VOLCANO

• A volcano is a rupture in the Earth's crust

through which molten rock, volcanic ash, and
gases escape from the Earth's mantle. This
can occur in various forms, including through
fissures, vents, and cones. The word "volcano"
originates from Vulcan, the Roman god of
fire.
VOLCANO • The Ring of Fire is a region in the Pacific
Ocean known for what geological feature
called volcanoes.
• The largest volcano in the solar system is
located on planet Mars .
Parts of a
Volcano
 PARTS OF A VOLCANO
• Magma Chamber: This is the area within the Earth where magma is stored
before an eruption. It is located beneath the volcano.
• Vent: This is the main outlet for the magma to escape. It is a tube-like
structure that extends from the magma chamber to the surface of the
volcano.
 PARTS OF A VOLCANO
• Crater: This is the opening at the top of the volcano where an eruption takes
place. It is usually a bowl-shaped depression formed by the collapse of land
following an eruption.
• Cone: This is the mound or hill that builds up around the vent. The shape
and size of the cone can vary depending on the type of eruption and the
materials ejected.
 PARTS OF A VOLCANO
• Sill & Dike: These are pathways that magma uses to reach the surface. A sill
is a horizontal pathway, while a dike is a vertical or diagonal pathway.
• Secondary Vents/Cones (Parasitic Cones): These are additional outlets
for magma. They can form on the sides of the volcano and can have their
own craters.
• Fissures- the openings in a volcano through which lava flows .
 PARTS OF A VOLCANO
• Lava Flow & Pyroclastic Flow: Lava flows are streams of molten rock that
pour or ooze from the vent during an eruption. Pyroclastic flows are
fast-moving currents of hot gas and volcanic matter.
 Types of Volcanoes
• Shield Volcanoes
• Description: Broad, gently sloping
volcanoes built from fluid basaltic
lava.
• volcano is known for its gentle sloping sides
and broad base
• Example: Mauna Loa in Hawaii
 Types of Volcanoes
• Stratovolcanoes (Composite
Volcanoes)
Description: Tall, steep-sided volcanoes
built from alternating layers of lava flows,
volcanic ash, and other volcanic debris.
• type of volcano is characterized by explosive
eruptions and steep sides.
• Example: Mount Fuji in Japan, Mount
St. Helens in the USA
 Types of Volcanoes
• Cinder Cone Volcanoes
• Description: Small, steep-sided
volcanoes built from pyroclastic
fragments.
• volcanic feature is a steep-sided mound
formed by the accumulation of solid
volcanic fragments around a vent
• Example: Parícutin in Mexico
 Calderas
• Calderas
• Description: Large, basin-shaped
depressions formed by the collapse
of a volcano after a massive
eruption.
• Example: Yellowstone Caldera in
the USA
 How Do Volcanoes
Form?
• Volcanoes form due to the
movement of tectonic plates. The
Earth's outer shell, known as the
lithosphere, is divided into several
large and small plates. These plates
move relative to each other, and
when they interact, they can create
conditions favorable for volcanic
activity.
 How Do Volcanoes
Form?
• Convergent Plate Boundaries:
When two plates collide, one plate
can be forced beneath the other in a
process known as subduction. This
can lead to the melting of rock and
the formation of magma, which can
eventually erupt as a volcano.
 How Do Volcanoes
Form?
• Divergent plate Boundaries:
When two plates move away from
each other, magma from the mantle
rises to fill the gap, leading to the
formation of new crust and volcanic
activity.
 How Do Volcanoes
Form?
• Hotspots: These are areas of
intense volcanic activity that are not
necessarily located at plate
boundaries. A hotspot is a plume of
hot mantle material that rises
through the Earth's crust, creating
volcanoes as the overlying plate
moves over it.
 Volcanic Eruptions
• Volcanic eruptions can vary greatly
in terms of intensity and style. The
factors that influence the nature of
an eruption include:
• Magma Composition: The type of
magma (basaltic, andesitic, or
rhyolitic) can determine the viscosity
and explosiveness of the eruption.
 Volcanic Eruptions
• Gas Content: The amount and type
of gases (water vapor, carbon
dioxide, sulfur dioxide) dissolved in
the magma can influence the
explosiveness of an eruption.
 Volcanic Eruptions
• Tectonic Setting: The geological
setting, such as convergent
boundaries, divergent boundaries, or
hotspots, can also affect the style of
volcanic eruption.
 Volcanic Hazards
• Lava Flows: These are streams of
molten rock that can destroy everything
in their path.

