Biology

NTSE Foundation
Tissue
(F) Active dividing cells are present in growing
regions of plants, e.g. root & shoot tips
Introduction
(ii) Classification on the basis of origin:
 A group of similar cell which perform a (A) Primary (Promeristem):
particular function is called a tissue.  Derived directly from the meristems of embryo.
 Term tissue was coined by Bichat. (B) Secondary:
 Brance of biology deals with the study of tissue  Formed by primary permanent tissues.
is called Histology. (iii) Classification on the basis of location:
(A) Apical meristem: It is present at the growing tips
Organ
Cell Tissues Organs
System
Organism of stems and roots. Cell division in this tissue
leads to the elongation of stem & root thus it is
Tissues can be divided into two types __ Plant involved in primary growth of the plant.
and animal tissues. (B) Intercalary meristem: It is the part of apical
Plant Tissues meristem which is left behind during growth
Mainly they are of two types: period. These are present at the base of leaf &
 Mersitematic Permanent internode region. These lead to the Increase in
the length of leaf (Primary growth) e.g. In grass
Plant Tissue stem, bamboo stem, mint stem etc.
(C) Lateral meristem: it is also called as secondary
Meristematic Permanent meristem.
(b) Permanent Tissue:
Dermal Vascular Ground  The permanent tissues are composed of those
cells which have lost their capability to divide.
Xylem Phloem  The dividsion & differentiation of the cells of
meristematic tissues give rise to permanent
Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma tissues.
 The permanent Tissues are Classified into two
(a) Meristematic Tissue: These are simple living Types:
tissues having thin walled compactly arranged (i) Simple permanent tissues: These tissues are
immature cells which are capable of division and made up of same type of cells which are similar
formation of new cells. structurally and functionally. They include two
types of tissue:
(A) Protective Tissues: These tissues are primarily
protective in function. They consist of:
 Epidermis: Epidermis forms unicellular thick
outermost layer of various body organs of plants
such as leaves, flowers, stems and roots.
Epidermis is covered outside by cuticle. Cuticle
is a water proof layer of waxy substance called
as cutin.
(i) Main features of meristematic tissues are:  Cuticle is very thick in xerophytes.
(A) Thin primary cell wall (cellulosic).  Cells of epidermis of leaves are not continuous
(B) Intercellular spaces are absent (Compact tissue). at some places due to the presence of small pores
(C) Generally vacuoles are absent, dense cytoplasm called as stomata. Each stomata is guarded by a
& prominent nuclei are present. pair of bean shaped cells called as guard cells.
(D) Large number of cell organelles are present.  Function:
(E) Active metabolic state, stored food is absent.
(i) The main function of epidermis is to protect the  Composed of extremely thick walled cells with
plant from desiccation and infection. little or no protoplasm.
(ii) Cuticle of epidermis cuts the rate of transpiration  Cells are dead & possess very thick lignified
and evaporation of water and prevents wilting. walls.
(iii) Stomata in epidermis allow gaseous exchange to  Lignin is water proof material.
occur during photosynthesis and respiration.  Inter cellular spaces are absent.
(iv) Stomata also helps in transpiration. Cork is made  Cells of sclerenchyma are of two types:
up of dead cells with thick walls and do not have  Sclereids:
any intercellular spaces. The cell walls in cork
 Fibres: They are very long, narrow, thick,
deposit waxy substance called as suberin.
lignified cells.
(B) Supporting tissue: These are supportive in
 Sclerenchyma fibrres are used in the
function and of three types:
manufacture of ropes, mats & certain textile
fibres.
 Jute & coir are obtained from the bundles of
fibres.
(ii) Complex permanent tissue: It consiste of more
than one type of cells which work together as a
unit.
 It helps in transportation of organic materials,
water & minerals.
 It is also known as conducting or vascular tissue.
 Xylem & phloem together form vascular
bundles.
(A) Xylem: Also known as wood and is a vascular
and mechanical tissue. Thick walled cells are
 Parenchyma: It is the fundamental tissue.
found in the form of tubular passages.
Parenchymatous cells have thin cell wall.
 Cell wall mainly composed of cellulose &
pectin.
 Large central vacuole for food & water storage.
 Primary function is food storage.
 Chloroplast containing parenchyma tissues are
chlorenchyma which perform photosynthesis
e.g. mesophyll of leaves.
 In hydrophtic plants aerenchyma (A type of
parenchyma containing air spaces) provides
buoyancy.
 Collenchyma: It is the living mechanical tissue.
 Elongated cells with thick comers.
 Localized cellulose & pectin thickening.  Xylem consists of four types of cells called as
 Provides flexibility to plant part & easy bending elements
of various parts of plant.  Tracheids: They are elongated angular dead cells
 It gives mechanical strength & elasticity to the (primitive elements) mainly involved in
growing stems. conduction of water & minerals in
 Sclecrenchyma: (Scleras- hard) gymnosperms.
 Strengthening tissue.  Vessels: They are advance elements (Generally
found in angiosperms). Vessels are cylindrical
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 tube like structures placed one above the other Animal Tissue
end to end which form a continuous channel for
efficient conduction of water. (1) Epithelial (2) Connective (3) Muscular (4) Nervous
 Xylem parenchyma: They are small & thick Tissue Tissue Tissue Tissue
walled parenchymatous cells subjected for (i)Squamous
storage of starch (food). Epithelium
 Xylem sclerenchyma: They are non living fibres (ii) Columnar
with thick walls & narrow cavities provide Epithelium
mechanical support. (A) Striated (B)Non (C) Cardiac
 Except xylem parenchyma all other xylem (iii) Cuboidal Muscles Striated Muscles
elements are dead. Epithelium Muscles
 The annual rings present in the trunk of a tree (iv) Ciliated
are xylem rings. By counting the number of Epithelium
annual rings we can determine the age of a tree
is known as dendrochronology.
(B) Phloem: They also consist of both (A)Connective (B) Skeleta (C) Vascular
parenchymatous & sclerencymatous cells. Tissue Tissuel Tissue
Proper (1) Cartilage (1) Blood
(2) Bone (2) Lymph
(1) Areolar tissue
(2)White fibrous
(3)Yellow fibrous
(4) Adipose Tissue
 White fibrous connective tissue: They are very
little matrix containing abundant white fibres
forming layers. Bundles of this tissue are called
as tendons, which attaches muscles to the bones.
 Yellow fibrous connection tissue: They are very
elastic due to the presence of a network of
yellow fibres in it’s matrix called as ligament
Phloem which attaches bone to bone.
 Phloem consist of four types of elements:  Mousular tissue: Movements are brought about
 Sieve tubes: Sieve tubes are slender tube like in our body with the help of muscular tissues.
structure made up of elongated, walled cells  Types: It is of three types:
placed end to end. Nucleus of sieve cell absent at
maturity. (i) Striated Muscles: They are also called as
 Companion cells: Companion cells have dense voluntary muscles because these are under the
cytoplasm and prominent nuclei. control of one’s will.
 Phloem fibre: They give mechanical support to
sieve tubes. Phloem parenchyma: They store
food & help in radial conduction of food.
 In phloem except phloem sclerenchyma all
elements are living.

