MATH | 2ND QUARTER

2ND QUARTER
Restricted values - values of the variable
that will make the denominator of a rational
Rational Expressions and Its algebraic expression equal to zero.
Domain
Pointers to review: ● Domain is the set of all allowable
values of x

Simplifying Rational Expressions

KEY POINTS
An expression is completely factored if all
● Rational Algebraic Expression - type
of algebraic expression that can be of its factors are prime, that is, the factors can
written in the form of a fraction whose no longer be broken down into simpler
numerator factors.
and the denominator are polynomials
and the denominator is not equal to ● Simplest form - if the numerator and
zero.
denominator have no common factors
How to verify if RAE? other than 1.
● Can the expression be written as a
fraction? How to simplify an expression?
● Is the numerator a polynomial?
● Is the denominator a polynomial? Given : 10x
——————
Polynomials - algebraic expressions that
5x² - 15x
consist of variables and coefficients

Restrictions of Polynomials: Step 1: Completely factor the numerator and

1. Variable with negative exponents denominator
2. Variable inside a radical sign
3. The variable is in denominator Ex: 10x
4. Variable with fraction/ rational ——————
expression as exponents
5x² - 15x
Step 2: Cancel common factors

Ex: 10x
——————
1
 MATH | 2ND QUARTER

5x² - 15x PART II: Operations Involving Rational

Expressions
10 = 2 • 5 • x
———————— Multiplying Rational Algebraic
5x (x - 3) Expressions

● Cancel 5x in both denominator and How to Multiply a Normal Fraction?

numerator for they are common Step 1:
factors
Ex:

1 5
—x—
2 6

1x5= 5
—
2x6= 12
Final answer: 5/12
More examples:
Note: Check if simplified!
In multiplying Rational Algebraic Expressions,
multiply the numerator and denominator
of two rational algebraic expressions.

Steps in Multiplying RAE:

1. Factor the numerator and denominator of

each rational algebraic expression.

2. Cancel the common factors.

3. Simplify the remaining expressions by

multiplication.

Note: Cannot be multiplied if it’s not a

polynomial

Factor each polynomial:

1.) Monomial - Expand the term

2.) Binomial, Trinomial and
Multinomial - Factoring technique

Note: If all factors are canceled put 1

2
 MATH | 2ND QUARTER

Steps on how to multiply monomial: How to Multiply Trinomial, Binomial

Multinomial:

Example: 4m² - 9 2m - 3
———— x ————
4m + 6 4m² - 12m + 9

Ex:
4x³y² 3xy
—— • ———
6xy² 2y²

2•2•x•x•x•y•y 3•x•y
————————— x ——— Step 1: Find what factoring formula to use
2•3 •x•y•y 2•y•y ● Factor one by one, not all have the

Cancel out all common factors same factoring technique

1.) 4m² - 9
(x • x) = x² x x³
— • —= — Factoring technique = Difference of two
1 y y
squares
Final answer: x³/y √4m² = 2m
√9 = 3
● Replace 4m² - 9 to (2m + 3) (2m - 3)
⇩
(2m + 3) (2m - 3)
______________ x _____

2.) (4m + 6)
Factoring technique- Common Monomial
Factoring
Prime factor = 2
2(4m + 6) = 2 (2m + 3)
● 4m divided by 2 is 2m
● 6 divided by 2 is 3

3
 MATH | 2ND QUARTER

(2m + 3) (2m - 3) ❖ In the denominator, 2 is left in the first

______________ x ———— denominator and there is nothing left in the
2(2m + 3) other so put 1 also.
❖ 1 times 1 is 1

3.) (4m² - 12m + 9) ❖ 2 times 1 is 2

Factoring technique - Perfect Square Trinomial final answer: 1

√4m² = 2m 2
√9 = 3
= (2m - 3)²
Adding or Subtracting Rational
= (2m - 3) (2m - 3) Algebraic Expressions
● Least common denominator (LCD) -
(2m + 3) (2m - 3) is the least common multiple of the
______________ x ———— denominators of the rational algebraic
2(2m + 3) (2m - 3) (2m - 3)
expressions.
● To add or subtract rational algebraic
4.) (2m-3)
expressions with similar
★ As you can see, the 3 that are already
denominators, add or subtract the
factored have an answer of 2m - 3 so
you don't have to factor it.
numerators of the rational algebraic
expressions and copy the

Step 2: Cross out Common Factors denominator.

