### Concepts of Evolution
1. What is the process by which species change over time?
- A. Natural selection
- B. Evolution
- C. Genetic drift
- D. Mutation
- **Answer: B**
2. Which term refers to the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment?
- A. Fitness
- B. Adaptation
- C. Speciation
- D. Evolution
- **Answer: A**
3. The study of fossils to understand past life forms is known as:
- A. Paleontology
- B. Archeology
- C. Geology
- D. Biology
- **Answer: A**
4. Which scientist is known as the father of evolution?
- A. Gregor Mendel
- B. Charles Darwin
- C. Alfred Wallace
- D. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
- **Answer: B**
5. Which mechanism involves changes in allele frequencies due to random chance?
- A. Natural selection
- B. Genetic drift
- C. Gene flow
- D. Mutation
- **Answer: B**
### Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
6. Who proposed the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics?
- A. Charles Darwin
- B. Gregor Mendel
- C. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
- D. Alfred Wallace
- **Answer: C**
7. According to Lamarck, how do organisms acquire traits during their lifetime?
- A. Natural selection
- B. Genetic mutations
- C. Use and disuse of organs
- D. Random chance
- **Answer: C**
8. Which example would Lamarck use to support his theory?
- A. Giraffes stretching their necks to reach higher leaves
- B. Birds developing wings for flight
- C. Fish evolving gills for underwater breathing
- D. Humans developing language skills
- **Answer: A**
9. Why is Lamarck’s theory largely discredited today?
- A. Lack of fossil evidence
- B. Genetic evidence supports Darwin’s theory
- C. It cannot explain natural selection
- D. It is based on acquired rather than inherited traits
- **Answer: B**
10. Which concept is NOT part of Lamarck’s theory?
- A. Use and disuse
- B. Inheritance of acquired traits
- C. Survival of the fittest
- D. Evolution by means of natural processes
- **Answer: C**
### Darwinism
11. What is the primary mechanism of evolution according to Darwin?
- A. Genetic drift
- B. Natural selection
- C. Mutation
- D. Gene flow
- **Answer: B**
12. What did Darwin observe about the finches on the Galápagos Islands?
- A. They were all the same species
- B. They had different beak shapes adapted to their diets
- C. They migrated annually
- D. They had no natural predators
- **Answer: B**
13. Which book did Darwin publish in 1859?
- A. "The Origin of Species"
- B. "The Descent of Man"
- C. "The Voyage of the Beagle"
- D. "Principles of Geology"
- **Answer: A**
14. According to Darwin, why do some individuals survive and reproduce more successfully than others?
- A. They are stronger
- B. They are more intelligent
- C. They have advantageous traits
- D. They are luckier
- **Answer: C**
15. Which term refers to the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in
phenotype?
