WHAT IS TELECOMMUNICATION?
• Many people call telecommunication the world’s most lucrative
industry. If we add cellular and PCS users, there are about 1800
million subscribers to telecommunication services world wide (1999).
Annual expenditures on telecommunications may reach 900,000
million dollars in the year 2000.
• Telecommunications are the means of electronic transmission of
information over distances. The information may be in the form of
voice telephone calls, data, text, images, or video. Today,
telecommunications are used to organize more or less remote
computer systems into telecommunications networks.
Related words of telecommunications
Telecommunication structure
End-Users, Nodes, and Connectivities
End-Users, Nodes, and Connectivities
• End-users usually connect to nodes. We will call a node a point or junction in a transmission system where lines and
trunks meet. A node usually carries out a switching function. In the case of the local area network (LAN), we are
stretching the definition. In this case a network interface unit is used, through which one or more end-users may be
connected.
• A connectivity connects an end-user to a node, and from there possibly through other nodes to some final end-user
destination with which the initiating end-user wants to communicate.
Telephone Numbering Routing and Range
• 234 - 5678
• Every subscriber in the world is identified by a number, which is
geographically tied to a physical location.5 This is the telephone
number. The telephone number, as we used it here, is seven digits
long.
• The last four digits identify the subscriber line; the first three digits
(i.e., 234) identify the serving switch (or exchange)
• 0001, the third, 0002, and so on. At the point where the numbers ran
out, the last number issued would be 9999. The capacity is 10^n
Call exchange
Tandem switch
• A tandem switch is an intermediate switch or connection between an
originating telephone call or location and the final destination of the
call. Any Interexchange Carrier, end user, or other access provider that
provides tandem switching functions for switched transport services.
Tandem switch
Tandem switch
Modes of telecommunications
Modes of telecommunications
Network Topologies
Typical hierarchical network
Rules of Conventional Hierarchical Networks
• A hierarchical design separates a network into distinct layers, where
each layer has a series of functions that define its role in the network.
Because of this, a network designer can choose the optimal hardware,
software, and features to take on a particular role for that network
layer
QUALITY OF SERVICE
• Delay before receiving dial tone (dial tone delay);
• Post dial(ing) delay (time from the completion of dialing the last digit of a number
to the first ring-back of the called telephone). This is the primary measure of
signaling quality;
• Availability of service tones [e.g., busy tone, telephone out of order, time out, and
all trunks busy (ATB)];
• Correctness of billing;
• Reasonable cost of service to the customer;
• Responsiveness to servicing requests;
• Responsiveness and courtesy of operators; and
• Time to installation of a new telephone and, by some, the additional services
offered by the telephone company
STANDARDIZATION IN
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
