PAES 114: 2000 - Agricultural Machinery – Centrifugal Pump – Specifications

Capacity - discharge at maximum efficiency

centrifugal pump - type of pump with impellers rotating inside a closed casing

diffuser pump (turbine pump) - wherein the impeller is surrounded by diffuser

vanes. The diffuser vanes have small openings near the impeller.

volute pump - with a casing made in the form of a spiral or volute curve. The
casing is proportioned to reduce gradually the velocity of water.

Head - quantity used to express a form (or combination of forms) of the energy
content of the liquid per unit weight of the liquid referred to any arbitrary datum

net positive suction head required (NPSHR) - performance characteristic

required of the pump and is the NPSH at the pump inlet. It is the statement of the
minimum suction conditions required to prevent cavitation.

Pump - device used to lift or transfer water from one source to another

pump efficiency (ηp) - ratio of the power output to the power input of the pump

priming - filling up the pump with water to displace or evacuate the entrapped air
through a vent and create a liquid seal inside the casing

shaft power - power required to drive the pump shaft. It is the input power to the
pump.

water power - theoretical power required for pumping. It is the head and capacity
of the pump expressed in kilowatt.

Classification

Type of energy conversion

 Volute
 Diffuser or turbine

Type of Impellers

 Open - It is used to pump water

with considerable amount of small
solids.
 Semi-open or semi-enclosed - It is
used to pump water having some
amount of suspended sediments.
 Enclosed - It is designed to pump
clear water.
Type of suction inlets

Single suction - A single suction Double suction - A double

type of pump has an impeller which has suction type of pump has an impeller
suction cavity on one side. which has suction cavity on both sides.

Axis of rotation

Horizontal - A horizontal centrifugal pump has a vertical impeller mounted on a

horizontal shaft.

Vertical - A vertical centrifugal pump has a horizontal impeller mounted on a

vertical shaft.

Method of priming

Non-self-priming - one that needs to be manually primed.

Self-priming - one that develops a vacuum sufficiently enough for atmospheric

pressure to force the liquid to flow through the suction pipe into the pump casing without
priming the pump.

Other Requirements

 The rotating components shall be dynamically balanced.

 Bearing housing shall preferably be arranged so that bearings and seal can be
easily
replaced without disturbing pump drive and mounting.
Warranty for Construction and Sampling
Durability
 in accordance with PAES 103
 within six (6) months
Test Method
Maintenance and Operation
 in accordance with PAES 115
 An operator’s manual, which
conforms to PAES 102, shall be
provided.
PAES 115: 2000 - Agricultural Machinery – Centrifugal, Mixed Flow and Axial
Flow Water Pumps – Methods of Test

axial flow pump - type of pump which develop most of the suction and discharge
head by propelling or lifting action of the impeller vanes on the water

base plane (datum elevation) - center line of the pump containing the center of
the plunger in its highest position

cavitation - formation of cavities filled with water vapor due to local pressure drop
and collapse as soon as the vapor bubbles reach regions of high pressure

discharge - volume of water pumped per unit time

friction head, hf - equivalent head required to overcome the friction caused by

the flow through the pipe and pipe fittings. Mas taas ang length, mas taas ang friction
head. The Diameter of the hf is inversely proportional.

mixed flow pump - type of pump which combines some of the features of both
centrifugal and the axial flow pump

net positive suction head-NPSH (hsv) - total suction head determined at the
suction nozzle (corrected to pump center line) minus the vapor pressure of water at the
pumping temperature

net positive suction head available (NPSHA) - NPSH as determined from the
actual suction piping conditions

performance curve - curve which represents the interrelationship between

capacity, head, power, NPSH and efficiency of the pump

static discharge head (hd) - vertical distance from the centerline of the pump to
the discharge water level

static suction head (hs) - vertical distance from the free suction water level to
the center line of the pump. It exists when the source of water supply is above the center
line of the pump.

static suction lift (hs) - vertical distance from the free suction water level to the
center line of the pump. It exists when the source of water supply is below the centerline
of the pump.

total discharge head (Hd) - sum of static discharge head, friction, and exit
losses in the discharge piping plus the velocity head and pressure head at the point of
discharge. It is the reading of a pressure gauge at the discharge pipe

total head (TH) - measure of energy increase imparted to the water by the pump
and the algebraic difference between the total discharge head and total suction head. The
total discharge head minus the total suction head.

total suction head (Hs) - vertical distance from the center line of the pump to
the free level of the water to be pumped minus all friction losses in suction pipe and
fittings, plus any pressure head existing on the suction supply. Exists when the total
suction head is above atmospheric pressure.

total suction lift (Hs) - sum of static suction lift, friction and entrance losses in
the suction piping

velocity head (hv) - pressure expressed in meters required to create the velocity
of flow

General Conditions for Test and Inspection

 The pump shall be tested in a laboratory using a test rig.