Animal Tissue

Outline classification of Animal tissue

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(ii) Non striated muscles: they are involuntary  Axon is long, tail like cylindrical process with
muscles also called as smooth muscles. These fine branches at the end. Axon is covered by a
muscle fibres are uninucleated & spindle shaped. sheath.

Non-Striated Muscles

(iii) Cardiac muscle fibres: They are also involuntary

muscles. Only found in the walls of heart. Their ● Functions:
structure is in between the striated & non- (i) They control all the body activities
striated muscles. They are uninucleated & (ii) They co-ordinate between various body parts
branched. Branches are united by intercalated during any body function.
disc. In these muscles rhythmic contraction &  Spinal cord & brain are made up of nervous
relaxation occurs throughout the life. tissue.

EXERCISE

1. A tissue is
(A) A group of separate organs that coordinates
in their activities
(B) A group of cells which are similar in
function and structure
(C) Layer of cells that surrounding an organ
(D) Sheet of cells that is one layer thick
2. The wall of cork cells are heavily thickened by
the deposition of
 Nervous Tissue: (a) Cutin (b) suberin
 They are highly specialized tissues due to which (c) lignin (d) pectin
the animals are able to perceive and respond to 3. Which muscle cell is spindle shaped?
the stimuli. (a) Smooth muscle cell
(b) Striated muscle cell
 Their functional unit is called as nerve cell or
(c) Cardiac Muscle cell
Neuron.
(d) None of these are correct
 Cell body is cyton covered by plasma
4. Blood is formed of-
membrane.
(A) Plasma and bone marrow cells
 Short, hair like extensions arising from cyton are
(B) Plasma, white & red blood cells and blood
Dendron which are further subdivide into
platelets.
dendrites.
(C) Plasma & WBC
(D) Plasma & RBC
5. Myelin sheath is a layer covering-
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 (A) Vertebrate nerve fibre (A) Development (B) position
(B) Vertebrate muscle fibre (C) function (D) origin
(C) Insect nerve fibre 13. Phloem in the plants does the function of –
(D) Chick embryo (A) Photosynthesis
6. Adipose tissues store- (B) Providing support
(A) Protein (B) carbohydrates (C) Conduction of food
(C) Fat droplets (D) All of the above (D) Conduction of water
7. A protective noncellular layer found on the 14. Which of the following tissue is composed of
outside of plant organ is- mainly dead cells?
(A) Epiblema (B) Velamen (A) Phloem (B) Epidermis
(C) Cuticle (D) Cork (B) Endodermis (D) Endodermis
8. Contraction and relaxation are unique features of 15. Active division take place in the cells of:
(A) Epithelial tissue (B) Connective tissue (A) Xylem (B) Phloem
(C) Muscle tissue (D) Nervous tissue (B) Sclerenchyma (D)Cambium
9. Specialised parenchyma occurring in aquatic 16. Match the items of :
plants is- Column A Column B
(A) Prosenchyma (B) chlorenchyma (a) Platelets (1) attach bone with muscle
(C) Aerenchyma (D) None of the above (b) Neuron (2) locomotion
10. Root hair are- (c) Tendon (3) blood coagulation
(A) Unicellular (B) multicellular (d) Striated muscle (4) respond to
(C) acellular (D) mixed type stimuli
11. Sive tubes are found in – Which of the following is correct?
(A) Xylem (B) phloem (A) (a-2), (b-3), (c-4), (d-1)
(C) cortex (D) pith (B) (a-3), (b-4), (c-1), (d-2)
12. Apical meristem, intercalary meristem and (C) (a-4), (b-1), (c-2), (d-3)
lateral meristem are differentiated on the basis (D) (a-1), (b-2), (c-3), (d-4)
of-

ANSWER KEY

TISSUE
Q. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
A. B B A B A C C C C A B B C C D B