Muscular System

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f-
FF7Qigd3U
Types of Muscle
Muscle Fiber Composition
Muscle Fiber Structure
Myo bril
Sarcomere
Muscle tissue layers
Muscle Layers
Deep Fascia

Muscle Physiology
• is is a ne e signal.
Action Potential
• Subthreshold stimulus
– Neurons generate and conduct this – A stimulus that cannot cause
signal along their processes in order an action potential.
to transmit them to the target • reshold stimuli
tissues. – A stimulus having enough
– Upon stimulation, they will either energy or potential to
be stimulated, inhibited, or produce an action potential
modulated (ne e impulse).
• only neurons and muscle cells are • Supra-threshold stimuli
capable of generating an action – produce an action potential,
potential; that prope y is called the but their strength is higher
excitability than the threshold stimuli.
• it is caused by a stimulus with ce ain
value
 ese neurons are then triggered to release chemical
messengers called neurotransmitters which help trigger
action potentials in nearby cells, and so help spread the
signal all over.
 Synapse
• neuronal junction
• site of transmission of electric ne e impulses between two
ne e cells (neurons) or between a neuron and a gland or
muscle cell (e ector)..
• Neuromuscular junction (or myoneural junction)
• chemical synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle
ber.
• allows the motor neuron to transmit a signal to the muscle
ber, causing muscle contraction.
 Muscle Physiology
Contraction of a Muscle Fiber

Acetylcholine
(Ach) is a
neurotransmitt
er released
from the motor
neuron
inne ating a
muscle ber
 Muscle Physiology
Contraction of a Muscle Fiber

Depolarization of the T-
tubules triggers
sarcoplasmic reticulum to
release Calcium ions.
 Contraction Cycle
• It is the repeated sequence of events
that cause laments to slide past each
other.
•ATP Hydrolysis
•Cross bridge
•Power stroke
•Detachment of myosin from actin
Note:
As long as Ca++ ions remain in
the sarcoplasm to bind to
troponin, and as long as ATP
is available, the muscle ber
will continue to sho en.
Hydrolysis of ATP

Myosin is
powered by the
hydrolysis of ATP
to ADP and Pi
 Muscle Physiology
Cross
between bridge
actin andis formed
the myosin
Cross Bridges heads triggering contraction
•Ca++ bind to troponin
•Tropomyosin slide away from
the binding sites on
•Myosin heads bind to actin
binding sites -form cross-
bridges.
Note:
During cross-bridge formation,
ADP and
myosin. Pi are still bound to
 Power Stroke
in laments are then pulled by the
myosin heads to slide past the thick
laments toward the center of the
sarcomere.
During power stroke, ADP and Pi are
released
Note: Each head can only pull a ve
sho distance. e laments move
approximately 10 nm toward the M-
line. e myosin head must be “re-
cocked” before it can pull again, a step
that requires ATP.
In the absence of ATP, the myosin head
will not detach from actin.
 Power Stroke
NOTE:
COCKED myosin head => myosin is in a
high-energy con guration.
End of the power stroke => myosin head
is in a low-energy position.
When ATP is available, it readily attaches
to myosin, the cross-bridge cycle can
recur, and muscle contraction can
continue.
Muscle Physiology
e Sliding Filament Model of Contraction

e thin laments are

pulled which slide past
the thick laments
within the ber’s
sarcomeres.
Muscle Physiology
e Sliding Filament Model of Contraction

Sarcomere
-discs sho
move ens
closer=> Z
together=>
becomes I band
smaller, but A
band stays the
width. same
At
thinfull
and contraction,
thick the
laments
have theoverlap.
most amount of
 Muscle Physiology
Figure 2 Relaxation of a Muscle
Fiber
Ca++ ions are pumped back into
the SR, which causes the
tropomyosin to re-shield the
binding sites on the actin strands.
A muscle may also stop
contracting when it runs out of
ATP and becomes fatigued.
 Muscle Attachments

• Tendon
– a connective tissue which attaches the
muscle to bone, skin, or another muscle.
 Muscle
•Origin
Origin and Inse ion

– Less movable
attachment of a
muscle
•Inse ion
– More movable
attachment of the
muscle
•Inse ion is pulled
toward the origin.
•Origin typically lies
proximal to the
inse ion.
Latissimus dorsi
•Hype rophy - An increase in muscle ber
size.
-Muscle size may be improved by exercising
•Atrophy -Reduction in muscle size, tone,
and power.
-Due to reduced stimulation, it loses
both
mass and tone
What is rigor mo is?
Self Check
Label Practice