E2 211 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
Problem Set 2
1. Consider the following collection of signal waveforms:
(I) Binary antipodal signals:
r
2E
s1 (t) = −s2 (t) = cos(2πfc t) , 0 ≤ t ≤ T.
T
(II) Binary orthogonal signals:
r r
2E 2E
s1 (t) = cos(2πfc t) ; s2 (t) = sin(2πfc t) ; 0 ≤ t ≤ T.
T T
(III) Binary (equal energy) signals:
r
2E
s1 (t) = cos(2πfc t)
T
r
2E
s2 (t) = cos(2πfc t + θ) ; 0 ≤ t ≤ T , where 0 < θ < 2π.
T
(IV) Binary (general) signals:
r
2E1
s1 (t) = cos(2πfc t)
T
r
2E2
s2 (t) = cos(2πfc t + θ) ; 0 ≤ t ≤ T , where 0 < θ < 2π.
T
(V) Multiphase signals (M -ary PSK):
r
2E 2π
sm (t) = cos 2πfc t + (m − 1) , m = 1, 2, ..., M , 0 ≤ t ≤ T.
T M
(VI) Multiamplitude signals (M -ary PAM):
r
2E
sm (t) = Am cos (2πfc t) , m = 1, 2, ..., M , 0 ≤ t ≤ T.
T
(VII) QAM signals:
r r
2E 2E
sm (t) = Amc cos (2πfc t) − Ams sin (2πfc t) , m = 1, 2, ..., M , 0≤t≤T
T T
where Amc and Ams are information bearing signal amplitudes.
(VIII) M -ary orthogonal signals:
r
2E
sm (t) = cos (2πfc t + 2πmf∆ t) , m = 1, 2, ..., M , 0 ≤ t ≤ T.
T
1
(IX) Biorthogonal signals: A set of M biorthogonal signals is constructed from M/2
orthogonal signals by including the negatives of the orthogonal signals.
(X) Simplex signals: The M signals obtained from M -ary orthogonal signals by subtracting
the arithmetic mean s̄ given by
M
1 X
s̄ = sm
M m=1
from each of the signals is called simplex signals.
a. Find an orthonormal basis for each signal set. What is the dimension in each case ?
b. Find the correlation coefficient between any two signals in each signal set.
c. Obtain the Union Bound for each signal set. (Assume AWGN channel with PSD N20 ).
d. What can you say about the probability of error as M tends to infinity for the signal sets
(V) to (X) ?