 The water to be used during the test shall be clean with a temperature range of 10
– 40 ºC.

Performance Test

 In the testing of a centrifugal pump, measurements shall be taken on not less than
ten different discharge values starting from no-discharge state to the maximum
flow rate possible, and at least of one these shall be measured at a head lower
than the specified head.
 In the testing of a mixed flow pump, measurements shall be taken on not less than
ten different discharge values extending from the lower to the maximum flow rate
possible within a range of over and below the specified head.
 In the testing of an axial flow pump, measurements shall be taken on not less than
ten different discharge values extending from full maximum to the minimum
discharge values possible, and at least one of these shall be measured at a head
higher than the specified head.

Cavitation Test - carried out to determine the suction conditions of the pumps.

Priming Test - carried out to determine the priming time of a self-priming pump. The
pump shall be mounted on a test set-up with a static lift between the eye of the impeller
and the water level of at least 3 m.

Different Methods of Discharge Measurement

 Container method
 Weight method - This method is preferably used when a liquid’s bubbles are
hard to break. The container shall have a sufficient capacity to prevent the
liquid from overflowing during measurement.
 Volume method - The container shall have sufficient capacity to prevent the
liquid from overflowing during measurement, and it shall be sufficiently rigid to
prevent deformation when it is filled with liquid.
 Gravimetric Method – by weight method
 Using weir
 90º triangular weir rectangular weir
PAES 153:2010 - Agricultural Machinery – Hand Pump – Specifications

check valve - valve inside the cylinder that holds the column of water in the draw
pipe while the plunger is being pushed down after each up-stroke

discharge valve - valve attached to the discharge side (for lift type hand pump)
or to the body of the cylinder (for force type hand pump) to allow one direction of flow of
water only

hand pump - water pump powered by the movement of human arms

handle - lever that connects the pump rod to the pump head

outlet - spout assembly of pump where water comes out

plunger (piston) - part of the cylinder that is connected to the pump rod and
which forces water up the draw pipe

pump head - pump assembly attached to the stand which contains the handle
outlet assembly

pump rod (plunger rod) - steel rod that connects the pump handle to the
plunger assembly within the cylinder

pump stand (pedestal) - base that attaches the hand pump to the ground and
connects to the draw pipe

stroke - maximum distance that the plunger moves when the handle is moved

suction inlet - inlet to which the suction pipe is connected

suction pipe - pipe connecting the pump cylinder to the pump body where water
moves up and out to the pump spout during pumping

Classification

 Lift type - Type of hand pump intended for use in lifting water from low-head
cisterns and wells, the depth of which is not beyond the head furnished by
atmospheric pressure.
 Force type - Type of hand pump that performs the work of a lift pump and in
addition forces the water from the outlet at a pressure to suit any domestic
application.
 Single acting - Type of force type hand pump that discharges water only
on the forward stroke of the piston or plunger and draw in water into the
cylinder during the back stroke.
 Double acting - Type of force type hand pump that discharges water on
both forward and back strokes.

Manufacturing Requirements

 The cylinder assembly shall be made of cast iron or better material and shall have
an inside diameter of at least 76 mm.
  The check valve shall be made of cast iron or better material with a diameter of at
least 32 mm. It shall have sieves to filter possible contaminants.
 Lift type - The discharge valve in the plunger assembly shall be made of cast iron
or better material. It shall have a diameter of at least 32 mm.
 Force type - The discharge valve connected to the cylinder shall be made of cast
iron or better material. It shall have a diameter of at least 32 mm. Air chamber
shall be made of cast iron or better material with at least 6 mm thickness. It shall
be air-tight and water-tight.

Performance Requirements

 Lift type hand pump shall lift the water from cistern or well to at least 6 m.
 Force type hand pump shall lift the water up to a height of 15 m from ground level.

Warranty of Construction

 within one (1) year from the date of original purchase

PAES 154:2010 Agricultural Machinery – Hand Pump – Methods of Test

full stroke - operation of the pump from the topmost position of the handle to its
lowest position

overall height - measurement from the topmost part of the hand pump to the
base or pedestal

overall length - measurement between extremities of the hand pump along its
longer side including all protruding parts

overall width - measurement between extremities of the hand pump along its
shorter side including all protruding parts

volumetric efficiency - ratio of the actual volume of fluid discharge to that of the
piston or plunger displacement in one stroke.

Performance test

 Volumetric efficiency
 Actual Volume Discharge per stroke Determination - In a bucket, measure
the actual water discharge by the pump in ten (10) full strokes.
 Pump performance
 The number of full strokes of operator in one minute of operation shall be
recorded

At least five (5) sets of pressure readings and amount of discharge shall be obtained and
shall be plotted in the graph with the latter as the independent variable.
Test trial

 There shall be at least three (3) trials to conduct the test.

Submersible Pump - an air-tight sealed motor close-coupled to the pump body. The
main advantage of this type of pump is that it prevents pump cavitation, a problem
associated with a high elevation difference between pump and fluid surface.
PAES 141: 2005 - Agricultural Machinery – Weeder – Specifications (Circulated)

weeding efficiency (weeding index) - percentage of weeds removed/destroyed

per unit area

weeder - implement used to remove/destroy the weeds from an agricultural land

weeds - unwanted plants growing in a field competing with the main crop for
nutrients, moisture and sunlight

Classification

By design of soil working part

 Blade type

 Tine type

 Rotary type
By power source

 Manually-operated weeders
 Hand-held weeder - Type of weeder which utilize either blade or tine type
of soil working parts with short (0.15 m to 0.5 m), medium (>0.5 m to 1 m)
and long (>1 m) handles

 Push-type weeder

 Animal- drawn weeder

  Power-weeder

 Tractor-mounted weeder

Materials of Construction

 Manually-operated Weeders
 Hand-held, Push-type, power weeder, and Animal-drawn Weeders
- Carbon steel with at least 50% carbon content and 0.05% sulphur and
phosphorus content (e.g. AISI 1055) shall be used in the manufacture of
soil-working part. All soil-working parts shall be hardened between 350 and
450 HB (Brinell Hardness), or 37.7 to 47.8 HRC (Rockwell Hardness), or 370
to 483 HV (Vickers Hardness).
 Tractor-drawn Weeders
 Two-wheel tractor-drawn - Carbon steel with at least 80% carbon
content (e.g. AISI 1080) shall be used in the manufacture of the soil-
working part.
  Four-wheel tractor-drawn - Carbon steel with at least 80% carbon
content (e.g. AISI 1080) or alloy steel with at least 0.0005% boron content
shall be used in the manufacture of the soil-working part.

Performance Requirements

 The weeding efficiency shall be at least 80%.

 The percentage of plant damage shall not exceed 6 %.

Warranty for Construction and Durability

 within six months from the purchase of the weeder.



PAES 142: 2005 - Agricultural Machinery – Weeder – Methods of Test

(Circulated)

damaged plants - plants injured (i.e. teared leaves, broken stems, and/or
uprooted plant) that may affect crop growth

percent damaged plants - percentage of plants injured during the weeding

operation

General Conditions for Test and Inspection

 Human, Draft Animal and Tractor to be Used - The draft of the weeder shall be
approximately 15% of the animal’s body weight.

Tests and Inspection

 Test Conditions
 Size of the Area per Trial - Weeding operation shall be done in fields of
not less than 20 m2 for hand-held, 100 m2 for push-type, 250 m2 for
animal-drawn, 500 m2 for two-wheel tractor-drawn and 1000 m2 for four-
wheel tractor-drawn weeders. The plot shall be rectangular in shape with
sides in the ratio of 2:1 as much as possible.
 Planting Pattern - The distance between rows (dr) for dry and wet fields
shall be at least 75 cm (corn) and 20 cm (rice), respectively.
 Traveling Speed
 For four-wheel tractor-drawn weeders, a traveling speed of 5 kph to 6 kph
 For two-wheel tractor-drawn weeders, a traveling speed of 3 kph to 4 kph
 For animal-drawn weeders, a traveling speed of 2 kph to 4 kph
 Test Trials
 The test shall be conducted with at least three test trials.
 Headland
 Depending on the tractor size, headland shall be at least 3 m in length.
 Verification of Operating Speed
Draft Measurement of Human Power

 For every pass, draft readings shall be taken for every 20-meter distance traveled
by the weeder, readings shall be obtained.
 A mature human can continuously develop an output of 75 Watts (0.01 hp).

Draft Measurement for Animal-Drawn Weeder (Optional)

 There shall be a minimum of three passes wherein data shall be gathered. For
every 20 m distance traveled by the weeder, five dynamometer readings shall be
obtained.

