******************** Unit - III ******************************
Preprocessor
Files
--------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------- Preprocessor -------------------------
# is used as preprocessor.
The preprocessor will process the source code before giving it to the compiler.
The following are the various preprocessor directives used in c language
1. Macro (#define)
2. #include
3. #ifdef
4. #ifndef
5. #undef
1. Macro :
We use the macros to define the constants in the program.
We can define the macros using #define preprocessor directive
syntax:
#define Macroname MacroReplacement
In general the macro names will be defined in upper case letters
#define SIZE 10
Write a program to demonstrate the creation and usage of a macro
prepro1.c
#include<stdio.h>
#define SIZE 10
#define WEL printf("Welcome\n");
main()
{
int i;
clrscr();
printf("The macro SIZE is %d\n",SIZE);
for(i=0;i<SIZE;i++)
{
WEL
}
return 0;
}
output:
2. #include:
#include preprocessor directive is used to include header libraries in the program or to link the
other c programs with the current program.
ex:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<prog2.c>
3. #ifdef:
This directive will verifies whether a macro is defined or not
syntax:
#ifdef Macroname
statements
#else
statements
#endif
If the macro is defined properly then it executes the statements written after #ifdef otherwise it
executes the statements written after #else
Write a program to demonstrate the #ifdef for verifying whether macro is defined or not.
prepro2.c
#define SIZE 10
#define WEL printf("Welcome\n");
main()
{
int i;
clrscr();
printf("The macro SIZE is %d\n",SIZE);
#ifdef SIZE
for(i=0;i<SIZE;i++)
{
WEL
}
#else
printf("The Macro SIZE is not defined\n");
#endif
return 0;
}
output:
4. #ifndef:
#ifndef will checks whether a macro is not defined. If macro is not defined then it executes the
statements written after #ifndef otherwise it executes the statements written after #else
syntax:
#ifndef macroname
statments
#else
statements
#endif
Write a program to demonstrate the #ifndef for checking whether a macro is not defined or not.
prepro3.c
#include<stdio.h>
#define SIZE 10
#define WEL printf("Welcome\n");
main()
{
int i;
clrscr();
printf("The macro SIZE is %d\n",SIZE);
#undef SIZE
#ifndef SIZE
WEL
printf("The Macro SIZE is not defined\n");
#else
for(i=0;i<SIZE;i++)
{
WEL
}
#endif
return 0;
}
output:
5. #undef:
#undef will undefines the defined macros
prepro4.c
#include<stdio.h>
#define SIZE 10
#define WEL printf("Welcome\n");
main()
{
int i;
clrscr();
printf("The macro SIZE is %d\n",SIZE);
#undef SIZE
#ifdef SIZE
for(i=0;i<SIZE;i++)
{
WEL
}
#else
printf("The Macro SIZE is not defined\n");
#endif
return 0;
}
output:
************************** Files ****************************
-------------------------------------------------------------
File : A file is a collection of data stores on the disk perminantly.
We can create and access the files using c program in the following steps.
Step 1: Create a file pointer
Step 2: Open the file
Step 3: Access the file
Step 4: Close the file
Step 1: Create a file pointer:
------------------------------
We can create a file pointer using FILE as follows.
syntax:
FILE *filepointername;
Ex:
FILE *fp;
File Pointer stores the information related to the file like filename, file access mode.
Step 2: Open the file:
----------------------
Once we create a file pointer we need to open the file for accessing.
We can open the file using fopen() as follows
syntax:
filepointername=fopen("FileName","FileAccessMode");
File Access Mode specifies the purpose we are opening the file like reading,writing and
appending.
File Access Mode Text Files Binary Files
---------------- ---------- ------------
read r rb
write w wb
append a ab
read/write r+ rb+
write/read w+ wb+
append plus a+ ab+
read(r) : We open the file to read the contents from the file.
write(w) : We open the file to write(saving) the contents to the file.
append(a) : We can open an existing file and append(add) some new contents to the file
read/write(r+) : We open an existing file, read the contents of it and write the new the contents to
the file.
write/read(w+) : We open an a file, write the contents to the file and read the contents from the
file.
append plus(a+) : We can open a file, append the contents to the file and read the contents from
the file.
Ex:
fp=fopen("file1.txt","w");
fopen() will returns the filename and fileaccessmode to the file pointer if the file opened
successfully, otherwise it returns NULL.
Step 3: Access the file:
------------------------
After opening the file we can access the contents of a file using file input/output functions
Accessing the file means saving or appending the data to the file and reading the data from the
file.
Step 4: Close the file :
------------------------
After accesing the file contents we must close the file.
