Republic of the Philippines

Technological University of the Philippines

Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 MODULE 1

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1

LECTURE NOTES
ON
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
DESIGN (RESIDENTIAL) &
WIRING INSTALLATION

SUBJECT CODE: ESW 1

Prepared by: Engr. Edwin C. Espinas, for TUP COE-EE Department

1
Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 MODULE 1

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1

Disclaimer

This document does not claim any originality and cannot be used as a substitute for prescribed
textbooks. The information presented here is merely a collection by the faculty assigned for their respective
teaching loads assignments. Various sources are cited and mentioned at the end of document as well as freely
available open access material from internet were utilized for preparing this document. The ownership of the
information lies with the respective authors or institutions. Further, this document is not indented to be used
for commercial purpose and the faculty are not accountable for any issues, legal or otherwise, arising out of
use of this document. The faculty make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or
completeness of the contents of this document and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of
merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. The faculty member shall not be liable for any loss of profit
or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other
damages.

Acknowledgement

The Faculty member gratefully acknowledge all references utilized for preparing this lecture note also
wants to express gratitude to the person out there who think knowledge should be free and be accessible and
sharable without any restrictions so that every single students on this university has the same opportunity to
explore, expand and become enlightened.

However apart from this lecture notes students are strongly recommended to follow the listed
references at the end of each modules and above all confer and consult with the concern faculty for through
understanding of the given subject in electrical engineering.

Prepared by: Engr. Edwin C. Espinas, for TUP COE-EE Department

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Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 MODULE 1

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1

Activities / Instructions

For the Orientation:

- Accomplish the student’s profile survey form. Link will be posted to your chat box.

- I will discuss the course syllabus, course requirements, student’s handbook, house rules, and basic use of
MS Teams for your familiarization.

- Course Duration: We have 6 hours session per week. For one to two hours per meeting, we will be having
a live online video discussion for the scheduled topic and the remaining hours will be a self-pace study of
additional materials, sources and exercises posted on your MS Teams.

- House Rules: Mute your microphone and off your video so as lagging of presentation can be minimize due
to bandwidth constrain and to avoid unnecessary distraction if the lecture is ongoing especially if your
surrounding area had a lot of unusual sound. Just unmute and open your video when you called to recite,
you can use the virtual raising hand if you want to answer. For any questions or clarifications, you can use
the chat box for any concerns.

- For Offline students: Study in advance or with-in given time schedule for the subjects and a lot data
allowance for your quizzes and exams for an hour or two. All of you will be given a softcopy via your TUP
e-mail add or hard copy via EE Department distribution of Lectures Notes.

For the Topics:

- We will be having a live video online lecture and problem-solving discussion. Have your scientific calculator
or E-calculator ready.

- For interactive discussion, participate on the Q&A portion during end or pausing of lecture.

- Jot down important lesson notes for you will be able to answer correctly short quizzes given at the end of
each lecture.

- Link to your quiz will be posted after our live discussion. Kindly accomplish the quiz after the link was
posted for it will expire after one to two hours or less.

- Recorded online video discussion, additional resources and materials will be given to you as well for your
self-pace study. Please study these lessons.

- For those who are offline, study and accomplished the exercises given on each Modules hard copy or
Learning Material soft copy. But still you need to go on-line during quizzes and Exams upon receiving the
link on our group chat via messenger.

- Lesson Proper

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Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 MODULE 1

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1
Introduction

Module 1 will last for three weeks it covers the Introduction to Basic Electrical Engineering, such as;
Basic Concepts, Resistivity, Temperature, Electron Theory of Electricity, Ohm’s Law, Power Formula, Circuit
Configurations, Kirchhoff’s Law, Divider Formula, Electric Circuit and Delta to Wye - Wye to Delta Conversion.
Each week will deal mostly on theories, laws, circuit characteristics, formula derivation and basic circuit
analysis calculations.

Objectives:

I. After the 1st week the students will be able to understand theories and laws of Basic Electrical
Engineering and apply some basic calculation.