 The angle in which the line of pull makes with the horizontal shall be measured
using following methods:
a. Trigonometric Method b. Pendulum Method

Soil Analysis (Laboratory Method)

PAES 147:2010 - Agricultural Machinery – Field Cultivator – Specifications

field cultivator - implement for seedbed preparation, weed eradication, or fallow

cultivation subsequent to some form of primary tillage, equipped with spring steel shanks
 gauge wheel - auxiliary component of the field cultivator that helps maintain
uniform depth of cultivation and eliminate the need to set the tension with the three-point
hitch every time you set a cultivator down

ground clearance - minimum vertical distance between the soil surface and a
potentially obstructing machine element

main frame - part of the field cultivator that holds the transverse toolbars and
gauge wheels together

primary tillage - tillage which constitutes the initial major soil-working operation,
normally designed to reduce soil strength, cover plant materials, and rearrange aggregates

secondary tillage - any group of different tillage operation, following primary

tillage, which are designed to create refined soil conditions before the seed is planted

shank - structural member primarily used for attaching a tillage tool to a beam

shovel - spade-shaped, V-pointed soil working tool, which is used for various
plowstocks, cultivators, grain drills, and soil scarifiers

spike - type of shovel used in hard soil conditions and for deeper penetration

sweep - type of shovel which is wing-shaped

transverse tool bar - part of the main frame to which shank assemblies are
attached

Classification

 According to type of driving  According to type of mounting

tractor  Rear mounted
 Two-wheel tractor driven  Drawn type cultivator
 Four-wheel tractor driven  Three-point hitch mounted
 Front mounted

 According to type of shank

A. “C”- shaped shank or C-shank B. “S”or “K”- tine shank

Manufacturing Requirements

 The main frame and the transverse toolbars shall be made of mild steel (e.g. AISI
1020). These shall be constructed from 76 mm x 102 mm (3” x 4”) square tube or
channel bar or from a 76 mm angular bar with at least 6 mm thickness for four-
wheel tractor driven types.
 For two-wheel tractor driven types, the main frame and the transverse toolbars
shall be constructed from 51 mm x 6 mm (2” x ¼ “) flat bar.
 Shanks shall be made of alloy steel (e.g. AISI 5160) with at least 5 mm (3/16”)
thickness. Shanks shall be spaced 152 mm to 229 mm (6” to 9”) in a staggered
pattern. It shall be attached to the frame by bolt or shall be fully welded. C-shank
shall have a 610 mm (24”) ground clearance. S-tine shall have a ground clearance
of 508 mm (20”).
 Shanks shall have a “C” or “S” shape to provide a spring effect when encountering
obstructions. It shall have a stem angle of 41 degrees to 52 degrees.
 The shovel shall be made of heat-treated carbon (e.g. AISI 1080). It shall be bolted
on the end of the shanks to allow replacement. It shall have a thickness of at least
5 mm (3/16”). Sweeps shall have a nose angle of 41 degrees to 52 degrees.
 Welded joints shall not be less than 4 mm site fillet weld.
 Undercut shall not exceed 2 mm for any length of weld.

Performance Requirements

 The field cultivator shall have an operating depth of 51 mm to 152 mm (2” to 6”).
 There shall be at least 80% field efficiency.

Warranty of Construction

 within three (3) years from the date of original purchase.

PAES 148:2010 - Agricultural Machinery – Field Cultivator – Methods of Test

Draft - total force parallel to the direction of travel required to move the
implement

drawbar power - power requirement of an implement being towed or

pushed

effective field capacity - function of field speed, operating width and field
efficiency expressed in hectares per hour

field efficiency - ratio between the productivity of a machine under field

conditions and the theoretical maximum productivity

implement - any agricultural tool mounted on the tractor

 implement width - horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of
travel between the outermost edges of the implement

nose angle - angle formed by the edges of the sweep

operating width - horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of

travel within which an implement performs its intended function; distance between
the outermost shanks of the field cultivator

stem angle - angle formed by the shank or the shovel relative to the
ground surface or to its base, respectively

theoretical field capacity - function of speed and operating width

expressed in hectares per hour

transport height - overall height of the implement measured from the

topmost point to its lowest point

transport length - overall length of the implement measured from the

terminal point of the implement to the mounting point

wheel slip - reduction on the distance traveled by the tractor due to the
attached implement

Test site conditions - The size of the field shall not be less than 1000 m 2 and shall be
rectangular in shape, with sides in ratio of 2:1 as much as possible.

Test trial - There shall be at least three (3) trials in conducting the test.

PNS/PAES 224:2015 - Agricultural Machinery – Rice Combine Harvester –

Specifications

grain elevator - device which carries the grains from grain auger to grain
tank or bin

grain pan - pan for collecting the clean grains after being passed through
cleaning sieve(s) for conveying to grain auger

grain tank - tank used to hold the threshed grain

rice combine harvester - mobile grain-harvesting machine for cutting,

picking, stripping or picking up crop, threshing, separating, cleaning and conveying
grain into a grain hopper or bag and depositing harvest residue onto the ground
 shaker shoe - oscillating structure which supports the cleaning sieve(s)
and which may also support the chaffer and the chaffer extension

straw walker - assembly of two or more racks which agitates the straw
and separates the remaining grains from straw

stripper beater - element placed on the rear side of the cylinder and
above to rear ward of concave or concave grate extension or transition grate to
assist the deflection of straw on straw walker

Classification

 Ride-on - Type of rice combine harvester where the engine is integral with the
machine and provides power for all processes and movement.
a. Wheeled type b. Track type (Crawler type)

 Walk-behind - Smaller rice combine harvester wherein the engine is integral

within the machine and is operated solely by one operator

 Attachment - Type of rice combine harvester which requires a tractor to serve as

a source of power.
 Trailing type - Rice combine harvester mounted at the rear of the tractor.
 Front-mounted - Rice combine harvester mounted at the front of the
tractor
Performance Requirements
Cutting unit - The recommended reel speed should be 25 % to 50 %faster than the
ground speed.

Threshing unit - The recommended peripheral speed of the threshing drum is 20 m/s to
30 m/s.

Warranty for Construction and Services

 within one (1) year from acceptance of the rice combine harvester

PNS/PAES 225:2015 - Agricultural Machinery – Rice Combine Harvester –

Methods of Test

Test site conditions

 For ride-on and attachment type rice combine harvester, the area should not be
less than 1000m2 while for the walk-behind type, the area should not be less than
500m2.

PNS/PAES 204:2015 - Agricultural Machinery – Mechanical Rice Thresher –

Specifications

axial flow thresher - throw-in type of thresher which allows the cut plants
to move in a helical manner around the threshing cylinder with a net effect of
moving the material axially between the feeding and discharge outlets

blower loss - ratio of the weight of grains blown with the chaff by the
thresher fan, to the weight of the total grain input of the thresher, expressed in
percent

chaff - empty grains and crushed straw being discharged from the
threshing chamber

compact thresher - small sized thresher

concave grate - iron grill frame partially or fully surrounding the cylinder
on which the threshing elements rubs, shear and/or impact the cut plants

hold-on thresher - type of thresher wherein the panicles of the cut plants
are fed into the threshing chamber while the stalks are mechanically or manually
held during the threshing operation
 mechanical rice thresher - machine used to detach and separate the
paddy from the panicles

moisture content - amount of moisture in the grain, expressed as

percentage of the total weight of the sample (dry basis)

peg-tooth cylinder - type of threshing cylinder wherein spikes or pegs are

attached on the periphery of the cylinder in tandem or in helical arrangements

rasp-bar cylinder - type of threshing cylinder wherein threshing is done

between bar-like protrusions in parallel orientation laid on the periphery of the
cylinder and stationary bars built into or attached to the concave grate

rated engine speed - engine speed, indicated in revolutions per minute

(rpm) of the engine shaft, as specified by the engine manufacturer for operation at
nominal continuous load

scattering loss - ratio of the weight of grains that fell out from the
machine during threshing operation, to the weight of the total grain input of the
thresher, expressed in percent

separation loss - ratio of the weight of grains that come out of the
threshing chamber with the straw, to the weight of total grain input of the
thresher, expressed in percent

standard thresher - common type of thresher that gives off a capacity of

0.3 – 1.5 tons/hr

straw length - cut plants length measured from the point of cut to the tip
of the panicle

threshed grain - grains that are detached from the panicles by the
thresher inclusive of mature, immature, and damaged grains

threshing unit - part of the thresher where the grains are detached and
separated from the panicles

threshing cylinder - part of the threshing unit that rotates about an axis
and it is equipped with either pegs, rasp bars, or wire loops on its periphery

threshing efficiency - ratio of the weight of the threshed grains collected

at all outlets, to the total grain input of the thresher, expressed in percent

threshing element - attachments of the threshing cylinder such as peg

tooth, wire-loop and rasp-bar that detaches the grains from the panicles

threshing recovery - ratio of the weight of the threshed grains collected

at the main grain outlet, to the weight of the total grain input of the thresher,
expressed in percent
 through flow thresher - throw-in type of thresher wherein cut plants are
fed between the rotating cylinder and stationary concave, and the threshed
materials/straws are discharged out of the threshing chamber tangentially

throw-in thresher - type of thresher which detaches the grains by feeding

the cut plants into the machine

total grain input - sum of the weights of collected threshed grains and all
grains loss during threshing

unthreshed loss - ratio of the weight of grains that remained in the

panicles of the plants fed into the threshing chamber, to the weight of total grain
input of the thresher, expressed in percent

wire-loop cylinder - type of threshing cylinder wherein wires of the same

arc and size are attached on the periphery of the cylinder in tandem arrangement
with or without the threshing concave

