ORIENTAL PETROCHEMICALS COMPANY

OPC INDOOR TRAINING DEPARTMENT

BASICS AND EQUIPMENT TRAINING

VALVE FUNDAMENTAL TRAINING PROGRAM

Prepared by
Eng. Mohamed Ali
1
AGENDA
Table of contents:
1.Introduction.
2.Basic Valve Components & connections.
3.Block ( shut off) Valves.
3.1 Gate Valves.
3.2 Ball Valves.
3.3 Plug Valves.
4. Throttle( regulating ) Valves.
4.1 Globe Valves.
4.2 Butterfly Valves.
4.3 Diaphragm Valves.
4.4 Needle Valves.
5. Non-return (Check) Valves.
5.1 Swing Check Valves.
5.2 Lift Check Valves.
5.3 Piston Check Valves.
5.4 Ball Check Valves.
5.5 Stop Check Valve.
6. Pressure control Valves.
6.1 Pressure Reducing Valves.
6.2 Pressure Relief Valves (PRV’s).
6.3 Pressure Safety Valves (PSV’s).
6.4 Rupture Discs.
7. Valve Actuators.
7.1 Manual Actuators.
7.2 Electric Motor Actuators (MOV’s).
7.3 Electric Solenoid Actuators (SOV’s).
7.4 Pneumatic Actuators.
7.5 Hydraulic Actuators.
8. Control Valve and valve selection.

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Introduction
What are the valve functions?
• Starting and stopping flow to control process or isolate part of a pipeline
• Changing the flow rate by allowing more or less fluid to flow
• Re-directing flow from one line to another at a pipeline junction
• Allowing flow in one direction only
• Reducing fluid pressure
• Keeping the pressure in a container or pipeline below a fixed maximum
• Preventing accidents by relieving overpressure in a container or pipeline.
• Valve functions vary based on the position of the closure element in the valve.
• The closure position can be adjusted manually or automatically.

• Valves usually fall into one of three classes:

1.Shut-off valves block the flow or allow it to pass.
2.Anti-reversal valves allow flow to travel in one direction.
3.Throttling valves regulate flow at a point between fully open to fully closed.

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Basic Valve Components & connections
• The design of different types of valves and some of the components used may vary,
however, some basic parts that are common to most valves. These parts
are shown in Figure 2.1.

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Basic Valve Components & connections
• The valve body is the main part of the valve. It is usually cast or forged and the shape varies
with the type of valve. Inlet and outlet pipes fit onto the valve body through threaded,
bolted (flanged) or welded joints. The fluid passes through the valve body when the valve is
open. The valve body must be strong enough to take the maximum pressure of the process
fluid. It must also be made of a material that is not attacked by the fluid.
• The valve bonnet is a removable cover fitted to the body. It’s just close the hole in the body
through which the moving parts pass for assembly and dismantling.
• The valve trim is the name give to the parts inside a valve. This normally includes:
1. The opening/closing element—closes the fluid path through the valve body.
2. The valve stem—connects the actuator to the closing element.
3. The valve seat—makes a seal with the closing element when the valve is closed.
• Valve packing is a sealing device used to allow the valve stem to pass into the valve body
without loss of fluid or fluid pressure from the valve.
• The actuator operate the stem and closing element assembly. The simplest actuators is the
manually operated hand wheel shown in Figure 2.1. Other actuators may be operated by:
1. Electric motor—motor operated valve (MOV).
2. Electric solenoid—solenoid operated valve (SOV).
3. Air—pneumatically operated valve.
4. Oil—hydraulically operated valve.

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Basic Valve Components & connections
• There are 3 valve connection types to the valves
• Flanged connection , End connections are in the shape of a
flange and the two flanges are connected using bolts and
nuts. Flanged connections are the most common method of
connecting valves, regardless of the pressure level (from low
to high pressure levels) and valve size (from small to large
valves), easy to install & dismantle.

• Threaded connection , The valve is connected to the pipe

using pipe threads. This connection type is used primarily
for relatively small valves, not exceeding 2 inches with a
pressure level of 1 MPa or lower. Unlike other connection
methods, the threaded type does not require small parts
(bolts and nuts, etc.), making it economical. However, this
type of connection is difficult to repair.

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Basic Valve Components & connections

• welded connection , The valve is welded directly to the pipe. This connection is
usually used where perfect shutoff of leakage is crucial, for example in high-
temperature and high-pressure pipeline systems. There are two types of weld: socket
weld and butt-weld.

