Factors Affecting Academic Procrastinations Among Grade 11 Students of Libertad
National High School
A Qualitative Research presented by
Sofia Korte
Kevin Egloso
Mary Grace Surio
Riza Ticoy
In fulfillment for the requirements of Practical Research 1of
General Academic Strand
Marcelino Torrefiel III
Subject Teacher
May 2024
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to have a moment for me to express my great pleasure to the people who
contributed for the success of this research pape. This may just be a ‘piece of project’ for many
but for me, this is a big step in pursuing the dream and a contribution for every striving student
during this challenging journey.
I am extending my gratitude first to God, who lightened up my way in starting and
finishing this research paper, despite the thought of giving up and not continuing the road I was
walking on for a long time.
A big thank you also to my adviser and subject teacher, Marcelino Toreffiel III for
teaching us the steps to accomplish this project. Without his extendable hand of support, this is
impossible to fulfill and be completed.
Lastly, to one of my successful published author relative, Nery Joy Ochea, who helped
me start from the scraps down to the final project, I am also extending my great pleasure to her.
There is no need for me to fill the whole page to mention every individual who helped me
in this project but overall, I am grateful for your efforts and support in giving me the light to
success.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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CHAPTER I
Introduction
Background of the Study
At some point, some people experience unconsciously wasting their time over certain
things than on the important matters for reason that they lack motivation, not in the mood, or
something else. Some people would define it as ‘pastime’ but actually becomes quite far from the
point of this word—this is called procrastination. Procrastination is having been described as
intentional and reasonable postponement of the taken decisions being unaware of the fact that
this will bring about certain negative consequences (Iran J., 2011). This also refers to the
tendency to delay or postpone task, often until the last minute, despite the potential, negative
consequences of such behavior. Students who procrastinate usually unable to complete academic
tasks on time, may cause them anxiety and disappointments (Lumandas, 2020). This research
will provide insights and understanding about the factors that affect the procrastination among
the Grade 11 students of Libertad National High School.
According to Mohammad Tayyab (2023), procrastination has its roots deep in history as
the Greek scholar, Aristotle named it as ‘Akrasia’. Akrasia is the lack of self-control, in which an
individual is unable to do the task accordingly. Wikipedia.com, stated that procrastination can
depend on a person’s health condition for a reason that the productivity is low during the times of
health issues. It is often perceived as a negative trait due to its hindering effects on one’s
productivity associated with depression, low self-esteem, guilt, and feelings of inadequacy.
When it comes to the factors contributing to academic procrastination, it includes the
external locus of control. This refers to the belief that events in one’s life are primarily controlled
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by the external factors such as lack of faith, rather than by oneself. This means that individuals
who believe they have little control over their lives tend to procrastinate more often. There are
personality factors that had been also examined for their contribution to procrastination, such as
impulsivity and perfectionism. For example, individuals who are highly impulsive may struggle
with starting and completing tasks due to difficulty with planning ahead and prioritizing
responsibilities. Similarly, those with high levels of perfectionism may struggle initiating tasks
because they fear for not being able to complete them perfectly (Reynolds, 2015).
Moreover, low-esteemis highly associated with behavior deferral and procrastination,
according to research. This is because these individuals’ low esteem make it difficult for them to
believe in their abilities to complete the task successfully.
Theoretical Framework
The kind of theoretical framework of this study uses Phenomenology. This kind of
framework aims to understand the importance of experiences of individuals within a specific
context. It focuses on perspectives of individuals through the process of in-depth interviews and
analysis.
Statement of the Problem
This research paper aims to find the answers regading the factors that contribute to
academic procrastination among Grade 11 students in Libertad National High School through
these questions to be asked among the specific audience chosen:
1. What are the factors that add academic procrastination among Grade 11 students in Libertad
National High School?
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2. What are the effects of these factors of academic procrastination among these students from
Grade 11 in Libertad National High School?
3. What are the strategies that may help reduce or avoid academic procrastination?
4. About time management, what could be its impact or contribution to the students who may be
suffering academic procrastination? How do you say so?
5. Do you think that parents could help lessen academic procrastination? If yes, what could be
their role in doing so or how can they possibly reduce the factors of academic procrastination?
Significance of the Study
Academic procrastination is one of the main problem most of the students face. With the
presence of this, this could possibly add to mental health issues such as anxiety. Although
anxiety itself is one of the contributors that result for an individual to suffer academic
procrastination, still there is a possible risk of adding more mental health issues once a person
fails to complete certain task. That is why, this research is being conducted for further studies
and be able to understand more about the context.
The findings of this research may be beneficiary for the following:
1. Grade 11 students of Libertad National High School. This research is
beneficial especially for the Grade 11 students of LNHS for they will be able to
know and understand more about the context of academic procrastination.
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Additionally, they would also be able to learn how to cope up with this matter in
the near future.
2. Researchers. This may also be beneficiary for researchers for they will be able to
learn, understand, and soon share the context of academic procrastination.