Classification

 Method of feeding

 Operation
a. Axial flow type b. Through flow type

 Threshing cylinder
  Capacity
a. Compact b. Standard c. High capacity

Performance and Other Requirements

Warranty for Construction and Durability

 within one (1) year after acceptance of the unit

PNS/PAES 205:2015 - Agricultural Machinery – Mechanical Rice Thresher –

Methods of Test

actual capacity - the weight of the threshed grain collected from the main
grain outlet per unit time

clean threshed grain - threshed grain with 100% purity exclusive of the
empty grains and other impurities

concave clearance - the clearance between cylinder threshing elements

and concave component

corrected capacity - the corrected capacity of the thresher at 20% grain

moisture content (wet basis), grain-straw ratio of 0.55 and 100% purity

cylinder length - the distance between the outermost points along the
cylinder base axis
 cylinder peripheral speed - the equivalent linear speed of the cylinder tip
when running at normal operating speed, expressed in m/s

effective cylinder diameter - outside diameter generated by the

outermost point of the cylinder threshing elements

grain-straw ratio - the ratio of the weight of the grains present in the
panicles, to the total weight of the grain and straw in the same sample

lower concave - a semi-circular shaped wire mesh or bar grate covering

the lower portion of the threshing chamber which causes the grains to separate
from the panicles

primemover - an electric motor, or a gasoline or diesel fed engine used to

run the thresher

running-in period - preliminary operation of the machine to make various

adjustments prior to the conduct of test

threshing output - the weight of the threshed grains collected at the grain
outlet

total grain input - the sum of the weights of collected threshed grains and
all threshing losses

upper concave - semi-circular shaped grate at the upper portion of the

threshing cylinder with louvers which assist threshing and axial movement of the
straw

Performance Test

 Test trial - A minimum of two (2) test trials, with duration of at least 15 minutes
per trial, shall be adopted.
 Noise level - shall be taken approximately 5cm away from the ear level of the
operators and baggers.
 Speed of components - The speed of the threshing cylinder, blower, and other
driven components, with and without load, shall be measured using a tachometer,
expressed in rpm.

Data Analysis

 Calculation - For uniform result of output capacity due to variation in grain moisture
content and grain ratio, the output capacity shall be corrected at 100% purity, 20%
moisture content, and 0.55 grain-straw ratio.
Sampling Procedures for Harvested Paddy - The conditions of crop such as grain-
straw ratio and moisture content of grain to be used in each test trial shall be taken using
“representative samples”, which represent the different conditions of the test lot.

Main grain outlet - Using a plastic bag or an appropriate container, collect four or more
samples of approximately 0.5 kg each from the outlet. A final sample of approximately 1.5
kg shall be taken to the laboratory for analysis.

Straw thrower outlet - In the collection of sample in this outlet, use a rectangular box-
shaped nylon catch with a dimension of 1.5 m x 0.5 m open at one end of the small side.
Five samples shall be collected from this outlet with five-second duration per collection.

Chaff outlet - During the test, five samples shall be taken from the chaff outlet for one
minute per collection by using a nylon net, with a dimension of 1.5 m x 1.0 m, held by two
persons at both ends.

Collection of Scattered Grains - Provisions shall be provided for the collection scattered
grains with maximum distance of 1.0 m away from the base of the machine.

Measurement of Grain Content - take three representative samples of approximately

500 grams each of cut plants from the test materials

Purity Determination - Take 500 g from the final sample taken from the main grain
outlet.

Scattering loss - Grains scattered around the thresher with a maximum distance of 1.0 m
away from the base of the machine

Determination of Net Percent Cracked Grains - Three samples from manually

threshed and machine threshed grains shall be taken for analysis. Each sample shall
consist of 100 grains.

Determination of Percent Broken Grains - Three samples from machine-threshed

grains shall be taken for analysis. Each sample shall consist of 100 grams.

