocol’, ‘CT scans were read study population and you found it to be 24% (your pri-
independently using the ASPECTS score’, and ‘sICH was mary research question). Unexpectedly, you also found
defined by the SITS-MOST criteria’. Say this while show- that patients with this syndrome have an increased risk
ing or pointing to the line and published source reference of dying (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.23–4.34). These numbers and
on your visual aid. statistics obviously belong to the Results section. How-
Clearly organize and deliver the Results section. In- ever, you want to stress in your conclusion once again
clude absolute numbers and simple statistics before show- how important your finding is. You can present it as fol-
ing advanced analyses. Remember not to show data in lows: ‘Conclusions: nearly a quarter of stroke patients can
Methods and equally so do not introduce new methods be affected by this new syndrome and, if present, it dou-
when presenting Results. As a rule, describe characteris- bles the patient chance of dying in hospital’. This recaps
tics of the general study population or balance/imbalanc- the main finding and makes practical interpretation of
es between target and control groups. Follow this by a the relative risk estimate.
slide that shows the primary end-point findings or obser- Before you jump into Conclusions, however, we always
vations that directly address the study aim or research encourage presenters to note and openly discuss current
question. This follows the logic of a scientific presenta- study limitations. This improves your own assessment for
tion and will help you avoid deviations to side observa- biases and ranking of the level of obtained evidence. If
tions no matter how unexpected or valuable they seem. you do not disclose the obvious study limitations, you
Stay the course, address the main question first and only will most likely receive questions after your presentation
then show additional findings. When presenting a poster, that will point to these shortcomings. Thus, instead of a
point to the area where the key results are displayed. Un- positive discussion of how your study advances our
like a slide presentation or lecture where the audience is knowledge, the discussion with the audience will focus
forced to see one slide at a time, busy posters could be on shortcomings and the key message may be lost with
distracting. Posters that are heavily packed with graphs, the negative audience response. Unlike TwitterTM or fu-
images, tables and text are often difficult to follow during ture media-based quick popularity scores, science can
a brief guided poster presentation tour. It is the presenter’s only advance when it endures the highest scrutiny (even
responsibility to drive the audience attention to key re- though in the future presenters may be concurrently
sults in a logical sequence. When you present a graph, judged by the audience as our technologies improve). Re-
start by telling the audience what is shown and in what gardless, if you are a good scientist, prepare yourself to
units on each access, and briefly point to the numbers on stand the ground if the evidence is behind you. Be proac-
each axis. tive, acknowledge study limitations and how you at-
Remember to present one point at a time. It makes tempted to control for biases, etc.
common sense but sometimes may be difficult to follow In a lecture or a podium talk or when standing by
if complex experiments or studies with multiple con- your poster, always think clearly, have a logical plan for
founding variables have to be navigated through a brief presentation parts that should be covered next, gain au-
presentation. Do not lose sight of your original research dience attention, make them interested in your subject,
question or the objective of your lecture. Remember what excite their own thinking about the problem, listen to
you have shown so far, and what logically should be questions and carefully weigh the evidence that would
shown next. If you are pressed on time or made a mistake justify the punch-line. This will support your conclu-
while advancing slides, take a deep breath and relax. sions!
Clear state of mind will buy you time. Racing thoughts With posters, we often see a Discussion section but no
such as ‘I have to cover that and that, and oh, that too’ are conclusions listed, or they are listed in the abstract but
not helpful. Dry runs, or practice presentations are essen- not in the poster itself. This will lead to an obvious ques-
tial for you to master the material that you need to pres- tion after you stop presenting: ‘So, what is your take on
ent. this?’ Our advice is, have your conclusions listed and be
After finishing the Results part of your presentation, prepared to defend them point-by-point as the question
remember not to introduce more new results in Discus- and answer part could be challenging. If you do not un-
sion and Conclusions. That surprise is hard for the audi- derstand the question, ask for clarification rather than
ence to process. If you’d like to reemphasize the main talk nonsense.
finding, use the following suggestion. Let’s say your goal

How To Prepare and Deliver a Scientific Cerebrovasc Dis 2013;35:202–208 207

Presentation DOI: 10.1159/000346077
 Discussion: Transform! the presentation itself but these questions, comments and
subsequent late night debates with your colleagues that
To arrive at the right conclusions, you have to rank bring new thinking, advance our understanding and
scientific evidence in your presentation appropriately. spark new ideas. This is the chance to transform your
What may seem obvious may turn erroneous or more own current thinking and that of your peers. Think about
complex at a closer look by experts. Helpful hints here your upcoming presentation, whether it is a podium,
include you maintaining careful documentation while poster or lecture, as an opportunity, a launch pad, a re-
you are conceiving the project, designing it with your col- ward for the hard work you did to bring this project to the
leagues and consulting with a biostatistician on all steps attention of the scientific community.
taken in ascertaining the study population, interven- When time comes, ace it with a clear mind, precise
tions, end-point data collection and bias verification. Put execution and fund of knowledge.
all methodological issues against your findings and this
will give you an idea of the strengths and weaknesses of
your study. Preparing and delivering your presentation is Acknowledgements
a great experience to see if your knowledge and gained
Before his first oral presentation in English, Dr. Alexandrov
expertise stand up to peer scrutiny.
was nervous and asked his mentor, Dr. John W. Norris, for a dry
Rehearse your presentation before you deliver it at a run. Dr. Norris generously came to listen to him at 10 p.m. the
conference. Challenge yourself to dry runs with your night before, and Dr. Alexandrov survived his talk.
most critically thinking colleagues. Quite often, it is not

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DOI: 10.1159/000346077