We can close the file using fclose() as follows.
syntax:
fclose(filepointername);
Ex:
fclose(fp);
Write a program to create file in write mode and save the contents into it.
file1.c
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
FILE *fp;
char ch;
clrscr();
fp=fopen("file1.txt","w");
if(fp==NULL)
{
exit(0);
}
printf("Enter the text to save to the file\n");
printf("To stop press * symbol\n");
while((ch=getchar())!='*')
{
putc(ch,fp);
}
printf("The contents are saved to file\n");
fclose(fp);
return 0;
}
output:
To check the file contents in the editor we can click on open and select file name to see the file.
Write a program to open a file in read mode, read the contents from the file and display on the
console.
file2.c
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
FILE *fp;
char ch;
clrscr();
fp=fopen("file1.txt","r");
if(fp==NULL)
{
printf("File not opened successfully\n");
exit(0);
}
printf("The contents of file are\n");
while((ch=getc(fp))!=EOF)
{
putchar(ch);
}
fclose(fp);
return 0;
}
output:
Write a program to copy the contents of one file to other file(from file1.txt to file2.txt)
file3.c
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
FILE *fpr,*fpw;
char ch;
clrscr();
fpr=fopen("file1.txt","r");
if(fpr==NULL)
{
printf("File not opened successfully\n");
exit(0);
}
fpw=fopen("file2.txt","w");
if(fpw==NULL)
{
printf("File not created successfully\n");
exit(0);
}
while((ch=getc(fpr))!=EOF)
{
putc(ch,fpw);
}
printf("The file contents are copied successfully\n");
fclose(fpr);
fclose(fpw);
return 0;
}
output:
Write a program to read source and destination filenames from keyboard and copy the contents
from the source file to destination file.
file4.c
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
FILE *fpr,*fpw;
char ch;
char fname1[15],fname2[15];
clrscr();
printf("Enter the file name from which you need to copy(source)\n");
gets(fname1);
printf("Enter the file name to which you need to copy(destination)\n");
gets(fname2);
fpr=fopen(fname1,"r");
if(fpr==NULL)
{
printf("File not opened successfully\n");
exit(0);
}
fpw=fopen(fname2,"w");
if(fpw==NULL)
{
printf("File not created successfully\n");
exit(0);
}
while((ch=getc(fpr))!=EOF)
{
putc(ch,fpw);
}
printf("The file contents are copied successfully\n");
fclose(fpr);
fclose(fpw);
return 0;
}
output:
Write a program to create a binary file in write mode and save the contents the file.
file5.c
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
FILE *fp;
char ch;
clrscr();
fp=fopen("bfile1.dat","wb");
if(fp==NULL)
{
printf("File not created successfully\n");
exit(0);
}
printf("Enter the text to save into the file\n");
printf("Press * to stop\n");
while((ch=getchar())!='*')
{
putc(ch,fp);
}
printf("The contents are saved to file successfully\n");
fclose(fp);
return 0;
}
output:
Write a program to open a binary file in read mode and display the contents on the console.
file6.c
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
FILE *fp;
char ch;
clrscr();
fp=fopen("bfile1.dat","rb");
if(fp==NULL)
{
printf("File not opened successfully\n");
exit(0);
}
printf("The contents of file are\n");
while((ch=getc(fp))!=EOF)
{
putchar(ch);
}
fclose(fp);
return 0;
}
output:
Write a program to create a file to save the details of a student like rno,name, sub1,sub2 ans sub3
marks.(use fprintf() function)
file7.c
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
FILE *fp;
int rno,sub1,sub2,sub3;
char name[15];
int n,i;
clrscr();
fp=fopen("std.txt","w");
if(fp==NULL)
{
printf("File not created successfully\n");
exit(0);
}
printf("Enter how many students\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("Enter rno,name,sub1,sub2 and sub3 of studetn %d\n",i+1);
scanf("%d",&rno);
scanf("%s",name);
scanf("%d%d%d",&sub1,&sub2,&sub3);
fprintf(fp,"%d\t%s\t%d\t%d\t%d\n",rno,name,sub1,sub2,sub3);
printf("The student details saved to file\n");
}
fclose(fp);
return 0;
}
output:
Write a program to read the contents of std.txt file and display them in a tabular by calculating
the total marks and avg also.(using fscanf() function)
Rno Name Sub1 Sub2 Sub3 Total Avg
--- ------- ---- ---- ---- ----- ----
file8.c
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
FILE *fp;
int rno,sub1,sub2,sub3;
char name[15];
int total;
float avg;
clrscr();
fp=fopen("std.txt","r");
if(fp==NULL)
{
printf("File not opened successfully\n");
exit(0);
}
printf("Rno\tName\t\tSub1\tSub2\tSub3\tTotal\tAvg\n");
printf("---\t----\t\t----\t----\t----\t-----\t---\n");
while(!feof(fp))
{
fscanf(fp,"%d%s%d%d%d",&rno,name,&sub1,&sub2,&sub3);
total=sub1+sub2+sub3;
avg=total/3.0;
printf("%d\t%s\t\t%d\t%d\t%d\t%d\t%.2f\n",rno,name,sub1,sub2,sub3,total,avg);
}
fclose(fp);
return 0;
}
output:
HW1:
Write a program to create an employee file and save details of employee eno,ename and
salary(using fprintf() function)(emp.txt)
HW2:
Write a program to read the contents of employee file and display them in the following format.