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Block valves
• Block valves it also called shut off valves either allow full flow or stop flow
completely. They should only be operated in the fully open or fully closed position.
If they are only partially opened, they offer a lot of resistance to flow. Fluid friction
and turbulence cause a loss of pressure in the fluid and can cause vibration. Block
valves are not meant to control flow rate.
• There are 3 main types of block valve :

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Block valves
• Gate valve
• They are used to start or stop a flow completely. They should not be used to control flow
rate. Using a gate valve in a partially open position can damage the valve. Fluid flow across
the gate causes erosion to the gate making it impossible to seal well against its seat.
• Fluid can flow through most gate valves in either direction.
• The closing element in a gate valve is a wedge-shaped disc or gate attached to the end of
the stem, as shown in Figure 2.1. The gate fits into a wedge-shaped seat in the valve body
to stop flow through the valve, as shown in Figure 3.1.

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Block valves
• Gate valve
• Turning the hand wheel raises and lowers the gate. When the gate valve is fully closed, the
gate fills the passage and stops the flow through the valve completely. When the valve is
fully opened, the gate is positioned above the passage in the valve body. This allows full
flow through the valve, with little or no obstruction.
• There is very little pressure drop across the valve.
• Gate valves are classed as linear-motion valves as the closing element moves in a straight
line (e.g. down and up) to close and open the valve.
• Gate valves can have rising or non-rising stems. The valve shown in Figure 3.1 has a rising
stem. The stem moves up and down with the gate. A rising stem is fixed to the gate and can
not turn in it.

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Block valves
• Gate valve
• Non-rising stems are threaded at the bottom. This thread mates with a thread in the gate
as shown in Figure 3.3. Left-hand threads allow clockwise rotation of the hand wheel to
lower the gate and close the valve. This types used when the space is limited.

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Block valves
• Ball valve
• Ball valves start and stop flow by rotating a ball-shaped closing element. They are classed as
rotational-motion valves. The ball has a hole through it of the same diameter as the
pipeline. Figure 3.10 shows a ball valve with part of the body cut away to show the closing
element.

• The valve is shown partially open to

show the hole in the ball. This is not
the normal valve position; a ball
valve is normally only used in the
fully closed or fully open positions.

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Block valves
• Ball valve
• The open valve leaves a clear path for flow with no obstruction. The valve shown has a
lever actuator that turns through 90 0 between the fully closed and fully open positions.
The lever is in line with the pipeline when the valve is open.

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Block valves
• Plug valve
• Operation of a plug valve is similar to the ball valve; they are also rotational-motion valves.
The main difference is the shape of the closing element, which is a tapered plug of circular
section. The valve normally used in the low pressure application.
• The plug has a hole called a port. Figure 3.12 shows a plug valve

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Throttle ( regulating ) Valves
• Throttle( regulating ) Valves , the control of flow rate by reducing the area of the flow
path through a valve is called throttling. Throttling a fluid also reduces its pressure. Block
valves should not be used to throttle flow. The flow becomes turbulent.
• Throttle valves are designed to operate partially opened turbulence. Throttle valves are
also called regulating valves.
• There are 4 main types of Throttle ( regulating ) Valves :

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Throttle ( regulating ) Valves
• Globe Valve
• Globe valves are linear-motion valves and can look very similar to gate valves from the
outside.
• Globe valve design makes them good for flow regulation as well as starting and stopping
flow. In most designs, the flow direction is as shown in Figure 4.4. Here, the fluid pressure
helps to push the valve open. The packing is not under pressure when the valve is closed.
• The fluid is facing a high velocity and of course low pressure which lead to regulate the
downstream pressure with a smooth laminar flow.

• Globe valves can have three main types of body.

• Z-type , The name is given because of the path the

fluid has to take as it passes through the valve. It
changes direction twice, like the letter Z.
• They are used mainly for small-size, low-pressure
applications. In large, high-pressure lines, the
changes of flow direction cause a large pressure
drop and turbulence that can damage the trim.

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Throttle ( regulating ) Valves
• Globe Valve
• Angle type , The flow changes direction only once
and the pressure drop is less than for the Z-type. It
can be used for medium-pressure applications.

• Y type , Having the seat at about 45o to the

flow direction straightens the flow path and
reduces the pressure drop. This type of valve
can be used for high-pressure applications.

• Due to the large pressure drop that occurred in the globe valve the material selection of
the body internal should be correct to avoid cavitation problems.

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Throttle ( regulating ) Valves
• Globe Valve
• Due to high pressure drop in the glove valve and of course high velocity and lower
temperature there is a special type of globe valve with as special plug design, called
“Choke" or cage type valves which are normally used in high pressure drop environments
on the outlet line, so it's recommended to use it in the cryogenic applications (Joule
Thomson types).

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Throttle ( regulating ) Valves
• Butterfly Valve
• Butterfly valves are rotational-motion valves. Like ball and plug valves, they need only a
quarter turn (90 0) to fully open or close them. They can start, stop and regulate flow,
although they are not very good at completely stopping flow. Figure 4.8 shows a typical
butterfly valve. The lever is in line with the pipeline when the valve is open

• Butterfly valves are simple and take up little

space. This makes them especially good for
use in large pipelines or where there is not
much space. Operating a butterfly valve can
take a lot of force as you have to push it
against the fluid pressure. Larger valves
usually have geared actuators to make
operation easier
• lighter and easier to maintain.
• Used for high capacity applications.

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Throttle ( regulating ) Valves
• Diaphragm Valve
• The closing element of a diaphragm valve is not a solid disc. Instead, it has a sheet of
flexible material called a diaphragm. This diaphragm completely separates the valve trim
from the fluid flowing through the valve. This means that the fluid does not contact the
trim and the stem does not need any gland packing. It’s commonly used for corrosive
material , food and pharmaceutical industries, the valve not suitable for high pressure
application due to diaphragm damage, Figure shows an exploded view of a typical
diaphragm valve

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Throttle ( regulating ) Valves
• Diaphragm Valve
• You can see the position of the valve from a position indicator that rises and falls with the
stem.
• The diaphragm is also to separate the flow stream from the closer element.
• The diagram in Figure shows a diaphragm valve in the closed, throttling and open positions

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Throttle ( regulating ) Valves
• Needle Valve
• Needle valves are linear-motion valves. They can allow precise flow control. Their name
comes from the long, tapered shape of the bottom of the spindle that forms the closing
element.

22
Valves pressure lose

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Non-return (Check) Valves
• Non-return valves, also called check valves, stop flow reversal in a pipe. They only allow
fluid to flow in one direction.
• The pressure of the fluid passing through the valve in the correct direction opens it
automatically. If the flow tries to reverse, the valve closes automatically. They have an
arrow on the body that shows the correct flow direction.
• There are a number of designs of non-return valve. Some rely on the weight of the closing
element and fluid flow only to close them. Others have a spring to help close them.
• There are 5 main types of check valves:

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Non-return (Check) Valves
• Swing check Valve
• In this type, the valve disc is hinged at the top. When there is no flow, the weight of the
disc closes the valve. Figure 5.2 shows a typical swing-check valve in open and closed
positions.

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Non-return (Check) Valves
• Swing check Valve
• The normal swing valve must be mounted in a horizontal pipeline, with the disc hinge at
the top to allow gravity to close it. In vertical applications, another type of check valve
should be used, or a swing-type with an external counterbalance, as shown in Figure 5.3.
• The counterbalance arm clamps onto the hinge pin in a position that closes the disc.

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Non-return (Check) Valves
• Lift check Valve
• These valves have a similar valve body and seating arrangement to globe valves, Figure
5.4 shows the body of a lift check valve.
• Flow must enter from under the seat to lift the closing element, as shown in Figure
5.5(a). Flow in the reverse direction pushes the closing element against its seat, as shown
in Figure 5.5(b).

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Non-return (Check) Valves
• Lift check Valve
• The closing element may be free to fall under its own weight, as shown in Figure 5.5 or it
may be helped by a spring, as shown in Figure 5.6.

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Non-return (Check) Valves
• Piston check Valve
• Piston check valves are similar to lift check valves. Instead of a valve disc there is a piston
that slides in a cylinder. This gives a smoother motion during operation.
• Figure 5.7 shows an example of this type of valve.

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Non-return (Check) Valves
• Ball check Valve
• These have a spherical (ball-shaped) closing element. Like the other check valves, the
closing element may operate by gravity or the flow pressure or it may be spring-loaded.
• Figure 5.8 shows examples of ball check valves.

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Non-return (Check) Valves
• Stop check Valve
• A stop check is a non-return globe valve. It is similar to a globe valve but the valve disk is
free to slide on the stem. With the valve stem raised, it acts as a lift check valve allowing
flow only from below the disc, as shown in Figure 5.9. If there is no flow, or if flow
reverses, the disc drops into the position shown in the figure.
• When the stem is lowered to the closed position, the disc can not lift and flow is stopped
in both directions.
• It’s mainly used in steam system.