Topic/Content:
A. Orientation on;
a. Class policies
b. Familiarization with MS Team
c. Course requirement and overview of course syllabus
d. Student profile survey
B. Introduction to Basic Electrical Engineering
a. Basic Concepts
b. Resistivity & Temperature
c. Electron Theory of Electricity
d. OHM’s Law & Power Formula

Lesson # 1:

I. Electricity – The Basics

An understanding of the basics of electricity requires the understanding of three fundamental
concepts. A direct mathematical relationship exists between voltage, resistance, and current in all electrical
and electronic circuits.
A. Voltage is the electrical force that causes current to flow in a circuit. It is measured in VOLTS, it symbolizes
by capital E and unit abbreviation V.

Alessandro Antonio Volta (1745–1827), an Italian physicist, invented the electric

battery—which provided the first continuous flow of electricity—and the
capacitor. Born into a noble family in Como, Italy, Volta was performing electrical
experiments at age 18. His invention of the battery in 1796 revolutionized the
use of electricity. The publication of his work in 1800 marked the beginning of
electric circuit theory. Volta received many honors during his lifetime. The unit
of voltage or potential difference, the volt, was named in his honor.

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Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 MODULE 1

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1

B. Current – Current is the flow of electrical charge through an electronic or electrical circuit. The direction
of a current is opposite to the direction of electron flow. Current is measured in AMPERES (AMPS), it
symbolizes by capital I and unit abbreviation A.

Andre-Marie Ampere (1775–1836), a French mathematician and physicist, laid

the foundation of electrodynamics. He defined the electric current and
developed a way to measure it in the 1820s. Born in Lyons, France, Ampere at
age 12 mastered Latin in a few weeks, as he was intensely interested in
mathematics and many of the best mathematical works were in Latin. He was a
brilliant scientist and a prolific writer. He formulated the laws of
electromagnetics. He invented the electromagnet and the ammeter. The unit of
electric current, the ampere, was named after him.

C. Resistance – Opposition to current flow, most common conductor’s with least possible opposition are
silver, copper and aluminum. Resistor is a device that possess the property of electrical resistance. It
limits current flow in a circuit, produces heat and acts a voltage divider. OHM is the unit of resistance it
symbolizes by capital R and unit abbreviation Ω.
NOTE: There is no material that has zero resistance or conversely infinite resistance.

Georg Simon Ohm (1787–1854), a German physicist, in 1826 experimentally

determined the most basic law relating voltage and current for a resistor.
Ohm’s work was initially denied by critics. Born of humble beginnings in
Erlangen, Bavaria, Ohm threw himself into electrical research. His efforts
resulted in his famous law. He was awarded the Copley Medal in 1841 by the
Royal Society of London. In 1849, he was given the Professor of Physics chair by
the University of Munich. To honor him, the unit of resistance was named the
ohm.

II. Analogy
The flow of water from one tank to another is a good analogy for an electrical circuit and the
mathematical relationship between voltage, resistance, and current as shown at figure 1.1
Force: The difference in the water levels ≡ Voltage
Flow: The flow of the water between the tanks ≡ Current
Opposition: The valve that limits the amount of water ≡ Resistance

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Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 MODULE 1

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1

source: scribd.com

Figure 1.1 Analogy of Electricity Flow

III. Area of Conductor in Circular Mil

Unit of area of measurement = the circular mil

𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒊𝒏 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒔 = (𝑫𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒔)𝟐

𝑪𝑴 = 𝑫𝟐
𝑯𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒏 𝑯𝒂𝒊𝒓 = 𝟑 𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒅𝒊𝒂. & 𝟗 𝑪𝑴 = 𝑨

IV. Resistivity and Temperature

Resistivity or Specific Resistance

- The resistance of conducting body varies directly as its length and varies inversely on its cross-
sectional area.
𝝆𝑳
𝑹= ; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝐿 − 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙, 𝐴 − 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎, 𝜌 − 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑨

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Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 MODULE 1

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1
Effects of Temperature on Resistance
- Resistivity are usually given @ 20°C, when the temperature increases either because of an
increase in ambient temperature or the current it is carrying, its resistance will usually increase.
As the conductor cools down resistance decreases. As shown in figure 1.2 where values or change
in resistance can be derive.