Eno ENameSalary
--- ----- ------
Write a program to create a binary file and write the data to the file.
(using fwrite() function)
file9.c
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int a[5]={10,20,30,40,50};
FILE *fp;
int n;
clrscr();
fp=fopen("bin1.dat","wb");
if(fp==NULL)
{
printf("File not created successfully\n");
exit(0);
}
n=fwrite(a,sizeof(int),5,fp);
if(n==5)
{
printf("Writing the contents file is successful\n");
}
else
{
printf("Writing is failed\n");
}
return 0;
}
output:
Write a program to read the contents of a binary file and display them on the console(using
fread() function)
file10.c
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int a[5],i;
FILE *fp;
int n;
clrscr();
fp=fopen("bin1.dat","rb");
if(fp==NULL)
{
printf("File not opened successfully\n");
exit(0);
}
n=fread(a,sizeof(int),5,fp);
if(n==5)
{
printf("Reading the file contents successful\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%d\n",a[i]
}
else
{
printf("Reading is failed\n");
}
return 0;
}
output:
Sequential Access Files: In this we can access the contents from the begining of the file to till the
end of the file.
Random Access Files: We can access the contents of file from the random locations of the file.
We can use the following functions to access the contents randomly from the file.
1. fseek()
2. ftell()
3. rewind()
1. fseek():
This function will place the cursor at the specified position.
syntax:
int fseek(FILE *filepointer,long int offset,int position);
position constants
SEEK_SET - 0 : Begining of the file
SEEK_CUR - 1 : Current position of the cursor
SEEK_END - 2 : End of the file
Example:
1. fseek(fp,0,SEEK_SET) : It places the cursor at the begining of the file.
2. fseek(fp,10,SEEK_SET) : It places the cursor after 10 characters from the begining of the file.
3. fseek(fp,0,SEEK_CUR) : It places the cursor at the current position of the cursor.
4. fseek(fp,10,SEEK_CUR) : It places the cursor after 10 characters from the current position.
5. fseek(fp,-10,SEEK_CUR) : It places the cursor before 10 characters from the current position.
6. fseek(fp,0,SEEK_END) : It places the cursor at the end of the file.
7. fseek(fp,-10,SEEK_END) : It places the cursor before 10 characters from the end of the file.
2. ftell():
It tells the current position of cursor.
syntax:
long int ftell(FILE *filepointer);
Ex:
long int pos;
pos=ftell(fp);
3. rewind():
It repositions(replaces) the cursor at the begining of the file.
syntax:
void rewind(FILE *filepointer);
Ex:
rewind(fp);
Write a program to demonstrate the Random Access Files.
> Save some text to file.
> Get the position of cursor using ftell()
> Place the cursor at the begining using rewind()
> Get the position of cursor using ftell()
> Place the cursor after 8 characters from the begining of the file
> Get the position of cursor using ftell()
> Read the contents till the end of the file from current location
> Get the position of cursor using ftell()
> Add some more contents to the file at the end
> Get the position of cursor using ftell()
> Place the cursor before 23 characters from end of the file
> Get the position of cursor using ftell()
> Read the contents till the end of the file
file11.c
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
FILE *fp;
char ch;
long int pos;
int n;
clrscr();
fp=fopen("random.txt","a+");
if(fp==NULL)
{
printf("The file is not created\n");
exit(0);
}
printf("Enter some text to save to the file\n");
printf("Press * to stop\n");
while((ch=getchar())!='*')
{
putc(ch,fp);
}
printf("The contents saved to file\n");
pos=ftell(fp);
printf("The position of cursor is %ld\n",pos);
rewind(fp);
pos=ftell(fp);
printf("The position of cursor is %ld\n",pos);
fseek(fp,8,SEEK_SET);
pos=ftell(fp);
printf("The position of cursor is %ld\n\n",pos);
printf("The contents of file after 8 characters from the begining\n");
while((ch=getc(fp))!=EOF)
{
putchar(ch);
}
pos=ftell(fp);
printf("The postion of cursor is %ld\n",pos);
printf("Enter more text to save to file\n");
printf("Press * to stop\n");
while((ch=getchar())!='*')
{
putc(ch,fp);
}
printf("Saved more text to file\n");
pos=ftell(fp);
printf("The position of cursor is %ld\n",pos);
fseek(fp,-23,SEEK_END);
pos=ftell(fp);
printf("The position of cursor is %ld\n\n",pos);
printf("The last 23 characters of the file\n");
while((ch=getc(fp))!=EOF)
{
putchar(ch);
}
fclose(fp);
return 0;
}
output:
