The Philippine in the 19th century in economic context introduction of 19th century

a. Gallion trade
b. Opening of grand canal
c. Rise of the export economy
d. Stablish monopolies in the Philippines
e. Encomendia to acienda
f. Indultonde comercio

In the 19th century, the Philippines underwent significant economic changes that shaped its history
and development. Several key factors played a crucial role in the economic context of the Philippines
during this period.

a. Galleon Trade: The Galleon Trade, which had been established in the 16th century, continued
to be a significant economic activity during the early 19th century. This trade route connected
Manila in the Philippines to Acapulco in Mexico, facilitating the exchange of goods between
Asia and the Americas. The Galleon Trade brought silver, spices, textiles, and other
commodities to the Philippines, contributing to its economic prosperity.

✓ Galleon was a ship trade from Manila, Philippine to Acapulco, Mexico. It was a very profitable for
the Spanish merchants but the government find it as a source of corruption. The galleon trade
was a government-owned business. Royal official supervised this operation. The person who has
a "boleta" is allowed to engage in the galleon trade. A "boleta" was a ticket that entitles a person
to ship goods to Mexico.
✓ Traders who do not have enough money to buy a "boleta" will borrow money from Spanish
friars. The money that the traders borrowed from the friars came from the donation to the
church known as " Obras Pias".

✓ Strategic Importance: The Galleon Trade route was strategically important for the Spanish
Empire because it allowed for the exchange of valuable goods between its colonies in Asia and
the Americas. Manila served as a key hub in this global trade network.

✓ Commodities Traded: The trade route facilitated the exchange of a wide range of goods. From
the Philippines, the Spanish obtained highly sought-after products such as silk, porcelain, spices
(including cloves, cinnamon, and pepper), precious metals (particularly silver), and other luxury
items. In return, from Acapulco, Mexico, they received Mexican silver, which was used to finance
their global endeavors.
 ✓ Manila as a Crucial Stopover: Manila played a crucial role as a stopover point for the Galleon
Trade. It was in Manila where the goods from various parts of Asia were gathered, stored, and
prepared for the trans-Pacific journey to Acapulco. The city developed into a vibrant trading
center and a melting pot of cultures due to the diverse nationalities and ethnicities of traders
and settlers.
o Manila served a very important role in the Galleon Trade as it functioned as the central
drop-off point and storage area for all the valuable goods collected from their other
colonies. Before sending these goods to other places, they would first deposit them in
Manila. An easy example of this method in our modern lives is similar to the drop-off
hubs in online shopping, such as those found in Malabon and Navotas.

✓ Impact on Philippines: The Galleon Trade had a profound impact on the Philippines. It
contributed to the economic prosperity of Manila and the surrounding regions, as trade brought
wealth and opportunities. However, it also led to cultural exchange and the introduction of
various Asian and Mexican influences to the Philippines.

✓ End of the Galleon Trade: The Galleon Trade eventually came to an end in the early 19th
century, due in part to geopolitical changes and the decline of the Spanish Empire. The Mexican
War of Independence (1810-1821) and the subsequent Mexican economic reforms played a role
in disrupting this trade route.

✓ Effects of the Galleon Trade

The galleon trade had good and bad effect to the economy of our country. Its good effects were:
(a) it increases the government’s revenue; (b) it conserves natural resources for the future; and
(c) it developed good relationship between countries. While it bad effects were: (a) it only shares
benefits to few people; (b) neglect the development of rural areas.

b. Opening of the Grand Canal: While the Grand Canal refers to the famous waterway in China, its
opening in the 19th century had a global impact on trade. The increased connectivity between East
and West through the Grand Canal had indirect effects on the Philippines by potentially influencing
trade routes and the flow of goods.

c. Rise of the Export Economy: The 19th century saw a shift in the Philippines towards an export-
oriented economy. Cash crops like sugar, tobacco, and hemp became major exports. The demand for
these commodities in international markets led to the expansion of plantations, especially in the
Visayas and Luzon regions.

✓ The rise of the export economy in the Philippines during the 19th century was a
transformative period marked by significant changes in the country's economic structure
and trade relationships. Here's an expanded overview of this crucial historical
development:

✓ Spanish Colonial Rule and Economic Shifts: The 19th century began with the Philippines
under Spanish colonial rule, which had a profound impact on the country's economy.
The Spanish implemented various economic policies and systems, including the
encomienda and the repartimiento, which were designed to extract resources from the
Philippines for the benefit of Spain.

✓ Agricultural Commodities: The Philippines was primarily an agricultural economy during

this period. The Spanish authorities encouraged the cultivation of cash crops, including
sugar, tobacco, abaca (a type of banana plant used for making ropes), and coffee. These
crops were in high demand in European markets.