Figure 1.2 Effects of Temperature on Resistance

𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐷
𝑇 = 234.5°𝐶, =
𝐵𝐶 𝐷𝐸
(234.5 + 𝑇 ) (234.5 + 𝑇 )
=
𝑅 𝑅

(234.5 + 𝑇 ) (𝑇 + 𝑇 ) 𝑇 𝑇
𝑅 =𝑅 =𝑅 =𝑅 +
(234.5 + 𝑇 ) (𝑇 + 𝑇 ) (𝑇 + 𝑇 ) (𝑇 + 𝑇 )

𝑇 𝑻𝟏 𝑇 𝑻𝟏 (𝑇 + 𝑇 ) (𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏 )
=𝑅 + + − =𝑅 +
(𝑇 + 𝑇 ) (𝑻𝒙 + 𝑻𝟏 ) (𝑇 + 𝑇 ) (𝑻𝒙 + 𝑻𝟏 ) (𝑇 + 𝑇 ) (𝑇 + 𝑇 )

1 𝟏
𝑅 =𝑅 1+ ∆𝑇 , 𝜶𝟏 =
𝑇 +𝑇 𝑻𝒙 + 𝑻𝟏

∴ 𝑹𝟐 = 𝑹𝟏 [𝟏 + 𝜶𝟏 ∆𝑻]

𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆: 𝜶𝟏 − 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 @ 𝑻𝟏

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Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 MODULE 1

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1

Table 1. Resistivities and Temperature Coefficients

source: (Theraja, 2005)

V. Electron Theory of Electricity

Everything including you is made of atoms. Atom is the smallest building block of matter and electrons
and protons are parts of an atom and they both carry a charge as shown in figure 1.3

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Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 MODULE 1

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1

Figure 1.3 Atomic Structure

A. Nature of the flow of electricity

- The atom is the most basic building block of all matter. Atoms are composed of three subatomic
particles. These three sub-atomic particles are: protons, neutrons, and electrons. These three
particles will determine the properties of the specific atoms. Elements are substances composed
of the same atoms with specific properties. Oxygen is an example of this. The main property that
defines each element is the number of neutrons, protons, and electrons. Hydrogen and helium
are examples of elements. Both elements have neutrons, protons, and electrons but differ in the
number of those items. This difference alone accounts for the variations in chemical and physical
properties of these two different elements. There are over 100 known elements in the periodic
table, and they are categorized according to their properties on that table. The kinetic theory of
matter also states that the particles that make up the matter are always moving. Thermal
expansion is considered in the kinetic theory and explains why matter contracts when it is cool
and expands when it is hot, except for water/ice.
- The atoms of a matter consist of a positively charge nucleus around with infinite small charges
rotate with light angular velocity. The individual negative charge is called electrons and are found
to be identical in all matter, in conductors some of these electrons are free.
- Since electrons are negatively charged, the direction of their motion is opposite to the
conventional direction of current. In which current is + to -, while electrons are – to +.
- On insulators the electrons are very closed bounded to the nucleus and it’s very difficult to remove
an electron from the atom, therefore current is extremely small or none.

B. Electrical Resistance
- The property of an electric circuit tending to prevent the flow of current and at the same time
causing electrical energy to be converted to heat energy (Power) is called resistance.

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Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 MODULE 1

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1

C. Conductors & Insulators

- The behavior of an object that has been charged is dependent upon whether the object is made
of a conductive or a nonconductive material. Conductors are materials that permit electrons to
flow freely from particle to particle. An object made of a conducting material will permit charge
to be transferred across the entire surface of the object. If charge is transferred to the object at a
given location, that charge is quickly distributed across the entire surface of the object. The
distribution of charge is the result of electron movement. Since conductors allow for electrons to
be transported from particle to particle, a charged object will always distribute its charge until the
overall repulsive forces between excess electrons is minimized. If a charged conductor is touched
to another object, the conductor can even transfer its charge to that object. The transfer of charge
between objects occurs more readily if the second object is made of a conducting material.
Conductors allow for charge transfer through the free movement of electrons.
- In contrast to conductors, insulators are materials that impede the free flow of electrons from
atom to atom and molecule to molecule. If charge is transferred to an insulator at a given location,
the excess charge will remain at the initial location of charging. The particles of the insulator do
not permit the free flow of electrons; subsequently charge is seldom distributed evenly across the
surface of an insulator.