• Pyroclastic Flows: These are

fast-moving currents of hot gas and
volcanic debris that can travel at high
speeds, engulfing and incinerating
everything in their way.
 Volcanic Hazards
• Ashfall: Volcanic ash can blanket large
areas, disrupting transportation, damaging
infrastructure, and posing respiratory
hazards.

• Lahars: These are volcanic mudflows

composed of water, volcanic ash, and
debris, often triggered by heavy rainfall or
the melting of snow and ice during an
eruption.
• Tephra- the hardened remains of lava that once flowed from a volcano.
• Lahar- volcanic hazard consists of a fast-moving mudflow containing water
and volcanic material.
• . Feldspar- is the most abundant mineral in volcanic rock.
• Dormant Volcano- type of volcano that is not currently erupting but may
erupt again in the future
 TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
• Hawaiian Eruptions: These eruptions are named after the volcanoes in
Hawaii and are characterized by effusive eruptions of very fluid basaltic lava
that flows easily to form shield volcanoes. They can also produce fire
fountains from the vent.
 TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
• Plinian Eruptions: Named after Pliny the Younger who described the
eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD, these are the most powerful and
destructive type of eruption. They can produce high-altitude ash clouds and
can cause significant climate change.
• Pompeii- famous ancient city was destroyed by the eruption of Mount
Vesuvius in 79 AD.
 TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
• Vulcanian Eruptions: These are slightly more explosive than Strombolian
eruptions. They typically involve the expulsion of a viscous plug of lava from
a crater, followed by an outpouring of volcanic ash.
 TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
• Strombolian Eruptions: Named after the Stromboli volcano in Italy, these
eruptions are characterized by the intermittent explosion or fountaining of
basaltic lava from a single vent or crater. Each burst is caused by the release
of volcanic gases, and they're typically loud but not overly destructive.
 TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
• Effusive Eruptions: These eruptions occur when the magma is low in silica,
which makes it less viscous and allows it to flow easily. The magma escapes
through the vent and flows down the sides of the volcano as a lava flow.
These eruptions are not typically explosive.
 TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
• Explosive Eruptions: These are violent eruptions that occur when the
magma is high in silica, making it more viscous and causing it to trap gases.
When the pressure from these gases becomes too great, it results in a
powerful explosion. The eruption can produce pyroclastic flows, ash clouds,
and large amounts of tephra (rock fragments).
 Positive effects Volcanic Eruptions
• Volcanic eruptions, although often destructive, can also have positive effects
on the environment and surrounding areas:
• 1. Fertility of Soil: Volcanic ash contains minerals and nutrients that can
enrich the soil, making it highly fertile. Over time, this can lead to improved
agricultural yields
 Positive effects Volcanic Eruptions
• 2. Creation of New Land: Lava flows can create new landmasses,
expanding coastlines and creating new habitats for various species.
• 3. *Geothermal Energy*: Volcanic regions often have geothermal resources
that can be harnessed for energy production, providing a sustainable and
renewable energy source.
 Positive effects Volcanic Eruptions
• 4. *Formation of New Minerals*: The high temperatures and pressures
associated with volcanic activity can lead to the formation of new minerals,
some of which may have industrial or commercial value.
• 5. *Rejuvenation of Ecosystems*: After an eruption, the landscape is often
rejuvenated, leading to increased biodiversity as new plants and animals
colonize the area.
 Positive effects Volcanic Eruptions
• 6. *Tourism*: Some volcanic areas become major tourist attractions,
drawing visitors interested in the unique geological features and natural
beauty created by volcanic activity.