(2m + 3) (2m - 3) ● To add or subtract rational algebraic
——— x ———— expressions with dissimilar
2(2m + 3) (2m-3) (2m - 3) denominators, first find their LCD,
=1 1
then rewrite them as expressions
___ x ______ = 1
with similar denominators using their
2 1 2
LCD, and then add or subtract them.

❖ Remember: if all is crossed out and

nothing is left just put 1
❖ If we cross out, their is nothing left in the
numerator so we both put 1

4
 MATH | 2ND QUARTER

out, and since the CMF 3 is left, 3 is the

final answer

Adding Rational Algebraic Expressions 3(2x + 3) 3

w/ the Same Denominator ——— = — or 3
2x + 3 1

Final answer: 3

Note: Check if simplified!

Subtracting Rational Algebraic

Expressions w/ the Same Denominator
Example:
6x 9
——— + ———
2x + 3 2x +3

Step 1. Copy the denominator then combine the

numerator
6x + 9
———
Step 1: Copy denominator
2x + 3
9y² y² + 16y

Step 2. Find what factor formula to use ______ - _____ = 9y² - (y² + 16y)
Formula to should use in this equation y-2 y-2 y-2
● Common Monomial Factor(CMF)
CMF = 3
3(6x + 9) (2x + 3)
Step 2: Distribute sign
——— = ———
2x + 3 2x + 3
● 3 divided by 6x = 2x
● 3 divided by 9 = 3
So it is (2x + 3)
Negative(-) times y² = -y²

Step 3 Cross out common factors Negative(-) times 16y= -16y

★ Since both the numerator and 9y² - y² - 16y
denominator have 2x + 3 we just cancel it
y-2
5
 MATH | 2ND QUARTER

Step 2: Simplify Subtracting Rational Algebraic

Expressions w/ the Different
9y² - y² - 16y Denominator
y-2
❖ 9y² - 1y² = 8y² First let's know how to get the LCD!
Example Given: 7 2
3x³ 6x²y
8y² - 16y
Step 1: Completely Factor each
y-2
denominator. Use exponents for repeated
● Use common monomial factor to
factors
simplify 8y² - 16y
★ Since it is Monomial we can expand
Prime factor: 8y
3x³ = 3 • x • x • x
8y (8y² - 16y)
6x²y = 3 • x • x •2•y
8y² ÷ 8y = y
Group:
16y ÷ 8y = 2
= 8y (y-2)

Step 3: Cross out common factors

8y(y-2) =3•x•x•x•2•y
Y-2 = 3 • x³ • 2 • y
● Since there are 2 sets of y - 2 cross 2x3=6

it out = 6x³y

● After crossing out we have 8y left LCD = 6x³y

Final Answer = 8y
Now let's know how to Subtract Rational
Algebraic Expressions w/ the Different
Denominator!

Example Given: 5 + 2
8m²n⁴ 6m³n
❖ Remember! If given is a Monomial
Expand.

6
 MATH | 2ND QUARTER

Step 1: Expand STEP 3 : Multiply the answer to the first

8m²n⁴ = 2 • 2 • 2 • m • m • n • n • n • n numerator
6m³n = 2 • m•m•n •3•m ↓
Note! Align the prime factors with the same 5 + 2
number 8m²n⁴ 6m³n
(For this example: 3m times 5)
Groups: 3m times 5 = 15m
= 15m +_____

24m³n⁴

=2•2•2•m•m•n•n•n•n•3•m
STEP 4 : Divide the LCD to Second
denominator
2•2•2=8
m • m • m = m³ 24m³n

n • n • n • n = n⁴ 6m³n

3 24m³n⁴ ÷ 6m³n = 4n³

8 • m³ • n⁴ • 3 ❖ Minus the exponents

8 • 3= 24 24 ÷ 6 = 4

= 24m³n⁴ ⇠ final LCD m³ - m³ = cancel out

n⁴ - n = n³

STEP 2 : Divide the LCD to First

denominator STEP 5 : Multiply the answer to the second

24m³n numerator

8m²n⁴ ↓

24m³n⁴ ÷ 8m²n⁴ = 3m 5 + 2
8m²n⁴ 6m³n
❖ Minus the exponents
(For this example: 4n³ times 2)
24 ÷ 8 = 3
4n³ times 2 = 8n³
m³ - m² = m
= 15m +_8n³
n⁴ - n⁴ = cancel out
24m³n⁴

7
 MATH | 2ND QUARTER

Step 6: Simplify Now let's move on!