D. Electrical Charges (Q)

- It is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which matter consist, measured in coulombs
(C). A body is said to be charge, if it has either an excess or deficit of electrons from its normal
values.

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Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 MODULE 1

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1

E. Electric Potential Difference (Voltage)

- Is the rise and fall in potential energy involved in moving a charge from one point to another. Volt is
the unit of potential difference
𝑾 𝑱
𝑬 = 𝑽 = ; 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑊 − 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 (𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠)
𝑸 𝒄
𝑄 − 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 (𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏)
𝑉 − 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 &
𝑡 − 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝒋𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒆
Note: 𝟏 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕 = 𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝟏 𝒋𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒆 = 𝟏 𝑵. 𝒎
Work – as the accomplishment of motion against the action of force which tends to oppose it.
𝑾 = 𝑭. 𝒅 = 𝑬𝑰𝒕 = 𝑷𝒕 → 𝑵. 𝒎; 𝑱𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒔; 𝒌𝑾𝒉𝒓
VI. Anatomy of a Flashlight

source: scribd.com

Figure 1.4 Flashlight Anatomy

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Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 MODULE 1

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1

source: scribd.com

a b
Figure 1.5 Flashlight Schematic Diagram

Base on Figure 1.5a Closed circuit (switch closed), current flow and lamp is on. Lamp is a resistance,
uses energy to produce light and heat. While Figure 1.5b Open circuit (switch open), no current flow so lamp
won’t be energized.

A. Conventional Current assumes that current flows out of the positive side of the battery, through the
circuit, and back to the negative side of the battery. This was the convention established when
electricity was first discovered, but it is incorrect! Figure 1.6a

B. Electron Flow is what actually happens. The electrons flow out of the negative side of the battery,
through the circuit, and back to the positive side of the battery. Figure 1.6b

C. The direction that the current flows does not affect what the current is doing; thus, it doesn’t make
any difference which convention is used as long as you are consistent. Both Conventional Current and
Electron Flow are used. In general, the science disciplines use Electron Flow, whereas the engineering
disciplines use Conventional Current. Since this is an engineering course, we will use Conventional
Current.

source: scribd.com
a b
Figure 1.6 Current & Electron Flow

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Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 MODULE 1

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1

VII. OHM’S Law

- Defines the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in an electric circuit
- Current in a resistor varies in direct proportion to the voltage applied to it and is inversely
proportional to the resistor’s value.
- Stated mathematically:

Where: I is the current (amperes)

V is the potential difference (volts)
R is the resistance (ohms)

source: scribd.com

Figure 1.7 OHM’s Law Triangle

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Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 MODULE 1

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1
VIII. Electrical Power and Energy
Energy (or work, W) is the capacity to do work and Power (P) is defined as the rate of doing work (W).
Electrical power is directly related to the amount of current and voltage within a system. Mathematically,

P – instantaneous power in resistor in watts or kilowatts (W), (kW).

XI. Conductance (G)

It is a measure of the material’s ability to conduct electric current. It is equal to the reciprocal of the
resistance and is measured in Siemens (S) which is equivalent to; Siemens (S) is 1/Ω = Ω = Ampere / Volt
Siemens is formerly known as mho (℧) and it is named after Ernst Werner von Siemens (1816-1892).
Formula for conductance (G) was given below;

𝐺 = 1/𝑅 = 𝐴/𝜌𝐿 or 𝐺 = 𝜎𝐴/𝐿 , where σ = 1/𝜌

Where:
σ = conductivity (S/m)
ρ = resistivity (Ω-m)
R = resistance (Ω)
A = cross-sectional area (m2)
L = length (m)
G = conductance (S)

X. Circuit Components
A. Active Components - active ones may generate electrical power.
- Conservation of energy: active components must get their power from somewhere!
- From non-electrical sources
o Batteries (chemical)
o Dynamos (mechanical)
o Transducers in general (light, sound, etc.)
- From other electrical sources
o Power supplies
o Power transformers
o Amplifiers
B. Passive Components - passive ones may store but not generate power.
- Classical LTI (Linear Time Invariant)
o Resistors are AC/DC components.
o Inductors are AC components (DC short circuit).
o Capacitors are AC components (DC open circuit).
- Other components
o Rectifier diodes.
o Three or more terminal devices, e.g. transistors.