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Pressure control Valves
• Pressure control valves.

• It can be divided into four main types:

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Pressure control Valves
• Pressure reducing valve.
• Reducing valves automatically reduce liquid or gas pressure to a pre-set value. One
common use is to control the pressure of gas leaving gas bottles and vessels. You will see
pressure reducing valves on gas welding equipment Their construction can be quite
complicated but a simple, non-adjustable valve is shown in Figure 6.1

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Pressure control Valves
• Pressure reducing valve.
• Some reducing valves have an adjusting screw to change the spring force. This allows you
to change the output fluid pressure easily.

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Pressure control Valves
• Pressure relief valve.
• Pressure relief valves are used mainly to relieve overpressure of liquids. This often happens
when a liquid in a closed container or pipeline expands as its temperature increases.
• Under normal operating conditions, a spring holds the PRV closed. Fluid pressure pushes
against the spring to open the valve. The fluid pressure needed to push the valve open is
called the set point pressure. The set point pressure is usually the maximum normal
operating pressure of the liquid. An adjustment screw changes the spring force for different
set point pressures.
• Next Figure shows a typical PRV. Notice that the valve outlet diameter is greater than the
inlet. This allows fluid to escape quickly to bring pressure down to normal.

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Pressure control Valves
• Pressure safety valve.
• Pressure safety valves are used mainly to relieve overpressure of gases and vapors.
• When the fluid pressure exceeds the set point pressure, the valve pops fully open.
• This happens very quickly to release overpressure as quickly as possible.
• The pressure at which the valve closes again is lower than the opening set point pressure.
• The difference between opening and closing pressures is called the blowdown.
• Blowdown is given as a percentage of opening set point pressure.
• For example, a valve may open at 15bar with a blowdown of 10%.
• 10% of 15bar is 1.5bar
• The valve will close at a pressure that is 1.5bar lower than 15bar
• 15bar – 1.5bar = 13.5bar.
• PSV’s often have an external operating lever. This is used to manually check the operation
of the valve.

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Pressure control Valves
• PSV vs PRV
• Pressure Relief Valve - is the term used to describe relief device on a liquid filled vessel. For
such a valve the opening is proportional to increase in the vessel pressure. Hence the
opening of valve is not sudden, but gradually if the pressure is increased.
• Pressure Safety Valve - is the term used to describe relief device on a compressible fluid or
gas filled vessel. For such a valve the opening is sudden or rapid opening (pop action).
When the set pressure of the valve is reached, the valve opens almost fully.

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Pressure control Valves
• Pilot operated relief valve
• Like other pressure relief valves (PRV), pilot operated relief valves (PORV) are used for
emergency relief during overpressure events (e.g., a tank gets too hot and the expanding
fluid increases the pressure to dangerous levels). The difference between PORV and
conventional PRV is that pilot valves use system pressure to seal the valve. A PRV typically
uses a spring to hold the disc or piston on seat.
• The PORV handle higher pressure than PRV, it’s also much smaller than PRV for the same
rating pressure.

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Pressure control Valves
• Rupture disc
• Rupture discs, also called bursting discs, are a simple and cheap form of pressure safety
device. They have no moving parts and break when a particular pressure is reached,
allowing fluid to escape very quickly. A rupture disc is chosen that will burst as soon as the
maximum allowable system pressure is exceeded.
• Once the disc has burst, it is replaced with a new disc of the correct bursting pressure.
• Figure 6.6 shows rupture discs before and after bursting..

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Valves Types summary
Types of Valves Summary
• Gate valves are generally used in systems where low flow resistance for a fully open
valve is desired and there is no need to throttle the flow.
• Globe valves are used in systems where good throttling characteristics and low seat
leakage are desired and a relatively high head loss in an open valve is acceptable.
• Ball valves allow quick, quarter turn on-off operation and have poor throttling
characteristics.
• Plug valves are often used to direct flow between several different ports through use
of a single valve.
• Diaphragm valves and pinch valves are used in systems where it is desirable for the
entire operating mechanism to be completely isolated from the fluid.
• Butterfly valves provide significant advantages over other valve designs in weight,
space, and cost for large valve applications.
• Check valves automatically open to allow flow in one direction and seat to prevent
flow in the reverse direction.
• A stop check valve is a combination of a lift check valve and a globe valve and
incorporates the characteristics of both.
• Safety/relief valves are used to provide automatic overpressurization protection for a
system.