✓ The Sugar Industry: The sugar industry, in particular, played a central role in the export
economy. Sugar plantations, known as haciendas, were established, and vast tracts of
land were devoted to sugar production. The Philippines became one of the largest sugar
producers in the world during this time.

✓ Chinese and Indigenous Labor: To meet the labor demands of the growing export-
oriented agriculture, Chinese laborers were brought to the Philippines as contract
workers. Indigenous Filipinos also worked on the plantations, often under exploitative
conditions.

✓ Infrastructure Development: The expansion of the export economy led to significant

investments in infrastructure, including roads, ports, and irrigation systems. These
developments aimed to facilitate the transportation of agricultural goods to coastal
areas for export.

✓ Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade: While the galleon trade between Manila and Acapulco,
Mexico, had declined significantly by the 19th century, it still played a role in the export
economy. This trade route continued to connect the Philippines to Spanish colonies in
the Americas, facilitating the exchange of goods.

✓ Global Market Integration: The rise of the export economy made the Philippines
increasingly integrated into the global economy. Philippine goods were exported to
Europe and other parts of the world, while imports from Europe, Asia, and the Americas
reached the archipelago.
 ✓ Social and Economic Inequality: While the export economy brought wealth to some
elite landowners and merchants, it also exacerbated social and economic inequality.
Many Filipinos, particularly indigenous people and lower-class workers, faced harsh
working conditions and poverty.

✓ Impact of Global Events: The 19th century was marked by global events that influenced
the Philippine export economy, such as the Industrial Revolution and the abolition of
slavery. These developments affected global demand for certain commodities and labor.

✓ Emergence of Nationalism: As the export economy grew, so did social and political
consciousness among Filipinos. Many Filipino intellectuals and reformists began to
question the economic system and advocate for social justice, land reform, and political
reforms. This sentiment would later contribute to the Philippine nationalist movement.

✓ In summary, the rise of the export economy in the Philippines during the 19th century
transformed the country's economic landscape, leading to significant social, economic,
and political changes. While it contributed to economic growth and global integration, it
also brought about inequalities and laid the groundwork for future movements seeking
independence and reform.

d. Establishment of Monopolies in the Philippines: The Spanish colonial government, which ruled the
Philippines during this period, implemented various monopolistic policies to control trade and
generate revenue. The establishment of monopolies on tobacco, liquor, and other goods had
significant economic implications, as it limited competition and allowed the government to extract
profits from these industries.

e. Encomienda to Hacienda: The transition from the encomienda system (a labor system involving
indigenous people) to the hacienda system (large agricultural estates) occurred during the 19th
century. This shift had economic consequences, as haciendas became centers of agricultural
production, contributing to the export-oriented economy.

f. Indulto de Comercio: The Indulto de Comercio, or the "Commerce Privilege," was a policy introduced
in 1834 that aimed to encourage private entrepreneurship and trade. It relaxed some of the
restrictions on trade in the Philippines and allowed for greater economic activity, including importing
and exporting goods.
Political context

a. Liberalism
b. Impact of bourbon reform
c. Cadiz constitution
d. Defects of education system during Spanish time

In the 19th century, the Philippines experienced significant political changes and challenges that
influenced its history. Here are explanations for each of the mentioned elements in the political context
of the Philippines during this period:

a. Liberalism: Liberalism in the context of the 19th century Philippines refers to the political
ideology that advocated for individual rights, constitutional government, and limited state
interference. It had a profound impact on the Philippines as it contributed to calls for political
reforms and greater representation. Filipino liberals sought to challenge the autocratic rule of
the Spanish colonial authorities and push for more rights and freedoms for the Filipino people.

✓ Influence of Enlightenment Ideas: The seeds of liberalism in the Philippines can be traced
back to the influence of Enlightenment ideas from Europe. Enlightenment thinkers
emphasized individual rights, freedom, equality, and the idea that governments should serve
the interests of the people.

✓ Emergence of Filipino Ilustrados: The Filipino ilustrados were a group of educated Filipinos,
many of whom had studied in Europe, who were exposed to these liberal ideas. They
became key proponents of liberalism in the Philippines during the 19th century. Prominent
ilustrados like Jose Rizal and Marcelo del Pilar embraced liberal ideals and used their writings
to advocate for political and social reforms.

✓ Literary Works: Filipino ilustrados and their literary works were instrumental in spreading
liberal ideas. Jose Rizal's novels, "Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo," critiqued the
abuses of Spanish colonial rule and called for social justice and reforms. These works ignited
a sense of national identity and inspired Filipinos to challenge the status quo.

✓ Press Freedom: The emergence of newspapers and publications during this period allowed
liberal-minded Filipinos to express their ideas more widely. These publications often
criticized Spanish abuses and advocated for greater political representation and civil
liberties.

✓ Formation of Civic Organizations: Liberalism also found expression in the formation of civic
organizations, such as the La Liga Filipina, which was founded by Jose Rizal in 1892. These
 organizations aimed to promote social and political reforms, including representation in the
Spanish Cortes (parliament) and equal treatment for Filipinos.

✓ Reforms and Resentment: Despite the advocacy for reforms and representation, the Spanish
colonial authorities were reluctant to grant substantial concessions. This led to growing
resentment among the Filipinos, fueling the desire for greater autonomy and even
independence.

✓ Kataastaasan Kagalanggalang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Katipunan): In 1892, the

Katipunan, a secret revolutionary society, was founded by Andres Bonifacio. It marked a shift
from liberal reformism to a more radical call for Philippine independence. The Katipunan's
declaration of independence in 1896 marked the beginning of the Philippine Revolution
against Spain.

✓ End of Spanish Rule: The Philippine Revolution, combined with the Spanish-American War,
ultimately led to the downfall of Spanish colonial rule in 1898. The Philippines was ceded to
the United States through the Treaty of Paris, leading to a shift in the struggle for self-
determination.

b. Impact of Bourbon Reform: The Bourbon Reforms, initiated by the Spanish Bourbon monarchs in the
18th century, aimed to centralize and modernize the Spanish colonial administration. These reforms
included changes to taxation, trade regulations, and governance. In the Philippines, these reforms had
mixed effects. While they modernized some aspects of governance, they also increased the burden of
taxation on the local population, leading to discontent and resistance.

c. Cadiz Constitution: The Cadiz Constitution, also known as the Spanish Constitution of 1812, was a
landmark document in Spanish history. It was adopted during a brief period of liberal government in
Spain and had a significant impact on the Philippines. The constitution advocated for concepts like
national sovereignty, equality before the law, and representation in government. While the Cadiz
Constitution was short-lived in Spain due to political changes, its principles inspired Filipinos and
contributed to the demand for similar rights and representation in the Philippines.

d. Defects of the Education System during Spanish Time: The education system in the Philippines during
the Spanish colonial period had several defects. It primarily served the interests of the colonial
government and the Catholic Church. The curriculum focused on religious education and Spanish culture,
neglecting the teaching of practical skills and local languages. Access to education was limited, and it was
often reserved for the elite or those affiliated with the colonial authorities. This educational system
contributed to social and economic disparities in the Philippines and hindered the development of a
more inclusive and practical education system.
These political elements played crucial roles in shaping the political landscape and aspirations of the
Filipino people during the 19th century. Liberalism, the Bourbon Reforms, the Cadiz Constitution, and
the issues within the education system all contributed to the evolving political consciousness and
demands for reform in the Philippines during this period.

Social context

a. Education in 19th century

b. Rise of Chinese mestizos
c. Rise of inqueninos
d. 19th century in rizal time
e. Provisions of educational degree of 1863
f. Philippine educational system during Spanish time

a. Education in the 19th Century:

Education during the 19th century in the Philippines was primarily under the control of the Spanish
colonial authorities. It was highly influenced by the Catholic Church, and the main objective of education
was to propagate Christianity and maintain control over the indigenous population.

Education was limited to the elite and the clergy, and there were few opportunities for the common
people to receive formal education.

✓ Religious Influence: Education in the Philippines during the 19th century was tightly
controlled by the Catholic Church and the Spanish colonial authorities. The primary goal
of education was to propagate Christianity and ensure the loyalty of the indigenous
population to Spanish rule. Education was seen as a means to convert and control the
natives.

✓ Limited Access: Formal education was restricted to a small elite, consisting of the
Spanish friars, wealthy Spanish families, and a few Filipinos who could afford it. The vast
majority of the population, particularly indigenous Filipinos and those of lower social
classes, had little to no access to formal education.

✓ Religious Orders and Schools: The Catholic Church played a central role in education.
Religious orders such as the Dominicans, Augustinians, Franciscans, and Jesuits
established schools and seminaries. These institutions were often exclusive, and
education was heavily religious, focusing on theology, Christian doctrine, and Latin.
 ✓ Language of Instruction: Spanish was the language of instruction in most schools,
making it a marker of social status and privilege. The use of Spanish as the medium of
instruction further marginalized the majority of Filipinos who did not speak the
language.

✓ Role of the Mestizos: Mestizos, individuals of mixed Filipino and Spanish ancestry, were
more likely to have access to education. They often served as intermediaries between
the Spanish authorities and the indigenous population. Some mestizos played important
roles in the colonial administration and were educated in Spanish institutions.