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Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 MODULE 1

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1
XI. Sample Problems

Example 1. The flashlight shown on figure 4 uses a 6 V battery and has a bulb with a resistance of 150 . When
the flashlight is on, how much current will be drawn from the battery?

Solutions:

𝑽𝑹 𝟔
𝑰𝑹 = 𝑹
= 𝟏𝟓𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒 𝑨 = 𝟒𝟎 𝒎𝑨 𝒂𝒏𝒔.

Example 2. A conductor has a constant current of 5 A, How many electrons pass a fixed point on the conductor
in one minute?
𝒄 𝒆 𝒔𝒆𝒄
Solution: 𝟓 𝒔 𝒙 𝟏 𝟏.𝟔𝟎𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟗 𝒄 𝒙 𝟔𝟎 𝟏 𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝟏 𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟕𝟑 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟏 𝒆 → 𝒂𝒏𝒔.

Example 3. A battery can deliver 10 joules of energy to 5 coulomb of charge. What is the potential difference
between the terminals of the battery?

Solution: 𝑉 = = = 2 = 𝟐 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔 → 𝒂𝒏𝒔.

Example 4. A cloud of 2.5 x 10 𝑒 past a given point every 2 sec. How much is the intensity of the electron
flow?
𝒄
𝟐.𝟓 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟗 𝒆 𝒙 𝟏.𝟔𝟎𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟗 𝒄
Solution: 𝑰 = 𝟏𝒆
= 𝟐. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟓 𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒎𝒑. → 𝒂𝒏𝒔.
𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒔

Example 5. Electrical energy is converted to heat at the rate of 7.5 kJ/min in a resistor which has 270 c/min
passing through. What is the voltage difference across the resistor terminals?

( . )( ) 𝑱
Solution: 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃 = 𝐸𝐼; 𝑠𝑜 𝐸 = = = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟕𝟖 𝒄 𝒐𝒓 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔 → 𝒂𝒏𝒔.
( )

Example 6. Work equal to 135 joules is spent in moving 8.5 x 10 𝑒 between two points in an electric circuit.
What potential difference does this establish between the two points?

Solution: 𝑉 = = .
= 𝟗𝟗. 𝟖𝟖 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔 → 𝒂𝒏𝒔.
( . )( )

Example 7. Will a 10 A fuse blow when a steady rate of charge flow through it is 45000 c/hr.?

Solution: 𝐼 = = = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 𝑨, 𝑭𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒘𝒊𝒍𝒍 𝒃𝒍𝒐𝒘 → 𝒂𝒏𝒔.

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1
Example 8. The substation bus bar is made-up of 2 inches diameter round copper bar 20 ft. long. What is the
resistance of each bar if the resistivity is 1.724 x 10 Ω. 𝑚 ?

( . . )( . )( )
Solution: 𝑅 = = = 𝟓. 𝟏𝟖𝟒 𝒙𝟏𝟎 𝟑𝛀 → 𝒂𝒏𝒔.
( )

Example 9. A certain conductor rod has a volume of 65 𝑓𝑡 with resistivity of 8.5 x 10 Ω. 𝑚 and having a
radius of 2 inches. Find its resistance.
.
( ) ( ) ( . . )( )( )
Solution: 𝑅 = = = = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟖𝛀 → 𝒂𝒏𝒔.
[ ( ) ]

Example 10. What is the resistance of a 300m copper with a cross sectional area of 15𝑚𝑚 @ 80°𝐶 ?
0.00393
𝛼 = & 𝜌 = 1.72𝑥10 Ω. 𝑚
°𝐶
( . . )( ) .
Solution: 𝑅 = 1+ (80 − 20)°𝐶 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝟓𝛀 → 𝒂𝒏𝒔.
( )( ) °

Example 11. The base of an incandescent lamp with a tungsten filament is marked 120 V, 60 watts
measurement on wheat stone bridge of the resistance of the lamp is 20 Ω @ 20°C. What is the normal
temperature of the filament if the resistance temperature coefficient of tungsten is 5x10 per °𝐶 @ 20°𝐶.