Scope and Delimination
The researchers will conduct an interview among Grade 11 students of no age
requirement. This study will involve atleast 15-25 participants that are selected through
purposive sampling method that are needed by the researchers. This research will be conducted
along Libertad National High School for the easier access of information. Researchers will
gather the data through interview open-ended questions that may help them diversify their
knowledge about the certain topic.
The researchers may face possible limitations while conducting this study through
different reasons such as, the availability of the respondents, their willingness and cooperation in
this certain topic.This may possibly affect the sample size needed for this study.
Definition of Terms:
Academic procrastination- deliberate delay in starting or completing school-related work within a given
timeframe
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Academic task- any work or activity related to educational studies such as homework, projects, or
studying for exams
Anxiety- feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease about something with an uncertain outcome
Depression- a mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings or sadness, loss of interest, and lack of
energy
Disappointments- feelings of dissatisfaction that arise when expectations or hopes are not met
Factors-elements or conditions that contribute to producing a particular result or outcome
Health issues- refer to any condition that affects a person’s physical or mental well-being
Inadequacy- feeling of lacking the quality or quantity required; insuffiency
Pastime- an activity that someone does regularly for enjoyment rather than work; a hoby
Postponement- the action of delaying or putting off something to a later time
Procrastination- the action of delaying or postponing tasks or decisions
Productivity- the effectiveness of effort measured in terms of the rate of output per unit of input
Self-control- ability to regulate one’s emotions, thoughts, and behavior in the face of temptations and
impulses
Negative trait- a characteristic or quality deemed to be not beneficial or harmful to oneself or others
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Academic procrastination refers to the postponement of academic goals to the point
where optimal performance becomes highly unlikely (Ellis & Knaus, 1977).
Viewing procrastination as a coping style, Flett, Blankstein, and Martin (1995) found that
procrastination correlated positively with avoidance-oriented coping, and concluded that
procrastinators seem unwilling or unable to focus on the cause of the problem, as opposed to its
effects. This was echoed by Ferrari, Johnson, and McCown (1995, p. 29) who posited that
extreme anxiety is a major discriminative cue for procrastination, given that “it is more
reinforcing to avoid the anxiety associated with studying than it is to study.”
As articulated by Lazarus (1993), coping involves both cognitive and behavioral attempts
to handle demands “that are appraised as taxing or exceeding a person’s resources” (p. 237).
Researchers have expressed their conceptualizations of coping styles differently (see Moos &
Holahan, 2003, for a review). Distinctions have been made between problem-focused coping and
emotion-focused coping (Carver, Scheier, & Weintraub, 1989), whereas others (e.g., Moos &
Holahan, 2003) have broadly categorized coping responses as being approach- or avoidance-
oriented. It is the approach–avoidance dimension that is articulated in this study. Approach
coping responses include positive reappraisal and actively dealing with the cause of the stressor,
whereas avoidance coping includes denial and finding other sources of satisfaction (Moos &
Holahan, 2003, p. 1391).
Procrastination is a complex, psychologically heterogeneous phenomenon that includes
behavioural, emotional and cognitive components. The main areas of manifestation of
procrastination are professional and educational activities. Academic procrastination implies a
delay in the fulfilment of educational assignments and is associated with undeveloped learning
skills, lack of organization, forgetfulness, and behavioural rigidity. The consequence of this
behaviour in most cases is the decrease in academic achievement, negative emotional
experiences related to own failure, anxiety, and dissatisfaction with the results. Procrastination
negatively affects the psychological well-being of students; therefore, this phenomenon is of
special interest in the context of future specialists training (Jelena Saplavska, Aleksandra
Jerkunkova, 2018).
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REFERENCES
Ellis, A., & Knaus, W. J. (1977). Overcoming procrastination. New York, NY: Institute for
Rational Living.
Flett, G. L., Blankstein, K. R., & Martin, T. R. (1995). Procrastination, negative self-evaluation,
and stress in depression and anxiety: A review and preliminary model. In J. R. Ferrari, J. L.
Johnson, & W. G. McCown (Eds.), Procrastination and task avoidance: Theory, research, and
treatment (pp. 137-167). New York, NY: Plenum Press.
Ferrari, J. R., Johnson, J. L., & McCown, W. G. (1995). Procrastination and task avoidance:
Theory, research, and treatment. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
Lazarus, R. S. (1993). Coping theory and research: Past, present, and future. Psychosomatic
Medicine, 55(3), 234-247. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-199305000-00002
Moos, R. H., & Holahan, C. J. (2003). Dispositional and contextual perspectives on coping:
Toward an integrative framework. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59(12), 1387-1403.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.10183
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A
theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(2), 267-283.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.56.2.267
Saplavska, J., & Jerkunkova, A. (2018). Academic procrastination and anxiety among students.
In Proceedings of the 17th International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural
Development (pp. 23-25).
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