- A. Genetic drift
- B. Gene flow
- C. Mutation
- D. Natural selection
- **Answer: D**
### Darwin's Theory of Evolution
16. What does "descent with modification" mean in Darwin’s theory?
- A. Species are unchanging
- B. Organisms can acquire traits during their lifetime
- C. New species arise from ancestral species
- D. Evolution occurs within a single generation
- **Answer: C**
17. Which evidence did Darwin use to support his theory of evolution?
- A. Fossil records
- B. Homologous structures
- C. Biogeography
- D. All of the above
- **Answer: D**
18. What is the role of variation in natural selection?
- A. It causes species to become extinct
- B. It provides raw material for natural selection
- C. It slows down the process of evolution
- D. It eliminates weak traits from a population
- **Answer: B**
19. How did Darwin explain the evolution of complex structures like the eye?
- A. Through sudden mutations
- B. By gradual accumulation of small advantageous changes
- C. By inheritance of acquired characteristics
- D. Through divine intervention
- **Answer: B**
20. What is an adaptation?
- A. A random mutation
- B. A disadvantageous trait
- C. A trait that increases an organism’s fitness
- D. A learned behavior
- **Answer: C**
### Neo-Darwinism
21. What does Neo-Darwinism combine?
- A. Darwin’s theory with Mendelian genetics
- B. Lamarck’s theory with Darwin’s theory
- C. Darwin’s theory with fossil evidence
- D. Mendelian genetics with paleontology
- **Answer: A**
22. Which process is NOT part of Neo-Darwinism?
- A. Natural selection
- B. Genetic drift
- C. Inheritance of acquired traits
- D. Gene flow
- **Answer: C**
23. What is the source of genetic variation in a population according to Neo-Darwinism?
- A. Natural selection
- B. Mutation and recombination
- C. Gene flow
- D. Genetic drift
- **Answer: B**
24. Which concept is central to Neo-Darwinism?
- A. Use and disuse
- B. Survival of the fittest
- C. Inheritance of acquired characteristics
- D. Gradualism
- **Answer: B**
25. What role do mutations play in Neo-Darwinism?
- A. They are always harmful
- B. They introduce new genetic variations
- C. They eliminate genetic diversity
- D. They have no impact on evolution
- **Answer: B**
### Evidence of Evolution
26. Which type of evidence includes fossils and the fossil record?
- A. Biogeographical evidence
- B. Embryological evidence
- C. Paleontological evidence
- D. Biochemical evidence
- **Answer: C**
27. What are homologous structures?
- A. Structures that serve the same function but have different origins
- B. Structures that have different functions but similar origins
- C. Structures that are identical in all species
- D. Structures that are present only in fossils
- **Answer: B**
28. Which of the following is an example of a vestigial structure?
- A. Human appendix
- B. Whale flipper
- C. Bird wing
- D. Insect antenna
- **Answer: A**
29. What does comparative embryology study?
- A. Differences in adult forms
- B. Similarities in embryonic development
- C. Genetic mutations
- D. Fossil formation
- **Answer: B**
30. Which type of evidence involves comparing DNA sequences?
- A. Fossil evidence
- B. Biochemical evidence
- C. Embryological evidence
- D. Biogeographical evidence
- **Answer: B**
31. Which scientist’s work on pea plants helped provide a genetic basis for evolution?
- A. Charles Darwin
- B. Alfred Wallace
- C. Gregor Mendel
- D. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
- **Answer: C**
32. Which term refers to the geographical distribution of species?
- A. Biogeography
- B. Paleontology
- C. Embryology
- D. Biochemistry
- **Answer: A**
33. How does molecular biology provide evidence for evolution?
- A. By showing similarities in DNA and proteins among different organisms
- B. By identifying mutations in fossils
- C. By comparing physical traits
- D. By studying embryonic development
- **Answer: A**
34. What did the discovery of Archaeopteryx support?
- A. Evolution of mammals
- B. Evolution of reptiles
- C. Evolution of birds from reptiles
- D. Evolution of amphibians
- **Answer: C**
35. Which concept explains the presence of similar structures in unrelated organisms?
- A. Homology
-B
. Convergent evolution
- C. Divergent evolution
- D. Biogeography
- **Answer: B**
36. Which type of rock are fossils most commonly found in?
- A. Igneous
- B. Sedimentary
- C. Metamorphic
- D. Volcanic
- **Answer: B**
37. What does the fossil record show about the history of life on Earth?
- A. Life has remained unchanged
- B. Life has evolved over time
- C. All species appeared at once
- D. Only microorganisms existed in the past
- **Answer: B**
38. What is the significance of transitional fossils?
- A. They show abrupt changes in species
- B. They provide evidence of common ancestry