★ In this equation it cannot be

How to Divide Algebraic
simplified anymore so the final Expressions with Different
answer is denominator
15m +_8n³
Given: 7x ÷ 21x⁵
24m³n⁴ 4y⁴ 32y²

Dividing Rational Algebraic Expressions Step 1: Get the reciprocal of the

w/ Different and Same Denominator divisor(2nd set of fraction) and
change division sign to
First! Lets know how to divide normal multiplication

fractions with different denominator

= 7x • 32y²
Ex: 5 ÷ 1 4y⁴ 21x⁵
8 2
Use butterfly method ❖ Expand
7x = 7 • x
4y⁴ = 2 • 2 • y • y • y •y
32y²= 2 • 2 • 2 • 2 • 2 • y • y
21x⁵ = 7 • 3 • x • x • x • x • x

★ Cancel common factors

Notice that we can still simplify the given

=1 •8
Y² 3x⁴

Multiply!

1 • 8 = _8_
Y² • 3x⁴ = 3x⁴y²
8
 MATH | 2ND QUARTER

⇧
Final answer
● Dependent System
Solving for Systems of Linear Equations - A system of linear equations with infinitely
many solutions.

★ ● Independent System
★ Linear Equations - an algebraic - A system of linear equations with only one
equation where each term has an solution.
exponent of 1 and when this equation
is graphed, it always results in a ● Consistent System
straight line. - A system of linear equation with either one
unique solution or more than one (infinitely)
Condition of SLE: many solutions.
1.) 2 Sets of linear equation
2.) Only One or two variable
3.) No Exponent more than 1 ● Inconsistent System
- A system of linear equations with no
What is a solution to the system of solution.
linear equations?
● Slope - a line that shows how steep it
★ The ordered pair (x, y) is a solution to is.
a system of linear equations if the
values of x and y satisfy each of the ● Slope intercept form (y = mx + b)
equations in the system of linear
equations.
Rise vertical change
★ It is the point of intersection of the Slope =____ = _____________
two lines when graphed in a Run horizontal change
Cartesian plane.
Lets try!
Example:
Describe the given system:
Determine if the ordered pair (2,1) is a {x + y = 2
solution to the system {x + y = 3 {2x − 2y = 4
{x − y = 1

Step 1. Identify x and y in the ordered pair X+y = 2 2x - 2y = 4

(2,1) (x,y) y= -x + 2 -2y -2x + 4

X=2 ____ = ____ __
Y=1 -2y -2 -2

Step 2: Substitute x and y to both equations y= x - 2

m= -1
X + y = 3 | x-y=1 B=2
2 + 1 = 3 | 2-1 = 1
3=3 1=1
Verified Solution✅
9
 MATH | 2ND QUARTER

● Solving Systems of Linear

Equations in Two Variables:
SYSTEM OF DESCRIPTION GRAPH By Elimination
LINEAR - A technique for solving
EQUATIONS systems of linear
equations
1. Consistent • Many solution Overlapping which involves
and Dependent • Same slope Lines
System and same canceling (eliminating)
y-intercept one variable by adding or
subtracting the two
2. Consistent One solution Intersecting equations.
and • Different Lines
Independent slopes and
System different Steps In Elimination!
y-intercept 1. Choose the variable to eliminate.