PNS/PAES 262:2015 - Agricultural Machinery – Multipurpose Thresher –

Specifications

closed-frame cylinder - type of shelling/threshing cylinder formed by a

rolled metal sheet/plate or formed by longitudinal bars adjacently arranged forming
a continuous cylinder
 corn ear – with husk, pistillate inflorescence of the plant Zea mays L.,
enclosed with a leaf-like protective covering known as husk

ear corn – without husked, unshelled fruit of the corn plant where the husk
has been removed mechanically or manually

corn cob - part of the ear corn where the kernels are attached

corn husker-sheller - machine used to remove the husk of corn ear,

detach, separate and clean the corn kernels from the cobs in one operation

corn sheller - machine used to detach, separate and clean the corn
kernels from the cobs

cylinder-type - type of threshing/shelling unit consisting of a cylinder with

shelling elements such as knife bar or pegtooth. The cylinder rotates inside a
concave component.

disc-type - type of threshing/shelling unit consisting of a vertical disc with

spiked surface

efficiency - ratio of the weight of the threshed grains and shelled kernels
collected at all outlets, to the total grain input in the machine, expressed in percent

hopper-fed type - type of corn sheller wherein the ear corn are fed into
shelling chamber by gravity

kernel - dry and indehiscent seed developed from the ovary of the ear corn

kernel-ear corn ratio - ratio of the weight of the corn kernel present in
the ear corn to the weight of the ear corn

mechanically damaged kernels - kernels that were broken during the

operation

multipurpose thresher - machine that could perform paddy threshing, corn

husking and corn shelling operations

net cracked kernel - difference between the percent cracked sample

taken before and after the shelling operation

open-frame cylinder - type of threshing/shelling cylinder where the

shelling elements are attached to the equally spaced longitudinal bars arranged
cylindrically
 shelled kernels -whole and damaged corn kernels separated from the cob
after shelling

sifter - wire mesh or perforated metal sheet that rotates or moves back-
and-forth and allow smaller particles to fall through the openings and larger
particles to remain on top

standard thresher - common type of thresher that gives off a capacity of

0.3 – 1.5 tons/hr

table-fed type - type of corn sheller wherein the ear corn are fed into
shelling chamber with the application of external force

unshelled kernels - kernels that remain in the cob after shelling

whole kernels - unbroken kernels after shelling

Classification

 Cleaning mechanism
a. Fan/Blower b. Sifter
 Mode of application
a. Corn Husker-Sheller b. Corn Sheller
 Method of feeding
a. Hopper-fed type b. Table-fed type
 Shelling unit
a. Cylinder –type
 Number of cylinder
a. Single cylinder b. Multi-cylinder
 Type of cylinder
a. Closed-frame cylinder b. Open-frame cylinder

Performance and Other Requirements

Warranty for Construction and Services

  within one (1) year after acceptance of the unit

PNS/PAES 263:2015 - Agricultural Machinery – Multipurpose Thresher –

Methods of Test

feed rate - weight of unshelled corn or unthreshed paddy fed into the
thresher/sheller per unit of time

foreign matters - all matters other than corn kernels or grains such as
sand, gravel, dirt, pebbles, stones, lumps of earth, clay and mud, weed seeds and
other crop seeds

oscillating screen - wire mesh or perforated sheet metal used to separate

large and/or small particles

output capacity - weight of threshed/shelled kernel collected per unit of

time

total losses - sum of blower, separation, unthreshed/unshelled and

scattering losses, expressed in percent by weight

Sample Characteristics

Manual Rice Thresher Machine

 Picking  Cutting
 Dehusking  Picking
 Shelling  Dehusking
 Cleaning  Shelling
 Cleaning
 Sacking

PNS/BAFS PAES 241:2018 - Agricultural Machinery – Corn Combine Harvester -

Specifications

Canopy - protective roof covering mounted on the corn combine harvester frame
 cleaning fan - rotary device which induces a flow of air across the shaker shoe to
blow away or aspirate the materials or impurities lighter than kernels

concave - semi- cylindrical, stationary element partially or fully surrounding the

shelling cylinder or shelling rotor, fitted primarily for shelling

corn combine harvester - machine which performs a combination of harvesting

(cutting, picking, or snapping corn ear) and dehusking; shelling; separating; cleaning; and
conveying kernels into a holding bin and discharging harvest residue onto the ground

crop elevator - part of the corn combine harvester used to convey and feed the
corn ear to the shelling cylinder

feed table - part of the corn combine harvester comprising the mechanism for
gathering, and cutting, picking or stripping the corn ear

harvesting loss - corn ears that remain unharvested during the combine
harvesting operation

holding bin - used to hold the kernels during operation prior to manual (bagging)
or bulk unloading

impurities - all foreign matters other than kernels such as leaves, weeds, stones,
etc.