( )
Solution: 𝑃 = 𝐸𝐼 = = ; ∴ 𝑅 = = 240Ω; from 𝒆𝒒. 𝑹𝟐 = 𝑹𝟏 [𝟏 + 𝜶𝟏 ∆𝑻]

−1 −1
Δ𝑇 = = = 2200°𝐶; 𝑻𝟐 = ∆𝑇 + 𝑇 = 2200 + 20 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟎°𝑪 → 𝒂𝒏𝒔.
𝛼 5𝑥10

Example 12. A coil has a resistance of 18 Ω, when its temperature is 20℃ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 20𝛺 when its temperature is
50°𝐶. Find its temperature rise when its resistance of 21Ω and the surrounding temperature is 15℃.

Solution: 𝛼 = ∆
= = 3.7037𝑥10 𝑝𝑒𝑟℃,

−1 −1
@ 𝑅 = 21𝛺, Δ𝑇 = = = 45℃, ∴ 𝑻𝟐 = 𝟒𝟓 + 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟔𝟓℃ → 𝒂𝒏𝒔.
𝛼 3.7037𝑥10

Example 13. A 200V lamp has a hot resistance of 400 ohms. The power rating in watts of the lamp is?
Solution:
P = V² / R = (200) ² / 400 = 100 W ans.

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 MODULE 1

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1

Example 14. A 10 hp motor runs at rated load for 5 hours. How many kWh is consumed?
Note: 1 hp = 746 Watts
Solution:
W = Pt = (10 hp x 746 watts/hp) (1kilowatts/1000watts) (5hours) = 37.3 kWh ans.

Example 15. A residential house has a lighting load of 1000W and a small appliance load of 2000W. If they are
used at the same time, what will be the monthly bill at an energy cost of P0.40 per kilowatt-hour?
Solution:
𝑃 = 1000W + 2000W = 3000W or 3kW
W = Pt = (3 kW) (1month x 30 days/month x 24hrs/day) = 2160 kWh
Bill per month = (₱0.40/kWh) (2160 kWh) = ₱864.00 monthly ans.

Example 16. Determine the resistance of a bus bar of copper if the length is 10 meters long and the cross
section is a 4 x 4 cm. The resistivity is 1.724 μΩ-cm.
Solution:
R = ρL / A = (1.724 x 10-6 Ω-cm) (10 meters x 100cm/1m) ÷ (16 cm2) = 107.75 μΩ ans.

Example 17. How many circular mils (CM) does a round copper rod of 0.25-inch diameter has?
Solution:
A = d² = [(0.25inch x 1000mils/1 inch)] ² = 62,500 CM ans.

Example 18. A copper rod of 10m long has a diameter of one inch. If the resistivity of copper is 10.371 ohms
circular mil per foot, what is the resistance? Note:1 meter = 3.281 ft
Solution:
A = (1-inch x 1000 mils/ inch) ² = 1 x 10⁶ CM
R = ρL / A = [(10.371 Ω-CM/ft) (10m x 3.281 ft/m)] ÷ 1 x 10⁶ CM = 340 μΩ or 0.34 mΩ ans.

Example 19. A voltage of 5 V generates a current of 0.30 A in a particular length of wire. What is the
conductance of the wire?
Solution:
G = 1 / R = 1 / (E/I) = I/E = 0.3 A / 5V = 0.06 S ans.

Example 20. Find the conductance of a round piece of iron with a cross sectional radius of 0.001 meters and
length of 0.1 meters. Iron has a conductivity of 1.03 × 107 siemens/m.
Solution:
A = 𝜋𝑟² = 𝜋 (0.001) ² = 3.1416 x 10-6 m²
𝐺= 𝜎𝐴/𝐿 = [(1.03 × 107 S/m) (3.1416 x 10-6 m²)] ÷ 0.1 m = 323.585 S ans.