2. Manipulate the equations so that the

3. Inconsistent • No solution Parallel coefficients of the chosen variable in
System • Same slope Lines
but
both equations have the same
different absolute value but different signs.
y-intercept
3. Add the two equations to eliminate
the chosen variable and solve.
● Solving Systems of Linear
4. Find the value of the second
Equations in Two Variables: By
variable by substituting.
Substitution - A method in solving
systems of linear equations
Helpful Link if you are still confused
where one equation is manipulated
with Elimination:
by expressing
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aF
one variable in terms of the other and
ZwQuWJQWs
substituting
it to the other equation to solve for the
● Solving Systems of Linear
solution.
Equations in Two Variables:
By Graphing
Steps In Substitution!
-A solution to a system of linear
1. Manipulate one equation so that one
equations is represented by the
variable is in terms of the other.
intersection of their graphs.
2. Substitute the derived expression in
Steps In Graphing!
the second equation.
1. Graph the first equation using its slope and
y-intercept.
3. Solve the resulting equation.
2. Graph the second equation using its slope
4. Substitute the derived value into one
and y-intercept.
of the equations of the system.
3. Identify the solution based on the graph.
Helpful Link if you are still confused
with substitution:
Helpful Link if you are still confused with
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tar
substitution:
0yFs-axs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NX2qem
MoZv
10
 MATH | 2ND QUARTER

A function is a rule that pairs each element in

3RD QUARTER one set, called the domain with exactly one
element from a second set, called the range.

LINEAR INEQUALITIES IN TWO VARIABLES Function - a rule that pairs each element in one
set, called the domain with exactly one element
from a second set, called the range
● > - greater than
● < - less than Relation - a rule that pairs each element in one
● ≥ - greater than or equal to set, called the domain with one or more element
● ≤ - less than or equal to from a second set, called the range.
This is an inequality that involves linear “Every function is a relation but not every
expressions with two unknown and uses the relation is a function.”
relation symbols:
> greater than - one-to-one - function
< - less than - one-to-many - not function
≥ - greater than or equal to - many-to-one - function
≤ - less than or equal to
≠ - not equal Function Notation - a function is usually written
using f(x), where f(x) is the dependent variable
Degree - biggest exponents and x is the independent variable
f(x) can also be y
Solution of a Linear Inequality in Two
Variables - an ordered pair (x, y) is a solution to a Example:
linear inequality in two variables if it satisfies the In f(x) = 2x f(x) is the dependent variable while x
linear inequality in two variables is the independent variable. This can be written in
other ways such as g(t) = 2t, h(s) = 2s, or simply y
Example: = 2x
Determine if (3, 6) is a solution of the linear
inequality x + y ≥ 7 Other examples:
1. Identify the value of x and y
(3, 6) x = 3, y = 6

2. Substitute the x and y to the given

x+y≥7
3+6≥7
9≥7 True
The ordered pair (3, 6) is a solution of the
given x + y ≥ 7

KINDS OF RELATION

● one-to-one
● many-to-one
● one-to-one

Domain - all sets o values of x or Abscissa,

x-coordinate
For y - range, ordinate, y-coordinate

FUNCTIONS

11
 MATH | 2ND QUARTER

Slope of a Linear Function - describes the

steepness of the line and is given by the formula.
Y2 - Y1 _
m = X2 - X1

Key points
● A function is a rule that pairs each
element in one set, called the domain with
exactly one element from a second set,
called the range.
● A function is usually written using the
notation f(x), where f(x) is the dependent
variable and x is the independent variable.
● The vertical line test states that if a
vertical line crosses the graph at more
than one point, then the relation is not a
function.

LINEAR FUNCTION

A linear

function is a function that can be written in the

form f(x) = mx + b, where m and b are real
constants and m ≠ 0. The graph of a linear
function is a line with slope m and y-intercept b.

12
 MATH | 2ND QUARTER

❖ note: if and then are not part of p and

q. Conditional statements may be
true or false

Examples:

1.) If it rains later, then I will stay at home.

Hypothesis: It rains later

Conclusion: I will stay at home.

2.) If it's an iPhone, then there's an app for

just about everything.

Hypothesis: It's an iPhone.

Conclusion: There's an app for just about

everything.

Transforming a statement into an If-then

statement

1. Determine the hypothesis.

❖ The condition;
❖ Usually first clause; and I
❖ Clause beginning with "when"

Ex:
When you feel like quitting, think about why you
started.

Hypothesis: You feel like quitting

Conclusion:
CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
2. Determine the conclusion.

Conditional Statements
❖ The result; and
- the if part is the hypothesis (p) and the
then part is the conclusion (q) ❖ Usually the second clause.
(p → q)

Read as “if p, then q”

Ex:
13
 MATH | 2ND QUARTER

When you feel like quitting, think about why you The converse of a conditional statement is
started. formed by interchanging the hypothesis (p)
and the conclusion (q).
Hypothesis: You feel like quitting

Conclusion: Think about why you started

3. Compose the if-then statement.

❖ If (hypothesis), then (conclusion).