- C. They are found only in certain locations
- D. They disprove evolution
- **Answer: B**
39. Which evidence supports the theory of continental drift affecting evolution?
- A. Fossil distribution
- B. DNA sequences
- C. Homologous structures
- D. Embryonic development
- **Answer: A**
40. Which concept explains the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria?
- A. Natural selection
- B. Genetic drift
- C. Gene flow
- D. Mutation
- **Answer: A**
41. Which structure is an example of a homologous structure in humans and bats?
- A. Wing
- B. Tailbone
- C. Arm
- D. Hair
- **Answer: C**
42. What does comparative anatomy study?
- A. Genetic mutations
- B. Embryonic development
- C. Structural similarities and differences
- D. Fossil formation
- **Answer: C**
43. How does the concept of genetic drift differ from natural selection?
- A. It is a result of environmental pressures
- B. It is due to random chance
- C. It always increases genetic variation
- D. It leads to adaptation
- **Answer: B**
44. What is the founder effect?
- A. Loss of genetic variation due to a small population size
- B. Increase in genetic variation due to mutation
- C. Migration of individuals between populations
- D. Selection of advantageous traits
- **Answer: A**
45. Which evidence shows that humans and chimpanzees share a common ancestor?
- A. Similar DNA sequences
- B. Different physical traits
- C. Unique reproductive behaviors
- D. Distinct embryonic development
- **Answer: A**
46. What does the theory of punctuated equilibrium propose?
- A. Evolution occurs gradually over time
- B. Evolution occurs in rapid bursts followed by long periods of stability
- C. Evolution is driven solely by mutations
- D. Evolution is a random process
- **Answer: B**
47. Which of the following is an example of adaptive radiation?
- A. Different species of finches on the Galápagos Islands
- B. Evolution of similar traits in unrelated species
- C. Genetic drift in a small population
- D. Gene flow between populations
- **Answer: A**
48. How does embryology support the theory of evolution?
- A. By showing genetic similarities
- B. By revealing common developmental stages
- C. By comparing fossil records
- D. By identifying homologous structures
- **Answer: B**
49. What is a molecular clock used for?
- A. Dating fossils
- B. Measuring the rate of evolutionary change
- C. Studying embryonic development
- D. Identifying genetic mutations
- **Answer: B**
50. Which of the following is an example of convergent evolution?
- A. Wings of bats and birds
- B. Forelimbs of mammals
- C. Fins of fish and flippers of whales
- D. Roots of different plant species
- **Answer: A**
51. How does geographic isolation contribute to speciation?
- A. By increasing gene flow
- B. By reducing genetic variation
- C. By preventing interbreeding between populations
- D. By causing mutations
- **Answer: C**
52. Which evidence supports the idea that whales evolved from land-dwelling mammals?
- A. Presence of vestigial pelvic bones
- B. Similarity in embryonic development
- C. Fossils of transitional forms
- D. All of the above
- **Answer: D**
53. How does artificial selection differ from natural selection?
- A. It occurs without human intervention
- B. It is driven by human choices
- C. It reduces genetic variation
- D. It occurs only in nature
- **Answer: B**
54. What is the significance of Hox genes in evolution?
- A. They regulate embryonic development
- B. They cause mutations
- C. They determine physical traits
- D. They show genetic drift
- **Answer: A**
55. Which type of natural selection favors intermediate phenotypes?
- A. Directional selection
- B. Stabilizing selection
- C. Disruptive selection
- D. Sexual selection
- **Answer: B**
56. What does the Hardy-Weinberg principle describe?
- A. Conditions for genetic equilibrium in a population
- B. Rates of mutation
- C. Patterns of genetic drift
- D. Levels of gene flow
- **Answer: A**
57. Which term refers to the movement of genes between populations?
- A. Genetic drift
- B. Natural selection
- C. Gene flow
- D. Mutation
- **Answer: C**
58. What is an example of a prezygotic barrier to reproduction?
- A. Hybrid sterility
- B. Temporal isolation
- C. Hybrid breakdown
- D. Reduced hybrid viability
- **Answer: B**
59. Which of the following is a postzygotic barrier?
- A. Habitat isolation
- B. Temporal isolation
- C. Behavioral isolation
- D. Hybrid sterility
- **Answer: D**
60. What is the significance of the "RNA world" hypothesis?
- A. It suggests DNA was the first genetic material
- B. It proposes RNA was the first genetic material
- C. It describes the origin of multicellular life
- D. It explains the evolution of prokaryotes
- **Answer: B**
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