✓ Emergence of Secular Education: Towards the latter part of the 19th century, there were
efforts to introduce secular education. The Educational Decree of 1863 (Escuela Normal)
aimed to establish a system of public education and normal schools to train teachers.
However, these reforms were limited in scope and did not substantially improve
educational access for the masses.

✓ Emergence of Filipino Nationalists: The limited access to education, coupled with

exposure to Enlightenment ideas and the writings of Filipino intellectuals like Jose Rizal,
led to the emergence of Filipino nationalists. These individuals began to call for reforms
in the educational system and greater representation for Filipinos in their own
governance.

✓ Impact on Philippine Society: The restricted and religious nature of education in the
19th century Philippines contributed to a social divide between the educated elite and
the majority of the population. It also hindered the development of a unified national
identity until later in the century when nationalist movements began to gain
momentum.

b. Rise of Chinese Mestizos:

Chinese mestizos were individuals of mixed Chinese and Filipino ancestry. During the 19th century, many
Chinese immigrants came to the Philippines, and over time, they intermarried with the local population,
giving rise to the Chinese mestizo community.

Chinese mestizos played important roles in various aspects of Philippine society, including commerce and
trade.

✓ Chinese Migration to the Philippines: Chinese migration to the Philippines dates back
centuries, but it significantly increased during the 19th century. Many Chinese came to
the Philippines for various reasons, including economic opportunities, trade, and
escaping political instability in China.
 ✓ Intermarriage and Cultural Fusion: Over time, Chinese immigrants intermarried with the
local Filipino population, leading to the emergence of the Chinese mestizo community.
This community represented a fusion of Chinese and Filipino cultures, languages, and
traditions. Chinese mestizos often spoke both Chinese languages (like Hokkien or
Cantonese) and local Filipino languages.

✓ Economic Activities: Chinese mestizos played a prominent role in various economic

activities, such as trade, commerce, and agriculture. They were involved in retail
businesses, import-export ventures, and agricultural enterprises. Their economic success
contributed to the growth of the Philippines' economy during this period.

✓ Business and Trade Networks: Chinese mestizos formed extensive business and trade
networks, not only within the Philippines but also throughout Southeast Asia. They
established connections with Chinese communities in other countries, which facilitated
regional trade and commerce.

✓ Cultural Influence: Chinese mestizos also left a significant cultural imprint on the
Philippines. They introduced elements of Chinese culture, such as cuisine, art, and
traditions, which blended with the rich Filipino cultural tapestry. This cultural exchange
contributed to the diversity of Filipino society.

✓ Chinese Mestizos and Social Stratification: The emergence of the Chinese mestizo class
added a layer of complexity to the social hierarchy in the Philippines. They often
occupied positions of economic and social privilege, which sometimes led to tensions
with both the indigenous Filipino population and the Spanish colonial authorities.

✓ Chinese Mestizos in the Nationalist Movement: Some Chinese mestizos were active in
the Philippine nationalist movement during the late 19th century. They were influenced
by Enlightenment ideals and advocated for reforms and independence from Spanish
colonial rule. However, their involvement in the movement was complex due to their
unique position in society.

✓ Chinese Mestizos in Modern Philippines: The legacy of Chinese mestizos continues to

be felt in modern-day Philippines. Many prominent Filipino families have Chinese
mestizo ancestry, and Chinese culture remains an integral part of Filipino society,
particularly in terms of cuisine and traditions.

c. Rise of Inquilinos:

Inquilinos were tenant farmers or laborers who worked on the lands owned by wealthy landlords or
hacenderos. They had to pay rent or provide labor in exchange for the right to live on and cultivate the
land.
The rise of inquilinos was a result of the agrarian structure in the Philippines, where large estates were
controlled by a few wealthy landowners.

d. 19th Century in Rizal's Time:

Jose Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines, lived during the 19th century. He was born in 1861 and
executed in 1896.

Rizal was a key figure in the Philippine nationalist movement, advocating for social and political reforms
under Spanish colonial rule. His writings, such as "Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo," were
influential in inspiring resistance against Spanish oppression.

e. Provisions of Educational Decree of 1863:

The Educational Decree of 1863, also known as the "Escuela Normal," was enacted by the Spanish
colonial government in the Philippines. It aimed to establish a system of public education in the country.

Some of its provisions included the establishment of primary schools in each town, the training of
teachers through normal schools, and the promotion of education for both boys and girls.

f. Philippine Educational System During Spanish Time:

The educational system during Spanish colonial rule was heavily influenced by the Catholic Church.
Education was primarily religious and aimed at converting Filipinos to Christianity.

Only the elite and those who could afford it had access to formal education. The curriculum focused on
religious studies, Latin, and Spanish.

Indigenous languages and cultures were suppressed, and the educational system served to reinforce
Spanish control over the Philippines.