Ex: Examples:
Conditional
When you feel like quitting, think about why you (p → q)
started. If you live in Tagaytay,
then you live in Luzon.
Hypothesis: You feel like quitting.
- Statement is true
Conclusion: Think about why you started.
Converse
If you feel like quitting, then think about why
(q → p)
you started.
If you live in Luzon, then
you live in Tagaytay.
Ex 2:
- Statement is false
❖ Doesn’t mean that you live in
I perform better when I practice the dance
Luzon, you automatically live in
routine.
Tagaytay because there are
many other provinces in luzon.
Hypothesis: I practice the dance routine
Conditional
Conclusion: I perform better
(p → q)
If I practice the dance routine, then I perform If you are a native
better. Kapampangan, then you
are born in Pampanga.
Converse, Inverse, Contrapositive - Statement is true

Every conditional statement has three related Converse

statements. (q → p)
If you are born in
These are the: Pampanga, then you are a
● Converse native Kapampangan.
● Inverse - Statement is true
● Contrapositive of the conditional. - If that conditional and converse are both
true then two statements can
CONVERSE be combined to form a biconditional
statement by using the phrase if
14
 MATH | 2ND QUARTER

and only if.

Converse
(~p → ~q)
If today is not Friday, then
Conditional the call time is not 9:00 am.
If you are a native Kapampangan, - Statement is false
then you are born in Pampanga.
TRUE CONTRAPOSITIVE

Converse The contrapositive of a conditional statement is

If you are born in Pampanga, then formed by interchanging the hypothesis (p) and
you are a native Kapampangan. the conclusion (q) and negating both.
TRUE

Biconditional Conditional
You are a native Kapampangan if and (p→ q)
only if you are born in Pampanga. read as "if p, then q"

Contrapositive
INVERSE (~q→ ~p)
read as "if not q, then not p"
The inverse of a conditional statement is
formed by negating both the hypothesis (p) and ❖ Is the contrapositive of a conditional
the conclusion (q). statement always true? It is the same as
the truth value of the original if-then
statement.

Ex:

Conditional
Conditional
(p→ q)
read as "if p, then q" (p → q)
If today is April 1, then
Inverse it is April Fools day.
(~p → ~q) - Statement is true
read as "if not p, then not q"
Converse
NOTE: Adding words such as not, do not, and (~q → ~p)
cannot negate a statement. If it is not April Fools day,
then it is not April 1.
Ex: - Statement is true

Conditional Ex 2:
(p → q)
Conditional
If today is Friday, then
the call time is 9:00 am. (p → q)
- Statement is true If you have a driver’s
15
 MATH | 2ND QUARTER

license, then you drive a car. =7>4

- Statement is true

Converse
(~q → ~p)
If you cannot drive a car,
then you do not have a driver’s license.
- Statement is true

REVIEW
“At most”

a. A. True; it uses the symbol ≥ and has

two variables both of the first degree.

Gets mo na yan uy di na kailangan ng

explanation

D. not equal

Domain (1,2,4,3)
Range (3, 5, 2, 2)

Explanation:
3 + 2(2) > 4

16
 MATH | 2ND QUARTER

It has two unknowns y and x

Function - exactly one or more element

Relation - one or more element
❖ This is a function because it has no
repeated values of x

C passes the vertical line text more than one

point

17
 MATH | 2ND QUARTER

4TH QUARTER

LOGICAL REASONING

★ In Math, logic and reasoning are useful

tools in decision making
What is the DIFFERENCE?
Logic
the science of correct thinking
Reasoning
process of drawing conclusions or inferences
from facts or premises

INDUCTIVE REASONING

● A conjecture is a conclusion made from

observing the data. It may or may not be
true.
● Inductive reasoning is the process of
gathering specific information, usually
through observation and measurement
and then making conjecture based on
the gathered information.
18
 MATH | 2ND QUARTER

Airplanes fly into the air but eventually come

1.) Example back down.
Premise (condition):
All Grade 10 students will go on a field trip. Conclusion (conjecture):
What goes up must comes down.
Premise (condition):
Jackson is a Grade 10 student. EXERCISE #1 Use inductive reasoning to
determine the probable next number below:
Conclusion (conjecture): ❖ (answers are in the page below)
Therefore, Jackson will go on a field trip. 1.) 1,3,5,7,9, _ , _
2.) 1,10, 100, 1000, _ , _
3.) 1,3,6,10, 15, 21, 28, _ , _
2.) Example
Premise (condition): ANSWER:
Filipinos in Luzon have black hair. 1.) 1,3,5,7,9,11,13
2.) 1,10, 100, 1000, 10,000 100,000
Premise (condition): 3.) 1,3,6,10, 15, 21, 28
Filipinos in Visayas have black hair.