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Valve Actuators
• An actuator is the part of a valve system that operates the valve.
• There are six main types of actuator:

1. Manual.
2. Electric motor.
3. Electric solenoid.
4. Pneumatic.
5. Hydraulic.
6. self-actuated—check valves, PRVs and PSVs before.

• The type of actuator used depends mainly on whether or not automatic operation is
needed and how much torque is needed to operate the valve.
• Automatically operated valves need a source of power to operate them: electric,
pneumatic or hydraulic. If this power source fails, the valve must be left in a safe
position—it must fail safe. This may be open, closed or in the position it was operating in
before the power failure. Automatically operated valves may be:

• Fail open.
• Fail closed.
• Fail locked.

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Valve Actuators
• Manual Actuators.
• The most common manual actuators are:
1. Hand wheel—for linear motion valves: gate valves, globe valves, etc.
2. Lever—for rotational motion valves: ball valves, butterfly valves, etc.
• Most of the valves shown earlier in this module have manual actuators. Figure 7.1 shows
another example of hand wheel and a lever-actuated valves.

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Valve Actuators
• Manual Actuators.
• A gear system is used on bigger valves to increase the actuating torque. Figure 7.3 (a)
shows a typical gear-actuated valve.

• The hand wheel is fixed to a small gear that engages with a bigger gear on the valve stem,
as shown in Figure 7.3 (b).
• The gear ratio:
1. Reduces the speed of operation—the valve stem turns more slowly than the hand
wheel.
2. Increases the torque—the torque at the valve stem is more than the torque you use at
the hand wheel

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Valve Actuators
• Electric Motor Actuators (MOVs) .
• The motor turns the valve stem through a gear train. This increases the motor torque at
the valve stem. Figure 7.4 (a) shows a typical MOV and Figure 7.4(b) shows an example of
a gear train that allows motor or manual operation. The hand wheel gear can be
disengaged for automatic operation.

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Valve Actuators
• Electric Solenoid Actuators (SOV’s).
• When current passes through a coil of wire, the coil acts like a magnet. It attracts magnetic
materials like iron. We say that the coil is energized.
• An electric solenoid uses this idea to move an iron armature. The magnetic field pulls the
armature into the coil when the current is switched on.
• Solenoid operated valves (SOV’s) use this motion to operate a valve. Because the motion is
linear, an SOV operates directly on the valve stem to open and close it.
• This is different from the MOV, which rotates the stem in the normal way. SOV’s are mainly
used on linear motion valves.
• When the current is switched off (the solenoid is de-energized), or when power fails, the
spring operates the valve.

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Valve Actuators
• Pneumatic Actuators.
• Pneumatic actuators are operated by air pressure. The air pushes on a diaphragm that
moves the stem up or down. Some actuators are moved both ways by air pressure but
most use air to operate in one direction and have a spring that pushes in the other
direction. In Figure 7.7(a) you can see the spring above the diaphragm, pushing down to
operate the valve. The section shown in Figure 7.7(b) shows the spring below the
diaphragm, pushing up to operate the valve.

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Valve Actuators
• Pneumatic Actuators.
• Pneumatic actuators are mainly used to operate linear motion valves.
• If the spring opens the valve when air pressure is removed, the valve will fail open and it is
called a direct-acting valve.
• If the spring closes the valve when air pressure is removed, the valve will fail closed and it
is called a reverse-acting valve.

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Valve Actuators
• Hydraulic Actuators.
• Hydraulic actuators perform in a similar way to pneumatic actuators. They use oil, to move
a piston. The hydraulic fluid is pumped to one side of the piston to operate the valve in
one direction. If a spring operates the valve in the opposite direction, it will be fail-open or
fail-closed, depending on which way the spring operates the valve. Some hydraulic
actuators use double-acting cylinders that operate by pumping oil to either side of the
piston. Pumping to one side opens the valve and pumping to the other side closes the
valve. If power is lost to a double acting actuator, the valve normally stays where it is at
the time of failure: it is fail locked.
• Figure 7.8 shows two different types of hydraulic valve actuators.

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OPC Valve P&ID Symbols

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OPC Valve P&ID Symbols

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Control Valves
• Control Valve components & Characteristics

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Control Valves
• Control Valve components & Characteristics
• Control valve plays a very important part in the automatic control of modern plants, which
depend on the correct distribution and control of flowing liquid or gases.
• Final control element considered the “muscle” of automatic control.

