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/ 42
\ ‘ESS Web of Conferences 280, 08015 (2021)
‘psd rg/10.105/e3seont7202128008015
ICSF 2021,
Optimization of the drilling-and-blasting process to improve
fragmentation by creating of a preliminary stress in a block
Khalidilla Yussupov', Saifitmalik Myreakhmetov', Khairulla Aben*, Serhii Nehti?, and Tetiana Nebsil®
{Satbayev University, 050013, Almaty, Satpayeva 228, Kazakhstan
2KAZ Minerals, 050020, Almaty, Omaravel &, Kazakhstan,
Donetsk National Technical University, 85300, Pokrovsk, Shybankova Sq, 2, Ukraine
‘Abstract. At mining and procesing complexes, many parameters today are evaluated from the point of
‘iow of the total provess from geology tothe final product. Changes in certain mining parameters inevitable
fead to the changes in the following, downstream processes. In this aril
the focus is on the ore
fragmentation, which is one ofthe most important parameters in many mines asi affects the downstream
‘ore preparation and processing efficiencies, produetiviies and costs. In most ofthe eases, the cheapest way
‘improve the fragmentation ofthe ore is by changing the drilling-and-blating design parameter, It of
‘course inereaes the mining cots, bu at the same time decreases the costs ofthe following processes, which
‘are normally significantly higher. Therefore, authors of this article propose a new way of optimization of
the dilingand-basting process by introducing new blast design modifications, Based on the enalyss,
‘esearch ofthe sienifie information and the mining practise the authors discuss the way of reation ofthe
preliminary stress inthe block of the open pit and hence improving fragmentation, Physical experimental
Diass in “Belaya Gorka” open pit were performed and shown positive results reflecting a potential for
‘continuation ofthe researeh in this direction inthe fur,
1 Introduction
‘Mining industry is very competitive and requires mining,
‘companies to constantly improve their processes, costs
‘and safety. From the sustainability point of view, there
other environmental and safety issues at the existing
‘mines and potential mining projects as well [1, 2]. From
the technical point of view, many mines have’ problems
ith the decreasing grades of the components in theit
ores, increasing depths, more complex hydrogeological
and” geotechnical conditions and hence need new
approaches to the processes of mining and processing,
which today are not considered separately anymore as it
was just one or two decades ago. One process affects the
other due to their sequential link between each other and
of course any implementation should be evaluated taking
(© account its complex effect on the company a5
whole,
Today, the process of intensification
of processing (including heap leaching) is done
by applying various effects to the ore (physical,
mechanical, chemical, biological), most of which are
aimed at improving efficiency and reducing the cost of
extraction of valuable, components. Very often, ore
fragmentation becomes one of the most important
‘characteristics (3]. Therefore, for example, to obtain the
required particle size distribution for heap leaching,
‘ore coming from the open pit goes through several
crushing stages. Of course, such mechanical erushing is
* Corresponding author abeneli@imiim
© The Authors,
‘expensive and sometimes makes from 8 to 18% of the
total operating costs,
‘At the same time, the operating cast of the open pit
‘mining isoften several times lower than the cost of
processing [4,5], respectively, the cost of ore
preparation during drilling and’ blasting operations
is cheaper than mechanical preparation [6}
‘Therefore, it is obvious that the ore fragmentation
during the drilting-and-blasting operations at the mining
stage affects the following operations at the stage of
processing and could give a positive economic effect 10
the company as whole,
Many technologies are used in the world today to
improve the efficiency of blasting. For example, in works
(7, 8}, the authors deseribe the effect of empty blast holes
fn the nearest charged blast holes. In both cases, process
‘modeling was performed to understand and describe the
stress distribution in the mining block. Also, the authors
of {6] do a calculation, where they show that more work.
done during the drilling and blasting process to improve
fragmentation, save energy and work on the downstream,
processes, which further shows how the increase in the
silling and blasting cost leads to the decrease in the cost
of the following crushing and grinding,
Considering that there are several ways to perform
esearch on the new technologies, such as simulations,
{9}, digital twins (10) or actual physical tests at the mines
sites, where possible, authors of the work have
performed physical blasting experiment at one of the
published by EDP Sciences. This isan open acess ance distibuted under the tenns ofthe Creative Commons Aibstion License 4.0 : vni302128008015
se of Conferences 280, 08015 2021) recs t
upsi/dotorg/10.108e3seont/20
2 Research
senda io aparece ey
2.1 Calculation methods
‘The method for calculating the parameters of stress
waves was developed by the authors of [11 12]. This
Technique was improved in works [13, 14, 15], while the
Suthor of Work [13] tried 10 take into account the
Gctonation ‘velocity and the actual length of the
Charge. The considered algorithms and programs were
Strongly focused on the types of computer technology of
that ime and were not very suitable fer carrying oUt @
large amount of calculations.
Tic calculated the geometric parameters of the wave
front arising around a charge of cylindrical symmetry,
introduced aad experimentally determined the rate of
Gocrease in the, conical section of the wave
‘Bont However, at the stage of determining the influence
OF the design parameters of a charge of cylindrical
Symmetry on the formation of # stess field in an
Molimited esedim, he did not take iato account such an
Important parameter as the diameter ofthe charge. As @
rel, the calculation he proposed makes it possible 10
Only qualitatively estimate the shape of the wave front,
Gepcnding on the length of the charge and the detonation
velocity
‘The author of (14) eliminated these shortcomings,
but considered the process of formation of a stress field
from an elongated charge, which does not fully describe
the real picture of the effect of stresses on the fracturing
of a rock mass, since in practice, the blast holes are not
blasted separately, but rather as a whole block of the
biast holes.
In [15], a method for the numerical calculation of the
parameters of the wave field of stresses from four blast
hole charges is proposed. However, this technique. did
not take into account such important parameters of the
blastcholes as the direction of initiation, the number of
points of initiation. In addition, only radial stresses or
stress wave components along the coordinate axes were
calculated, which made it difficult to analyze over the
entire ealeulated field
of the ore to be broken and 10
1 ne Fr perore leaching. &
crushing on developed using the
8, sete ofthe mass
ae exe oF the preliminary
rete quality, of ore
ried out in the oper
ses for the initial
“To improve the a
ree the cant oF
{Schnology of erashing
“clini esate so
Pein our case, to study the int
swensed state of the massif 0
basta were ea
breaking, experimet ie
pil which haw deilling-and-blastng P
fre crushing:
2.2 Research site
section of “Belaya Gorka”
is the s
a odnikovoye deposit,
“The object of the stud
Tie ei part ofthe pa
Se iy ofated in the morc Paro