Premise (condition): WHAT IF THERE IS NO PATTERN?

Filipinos in Mindanao have black hair.

Conclusion (conjecture):
All Filipinos have black hair.

Take Note:
● For a conjecture to be 'true', it must be
verified to be true for all possible cases. Campsite riddle
● An easy way to disprove a conjecture is
to give a counterexample. Answer the following questions:
• How did the family get to the park?
3.) Example • How many members of the family are having
Premise (condition): a picnic at the park?
Objects thrown into the air come back down. • How many children does the couple have?

Premise (condition): DEDUCTIVE REASONING

People who jump into the air fall back down.

Premise (condition:
19
 MATH | 2ND QUARTER

● is the process of showing that certain Ans: I cannot fly.

statements follow logically from agreed
upon assumptions and proven facts. 3.) Example
No teacher wants a student to fail.
● In this kind of reasoning, you need justify Ms. Jean is a teacher.
and reasons to make your conclusion
valid. Ans: Ms. Jean does not want a student to
fail.

WRITING PROOFS
Solve for the equation for x. Give a reason
for each step in the process of solving the
equations.

1.) Example
4 (3x-8)+5=x-5
(1) Distributive Property 12x-32+5=x-5
(2) Combine like terms 12x-x=32-5-5 11=22
(3) Simplify 11x = 22
x=2 Deductive Reasoning

● It is used in formal geometric proofs and

Suppose that the given statements are true.
will often be resorted to
Use deductive reasoning to give another in proving theorems and corollaries for
statement that must also be true. the remainder of your
study in Geometry.

1.) Example How does the deductive system work?

All snakes are cold blooded.
A cobra is a snake.

Ans: A cobra is cold blooded.

2.) Example
No human can fly.
I am human.

20
 MATH | 2ND QUARTER

by a dot.
● A point is named using a capital letter.

2.) Undefined Terms: LINE

● It is a set of points.
The Elements of Euclid ● It is straight.
● It has infinite length but not
Proof thickness.
A proof is a sequence of true facts (statements) ● A line is named by a single
placed in a logical manner. lowercase script letter or by any
two points on the line.
● A thin wire or a strand of hair is a
physical model of a line.

Reasons for Justifying Statements 3.) Undefined Terms: PLANE

● the given information (or the hypothesis)
● definitions and undefined terms
● algebraic properties
● postulates of geometry
● previously proven geometry conjectures
● (theorems)

#1 UNDEFINED TERMS
● basic concepts that are used for which
no definitions are given. ● It has length and width but no
● are the point, line, and plane. thickness.
● It is a flat surface that extends
infinitely along its length and
width.
● A plane is named by a single
script capital letter or by any
three points the plane which are
not on the same line.
1.) Undefined Terms: POINT ● Like " an infinite sheet of paper".

REMEMBER!
❖ Undefined Terms
● building blocks of geometry.
● Using these you can define other
terms and figures in geometry.

● It is the most basic term of all #2 DEFINED TERMS

geometric concepts.
● It has only a location.
● It has no size, but it can be modeled
21
 MATH | 2ND QUARTER

● These are the terms that are defined

precisely. (The shortest segment from a point not on a
line to the line is the perpendicular segment.)

#3 POSTULATES ● These are conjectures that are possible to

prove deductively.