• In pneumatic control systems, the pneumatic output signals from the controller may
directly actuate the valve of either spring and diaphragm actuator or a piston actuator. The
positioning energy is provided by compressed air which should be dry in outdoor
installation to prevent freeze up and should be clean and filtered.

• When a pneumatic valve is used with an electric controller, either an electric to

pneumatic valve positioner or an electronic pneumatic transducer is used the same
consideration for compressed air apply as in all pneumatic control systems.

• CV: flow coefficient, the accepted unit of measurement to define the capacity of valve. It
is defined as the number of gallons per minute of water at room temperature which will
pass through a given flow restriction with a pressure drop of one PSI.

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Control Valves
• Control Valve components & Characteristics
It’s very important to know for sizing/selecting a valve is its Flow Coefficient or Cv.
What is Flow Coefficient (Cv)?
The Cv tells you how to properly size your valve. It is a number published by the valve
manufacturer that describes the number of U.S. gallons that can pass through a valve (in
a fully open position) at a pressure drop of 1 PSI.
Why You Should Care
Knowing and understanding your Cv can help you in a number of ways:
• Quickly compare different brands of valves and their flow capacities
• Help to select a valve that is the right size (and not oversized) for the application
• Quickly understand how the valve you select will have an effect on the pressure in
your system
Where does Cv come from, and where can I find it?
Cv is determined by the manufacturer of the valve and can be found on the valve
manufacturer's data and specification sheets. Valves are tested by running water
through it before publishing the Cv value. It can be assumed that the tests are done with
water (unless otherwise noted), using a specific gravity of 1.0, 1.2 centistoke viscosity,
and a standard temperature of 60 degrees Fahrenheit. If you're not passing water
through the valve, adjustments will need to be made to the flow coefficient to
determine the correct pressure drop.
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Control Valves
• Control Valve components & Characteristics

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Control Valves
• Control Valve Characteristics

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Control Valves
• Control Valve Characteristics
• The different types of powered actuator control valves are classified by a relationship
between the valve stem position and the flow rate through the valve.
• There are three basic types of control valves whose relationship between stem position (as
percentage of full range) and the flow rate (as a percentage of maximum) is shown in the
Picture.
• Quick Opening:- This types of valve is used for full ON/full OFF control applications. The
valve characteristic shows that a relatively small motion of valve stem results in maximum
possible flow rate through the valve. Such a valve, for Example , may allow 90% of the flow
rate with only a 30% travel of the stem.
• Linear:- This type of valve, as shown in picture, has a flow rate that varies linearly with the
stem position. It depends the ideal situation where the valve alone determines the
pressure drop.
• Equal Percentage:- Equal percentage is the characteristic most commonly used in process
control. The change in flow per unit of valve stroke is directly proportional to the flow
occurring just before the change is made.

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Control Valves

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Control Valves
• Control Valve operations
• An air spring provides a pressurized volume of air to drive the actuator piston in the failure
direction. The volume of air is sometimes provided within the actuator itself, or where the
cylinder volume is insufficient, a separate external volume tank is provided.
• Air spring systems are used primarily to close valves upon air failure. And sometimes they
must open valves upon air failure.

• Air fail to Open:-Fail-close, Air spring are used primarily to close valves upon air failure
thus, when a general system failure occurs, the upstream pressure will keep the plug on
the seat and the valve close.
• Air fail to Close:-Fail-open, thus, when a general system failure occurs, the upstream
pressure will keep the plug off the seat and the valve open.
• Air fail to Lock:- in the same position service conditions require that the valve remain in
the last operating position upon loss of air supply so if the valve is double acting (by air),
air failure may lock the valve but signal failure may take the valve to open or close or stay
put depending upon how the SOV or other accessories are connected to valve.

58 VALVE FUNDAMENTAL TRAINING PROGRAM

Control Valves

Signal-to-open, Fail-closed Signal-to-close, Fail-open

Fail-in-place Lock-up System

59 VALVE FUNDAMENTAL TRAINING PROGRAM

Valve Selection
• Factors affecting the suitability and application of valves

• Working pressure and temperature,

• Type of fluid (corrosive or erosive),

• Rate of flow,

• Valve characteristics desired (percentage valve travel to rate of flow),

• Whether for isolation purposes only (wide open or closed),

• The cost of installation and maintenance.

60 VALVE FUNDAMENTAL TRAINING PROGRAM