• 7. *Scientific Research*: Volcanic eruptions provide valuable opportunities

for scientists to study geological processes, monitor volcanic activity, and
improve our understanding of Earth's internal dynamics.
 Negative effects of Volcanic Eruptions
• 1. Loss of Life: One of the most immediate and tragic consequences of volcanic
eruptions can be the loss of human life. Eruptions can produce fast-moving flows
of hot ash, gas, and rock known as pyroclastic flows, which can be deadly.

• 2. Property Damage: Volcanic eruptions can cause extensive damage to buildings,

infrastructure, and agricultural land. Lava flows can destroy everything in their path,
while ashfall can damage roofs, machinery, and vehicles.
 Negative effects of Volcanic Eruptions
• 3. Air Pollution: Eruptions release large amounts of ash, sulfur dioxide, and other
gases into the atmosphere, leading to air pollution. This can have serious health
effects on people living near the volcano, including respiratory problems and eye
irritation.

• 4. Climate Effects: Volcanic eruptions can temporarily cool the Earth's climate by
releasing large amounts of sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere, where it forms
sulfate aerosols that reflect sunlight back into space. This can lead to cooler
temperatures and changes in weather patterns.
 Negative effects of Volcanic Eruptions

• 5. Economic Impact: The destruction caused by volcanic eruptions can have

long-lasting economic effects on local communities and entire regions. This
includes the loss of livelihoods for farmers and fishermen, disruption of tourism,
and increased costs for rebuilding and recovery efforts.

• 6. Displacement of People: Volcanic eruptions can force people to evacuate their

homes and communities, leading to temporary or permanent displacement. This
can result in social and psychological stress for those affected.
 Negative effects of Volcanic Eruptions
• 7. Environmental Damage: Eruptions can lead to the destruction of habitats and
ecosystems, as well as the loss of biodiversity. Lava flows, ashfall, and toxic gases
can all have detrimental effects on plant and animal life in the affected area.

• 8. Secondary Hazards: In addition to the immediate dangers posed by lava flows

and ashfall, volcanic eruptions can also trigger secondary hazards such as landslides,
flash floods, and tsunamis, particularly if the volcano is located near water.
 Negative effects of Volcanic Eruptions
• 9. Long-Term Health Risks: Exposure to volcanic ash and gases can lead
to a range of long-term health problems, including respiratory diseases, skin
problems, and eye conditions.

• 10. Impact on Infrastructure: Volcanic eruptions can damage or destroy

roads, bridges, power lines, and other critical infrastructure, making it
difficult for emergency services to respond effectively and for communities
to recover and rebuild.
 GOVERNMENT AGENCIES TO
MONITOR VOLCANOES
• The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS)
is a national institution in the Philippines dedicated to providing information
on the activities of volcanoes, earthquakes, and tsunamis, as well as other
specialized information and services primarily for the protection of life and
property. They are responsible for monitoring seismic and volcanic activity in
the country and providing the public with relevant information and warnings.
• The National Volcano Warning System (NVEWS) developed by the U.S.
Geological Survey (USGS) Volcano Hazards Program (VHP) and its
affiliated partners in state and academic institutions. This is a national-scale
plan to ensure that volcanoes are monitored at levels commensurate to their
threats.
• U.S. Volcano Observatories, which include the Alaska Volcano Observatory
(AVO) and the USGS California Volcano Observatory (CalVO). These
observatories monitor, research, and issue formal notices of activity for
volcanoes in their assigned geographic areas. They also assess volcano
hazards and work with communities to prepare for volcanic eruptions.
 Conclusion
• Volcanoes are awe-inspiring natural
phenomena that play a crucial role
in shaping our planet's geology and
influencing the Earth's climate.
While they offer fertile soils and
geothermal energy resources, they
also pose significant risks to human
populations living in their vicinity.
• Understanding volcanoes, their
formation, and their hazards is essential
for mitigating the risks associated with
volcanic eruptions and harnessing the
benefits they offer. As we continue to
study and monitor these fiery giants, we
strive to coexist with them in a way that
respects their power and beauty while
ensuring our safety and well-being.
• 1. What is the opening at the top of a volcano called?
• a. Crater
• b. Lava tube
• c. Vent
• d. Magma chamber

