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CONCENTRATION
• Number of moles of a solute per cubic decimetre of solution
• Number of moles of a solute per litre of solution (Grade 11)
𝑛
𝑐=
𝑣
𝑚
𝑐=
𝑀𝑉
Example 1.
1. Convert 500 𝑐𝑚3 𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑚3
2. Calculate the concentration of a sodium hydroxide solution that contains 2 moles if
NaOH 500 𝑐𝑚3 of water.
Answers.
1. 500 ÷ 1000 = 0.5 𝑑𝑚3
𝑛
2. 𝑐 = 𝑣
2
𝑐=
0.5
𝑐 = 4 𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝑑𝑚−3
Activity 1.
a. Determine the concentration of NaOH solution if 5 g of NaOH is dissolved in
250 𝑐𝑚3 of water
b. What mass of copper (II) sulphate must be dissolved in 200 ml of water to yield a
0.4 𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝑑𝑚−3
Calculating Percentage composition.
Calculate the percentage that each element contributes to the overall mass of Nitric acid
(𝐻𝑁𝑂3 )
𝑀 = 1 + 14 + 3(16)
𝑔
𝑀 = 63
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
%𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = × 100
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
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1
%𝐻 = × 100
63
%𝐻 = 1.59% 𝐻
%𝑁 = 22.22% 𝑁
%𝑂 = 76.19% 𝑂
CFU.
Calculate the percentage composition that each element contributes to the overall mass of
Sulphuric acid 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
𝑀 = 2(1) + 32 + 4(16)
𝑔
𝑀 = 98
𝑚𝑜𝑙
2
%𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = × 100
98
%𝐻 = 2.04%
%𝑆 = 32.65%
%𝑂 = 65.31%
CFU
1. Calculate the molar mass of the following compounds:
a. 𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻
b. 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2
2. Calculate the mass of:
i. 3.4 mol of 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3
ii. 6 mol of NaOH
3. Calculate the percentage composition that each element contributes to the overall
mass of:
1. 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4
2. 𝐶𝐻4
Day 2.
The empirical formula
• The simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound.
Steps to follow when solving for Empirical formula.
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1. Identify the elements present: List the elements present in the compound
2. Determine the masses of each element: Find the mass of each element in the
compound, usually given in grams.
3. Convert masses to moles: Divide the mass of each element by its atomic mass
(periodic table) to find the number of moles.
4. Find the mole ratio: Divide the number of moles of each element by the smallest
number of moles to get a whole-number ratio.
5. Write the empirical formula: Use the whole-number ratios to write the empirical
formula, with the elements in the order specified (usually C, H, then other elements
alphabetically).
6. Check and simplify: Ensure the formula is simplified and in the lowest whole-number
ratio. If necessary, divide all subscripts by their greatest common divisor.
Example 1.
Find the empirical formula for a compound containing 4.0 g of carbon (C), 0.67 g of
hydrogen (H), and 2.6 g of oxygen (O).
a. Elements present: C, H, O
b. Masses: C = 4.0 g, H = 0.67 g, O = 2.6 g
c. Moles: C = 4.0 g / 12.0 g/mol = 0.33 mol, H = 0.67 g / 1.0 g/mol = 0.67 mol, O = 2.6
g / 16.0 g/mol = 0.16 mol
d. Mole ratio: C:H:O = 0.33:0.67:0.16 = 2:4:1 (divide by smallest mole value)
e. Empirical formula: CH₂O
f. Check and simplify: Already simplified.
Example 2.
A compound consists of 26.67% carbon (C), 71.11% oxygen (O) and 2.22% hydrogen (H).
Calculate the empirical formula for the compound.
• Assume that a 100 g sample was used.
• ∴ 26.67% = 26.67 𝑔
71.11 % = 71.11 𝑔
2.22 % = 2.22 𝑔
𝑚
• 𝑛=𝑀
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26.67 71.11 2.22
𝑛= = =
12 16 1
𝑛 = 2.22 𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 4.44 𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 2.22 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐶: 𝑂: 𝐻
2.22 ∶ 4.44 ∶ 2.22
1∶ 2∶1
∴ 𝐶𝑂2 𝐻
It is found that the actual molecular mass is 90 𝑔. 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 . What is the actual molecular
formula of the compound.
𝑀 = 45 𝑔. 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 .
90
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
45
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 2
2(𝐶𝑂2 𝐻)
𝐶2 𝑂4 𝐻2
Activity page Q12 Q16 answer series.
Day 3.