kernel - physiologically matured seed developed from the ovary of the corn ear

kernel elevator - part of the corn combine harvester used to carry the kernels to
the kernel tank or kernel hopper

louver – nagcover sa cylinder

purity - ratio of the weight of clean corn kernels, to the total weight of unclean
corn kernels sample, expressed in percent

reel - revolving slats or arms with tines arranged parallel to the cutter bar to
gather the corn stalk to the cutter bar

shelling cylinder - part of the shelling unit that rotates about an axis and it is
equipped with shelling elements such as pegs or rasp bars on its periphery

shelling unit - part of the sheller where the kernels are detached and separated
from the corn cobs

total kernel input - summation of cleaned kernels and losses expressed in

kilograms, kg

unshelled loss - ratio of the weight of unshelled kernels to the weight of the total
kernel input of the sheller, expressed in percent

Classification

 Types of Traction
 o Wheel type - Corn Combine harvester with pneumatic wheels.
o Track type (Crawler type) - Corn Combine harvester fitted with full
tracks.
o Half-Track type - Corn Combine harvester fitted with both half-track and
pneumatic wheels at the rear for steering.
 Unloading mechanism
o For bulk unloading, there should be an unloading auger that will transfer
the kernel out of the holding bin to a kernel trailer or truck.
o For manual unloading, two or three spout bag attachment and a platform
with bagger’s seat should be provided.

Fabrication Requirements

 Shelling elements shall be made of alloy steel, or heat-treated carbon steel with
carbon content of 0.40% - 0.45% (AISI 1040 to AISI 1045 or its equivalent).

Performance Requirements

Safety, Workmanship, and Finish

 There shall be ear muffs or other ear protective device provided for the operators
to use when 95 db is exceeded during operation.

Warranty for Fabrication and Services

 for at least one (1) year upon the acceptance of procuring entity of the machinery.

PNS/BAFS PAES 242:2018 - Agricultural Machinery – Corn Combine Harvester –

Methods of Test
 potential yield - estimated yield per unit area, expressed in tons/ha

test applicant - manufacturer, direct importer, or any legitimate distributor,

dealer, or end-user of the machine

theoretical field capacity - computed rate of harvesting in a given area per unit
of time

unpicked loss - corn ears that have remained unharvested during the combine
harvesting operation

Test site conditions and test material

 Each test, with three replications, shall be carried out in the rectangular field area
with sides in the ratio of 2:1, as much as possible. The test area should not be less
than 1000 m2.
 Corn plant to be used shall be commonly or locally grown corn. The corn ear shall
be mature and ready for combine harvesting with at most 28% moisture content.

Potential Yield

 Before the test run, randomly select a 3 m length column from each three (3)
randomly selected rows within the test field and count the number of corn ears
within the selected area. Five corn ear samples from each selected rows shall be
manually harvested, and labelled for laboratory analysis.

Test trials

 A minimum of three (3) test trials shall be adopted.

Moisture Content Determination

 For each test trial, select five (5) representative samples weighing at least 25 g of
test materials and place them in the moisture can.
 Dry the samples in the oven with temperature of 130 ºC – 133 ºC for 38 h ± 2 h.

PAES 208:2000 - Agricultural Machinery – Power-Operated Corn Sheller – Specifications

concave component - iron grill frame partially or fully surrounding the cylinder on
which the shelling elements rubs, shear and/or impact the corn ear with or without husk

Performance and Other Requirements

Warranty for Construction and Durability

 within six (6) months after the purchase of the sheller

PAES 209:2000 - Agricultural Machinery – Power-Operated Corn Sheller – Methods of Tests

clean shelled kernel - shelled kernel free from foreign matter

Test trial - A minimum of two (2) test trials, with a duration of at least 15 minutes per trial,
shall be adopted.

Fan Outlet - three samples shall be taken from the fan outlet for a duration of at least 15
seconds per collection by using a nylon net with a dimension of 1.5 m x 1.0 m held by two
persons at both ends.

Measurement of ear corn dimensions - This shall be taken using at least ten
representative samples of ear corn and measure the length and diameter.

Things to Consider when Buying Machinery

1. Service Area
2. Budget/Price
3. Reliability/Specs/Capacity/Quality
4. After Sales Services/Warranty
5. Maintenance/Operational Cost
6. ROI/Benefit Cost Ratio/Payback Period