• 2. Which type of volcano is known for its gentle sloping sides and broad base?
• a. Shield volcano
• b. Composite volcano
• c. Cinder cone volcano
• d. Lava dome volcano
• 3. What is the molten rock beneath Earth's surface called?
• a. Lava
• b. Magma
• c. Basalt
• d. Obsidian

• 4. Which of the following is NOT a sign that a volcano might erupt soon?
• a. Earthquakes
• b. Smaller eruptions
• c. Decrease in gas emissions
• d. Changes in the volcano's shape
• 5. What is the name for a type of volcano that is not currently erupting but may
erupt again in the future?
• a. Active volcano
• b. Dormant volcano
• c. Extinct volcano
• d. Hyperactive volcano

• 6. The largest volcano in the solar system is located on which planet?

• a. Earth
• b. Mars
• c. Venus
• d. Jupiter
• 7. What are the fast-moving currents of hot gas and volcanic matter that move
downhill during a volcanic eruption called?
• a. Pyroclastic flows
• b. Lava flows
• c. Lahars
• d. Ash clouds

• 8. Which volcanic hazard is a fast-moving mixture of hot volcanic particles, gases,

and ash?
• a. Pyroclastic flow
• b. Lahar
• c. Lava flow
• d. Tephra fall
• 9. What term is used to describe an opening in the Earth's crust through which
molten lava and volcanic gases pass?
• a. Vent
• b. Crater
• c. Canyon
• d. Plateau

• 10. Which volcanic feature is a steep-sided mound formed by the accumulation of

solid volcanic fragments around a vent?
• a. Caldera
• b. Shield volcano
• c. Cinder cone
• d. Lava dome
• 11. Which mineral is the most abundant in volcanic rock?
• a. Quartz
• b. Feldspar
• c. Hematite
• d. Talc

• 12. The Ring of Fire is a region in the Pacific Ocean known for what geological
feature?
• a. Earthquakes
• b. Tornadoes
• c. Hurricanes
• d. Volcanoes
• 13. What are the openings in a volcano through which lava flows called?
• a. Rifts
• b. Fumaroles
• c. Fissures
• d. Lava tubes

• 14. Which type of volcano is characterized by explosive eruptions and steep sides?
• a. Shield volcano
• b. Composite volcano
• c. Cinder cone volcano
• d. Lava dome volcano
• 15. What is the term for a bowl-shaped depression at the top of a volcano?
• a. Crater
• b. Magma chamber
• c. Vent
• d. Caldera

• 16. Which volcanic feature is a large depression typically caused by the

collapse of a volcano after an eruption?
• a. Vent
• b. Crater
• c. Caldera
• d. Dome
• 17. Which type of eruption is the most explosive and dangerous?
• a. Plinian
• b. Hawaiian
• c. Strombolian
• d. Vulcanian

• 18. Which volcanic hazard consists of a fast-moving mudflow containing

water and volcanic material?
• a. Lava flow
• b. Pyroclastic flow
• c. Lahar
• d. Ash cloud
• 19. What is the term for the hardened remains of lava that once flowed from a
volcano?
• a. Crust
• b. Basalt
• c. Obsidian
• d. Tephra

• 20. Which famous ancient city was destroyed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in
79 AD?
• a. Rome
• b. Pompeii
• c. Athens
• d. Troy