PROPERTIES OF REAL NUMBERS

● basic assumptions in Geometry.
● assumed to be true without proof.
1.) Commutative Property:
1.) POINTS- EXISTENCE: Postulates
a+b=b+a
ab = ba
● Space contains at least four noncoplanar
points. 2.) Associative Property:
● Every plane contains at least three
postulates noncollinear points. (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
● Every line contains at least two points. (ab) + c = a(bc)

3.) Distributive Property:

2.) STRAIGHT - LINE: Postulates
● Two points are contained in one and only a b + c = ab + ac
one line. 4.) Reflexive Property:

3.) PLANE: Postulates a=a

● Three noncollinear points are contained in
5.) Symmetric Property:
one and only one plane.
If a = b,then b = a.
4.) FLAT - PLANE: Postulates
● If two points are in a plane, then 6.) Transitive Property:
the line containing the points is in
the same plane. If a = b and b = c,then a = c.

7.) Addition Property:

5.) LINE - INTERSECTION: Postulates
● If two lines intersect, then their intersection If a = b and c = d,
is a point. then a + b = c + d.

6.) PLANE - INTERSECTION: Postulates 8.) Multiplication Property:

● If two planes intersect, then their
intersection is a line. If a = b and c = d,
then ac = bd.
#4 THEOREMS 9.) Substitution Property:

If a = b,then a and b may be substituted

for each other in any equation or inequality.

22
 MATH | 2ND QUARTER

10.) Zero Product Property:

5 STEPS IN PLANNING A PROOF
If ab = 0,then a = 0 or b = 0 or both
a and b = 0.

EXERCISE #2

Which property allows you to conclude that

the following is true?

1.) If AB = CD and EF = GH, Two-Column Proof

then AB + EF = CD + GH
2.) If AB = CD, then CD = AB ● lists of numbered statements on the left
and corresponding numbered reasons or
ANSWER: justifications on the right. These
statements show the logical order of the
1.) If AB = CD and EF = GH, proof.
then AB + EF = CD + GH

Ans: Addition Property:

If a = b and c = d,
then a + b = c + d.

2.) If AB = CD, then CD = AB

Ans: Symmetric Property:

If a = b,then b = a.
PROPERTIES OF REAL NUMBERS
For any numbers a, b, and c:

Commutative Property:
a+b=b+a
ab = ba

Associative Property:
(a + b) + c = a(b + c)
(ab)c = a(bc)

Distributive Property:
a(b + c)= ab + ac

PROPERTIES OF EQUALITY
For any numbers a, b, and c:

Reflexive Property:
a=a

Symmetric Property:
If a = b, then b = a.

Transitive Property:
If a = b and b = c, then a = c.

PLANNING A PROOF Addition Property:

23
 MATH | 2ND QUARTER

If a = b and c = d, then a + c = b + d.

Subtraction Property:
If a = b and c = d, then a − c = b − d.

Multiplication Property:
If a = b and c = d, then ac=bd

Division Property:
If a = b and c ≠ 0, then a = b
— —
c c
Substitution Property:
If a = b, then a and b may be substituted for each
other in any equation or inequality.

Zero Product Property:

If ab = 0, then a = 0 or b = 0 or both a and b = 0.

24
 MATH | 2ND QUARTER

● If the angles are complements of

The Angle Addition Postulate states that the sum congruent angles, then the angles are
of two adjacent angle measures will equal the congruent.
angle measure of the larger angle that they form
Together. Step 4.Plan.
Since the sum of complementary angles is 90°,
by transitivity, substitution, and subtraction
property of equality, we will show that the
complements of the two congruent angles are
also congruent.

Prove: Complements of Congruent

Angles are congruent.
Step 5. Demonstrate.
Step 1. Rewrite. Using proof table.
The statement can be
transformed into the If-Then form:

If the angles are complements of congruent

angles, then the angles are congruent.

Step 2.Draw.

If the angles are complements of congruent

angles, then the angles are congruent.

Step 3.State.

Given:
∠B ≅ ∠D
∠A is a complement of ∠B. ● A conjecture is a conclusion made from
∠C is a complement of ∠D. observing data. It may
Prove: ∠A ≅ ∠C or may not be true.

● Inductive Reasoning is the process of

gathering specific information usually

25
 MATH | 2ND QUARTER

through observation and measurement

and then making a conjecture.

● Deductive Reasoning is the process of

showing that certain statements follow
logically from agreed-upon assumptions
and proven facts.

● The undefined terms in geometry are the point,

line, and
plane.

● A proof is a sequence of true facts (statements)

placed in a
logical manner.

● The five steps for preparing a proof are rewrite,

draw, state,
plan, and demonstrate.

26