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Republic of the Philippines
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Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 MODULE 1

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1

Objectives:

II. After the 2nd week the students will be able to understand and apply some basic calculation on the ff:
a. Characteristics of circuit configuration
b. Kirchhoff’s Law application to basic circuit analysis

Topic/Content:
A. Circuit Configurations
a. Series Circuits
b. Parallel Circuits
c. Combination S-P

B. Introduction to Kirchhoff’s KVL & KCL

Lesson # 2:

A. Circuit Configuration
Components in a circuit can be connected in one of two ways; series or parallel circuit.

a. Series Circuit
- It is a circuit where there is only one path from the source through all the loads and back to the
source.
- Components are connected end-to-end. Components can be resistors, batteries, capacitors,
switches, etc.
- There is only a single path for current to flow. So, a failure of a single components can disable all
components in the circuit.
- If bulbs are connected, the more bulbs that are added, the less bright they shine.

source: shutterstock.com
Figure 2.1

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 MODULE 1

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1
Characteristics of Series Circuit:
- The current (𝑰) flowing through every series component is equal. (𝑰 = 𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰𝟐 = 𝑰𝟑 = ⋯ )
- The total resistance (𝑹𝑻 ) is equal to the sum of all the resistances. (𝑹𝑻 = 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑 + ⋯)
- The sum of all voltage drops across the individual resistances is (𝑽𝑻 = 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 + 𝑽𝟑 + ⋯) total
applied voltage (𝑽𝑻 ). This is called Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law. (𝚺𝑽 𝒔 = 𝟎)
- Power in each resistor is additive.

source: scribd.com
Figure 2.2

Example 1. For the series circuit at figure 2, use the laws of circuit theory to calculate the following:
a. The total resistance (𝑅 )
b. The current flowing through each component (𝐼, 𝐼 , 𝐼 , 𝐼 )
c. The voltage across each component (𝑉 , 𝑉 , 𝑉 )
d. Use the results to verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.
Solution:
a. 𝑹𝑻 = 𝟐𝟐𝟎 + 𝟒𝟕𝟎 + 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟎 𝛀 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟗𝐤𝛀
𝑽 𝟏𝟐
b. 𝑰 = 𝑹𝑻 = 𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟎 = 𝟔. 𝟑𝟒𝟗 𝒎𝑨 = 𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰𝟐 = 𝑰𝟑
𝑻
c. 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑰𝑹𝟏 = 𝟔. 𝟑𝟒𝟗 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 𝟑 (𝟐𝟐𝟎) = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟗𝟕 𝑽
𝑽𝟐 = 𝑰𝑹𝟐 = 𝟔. 𝟑𝟒𝟗 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 𝟑 (𝟒𝟕𝟎) = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟖𝟒 𝑽
𝑽𝟑 = 𝑰𝑹𝟑 = 𝟔. 𝟑𝟒𝟗 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 𝟑 (𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎) = 𝟕. 𝟔𝟏𝟗 𝑽
d. 𝑽𝑻 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟗𝟕 + 𝟐. 𝟗𝟖𝟒 + 𝟕. 𝟔𝟏𝟗 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑽

b. Parallel Circuit
- Both ends of the components are connected together as shown in figure 2.3
- There are multiple paths for current to flow. So, failure of one component will still allow other
components to operate.
Characteristics of a Parallel Circuit:
- The voltage across every parallel component is equal. (𝑽 = 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑽𝟐 = 𝑽𝟑 = ⋯)
- The total resistance (𝑹𝑻 ) is equal to the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocal of each resistor.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + + +⋯
𝑹𝑻 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑
- The sum of all the currents in each branch (𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 + 𝑰𝟑 + ⋯) is equal to the total current (𝑰𝑻 ).
This is called Kirchhoff’s Current Law.
- Power in each resistor is also additive
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source: shutterstock.com
Figure 2.3

Shunt connected two resistor shortcut formula:

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ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1
Example 2. For the parallel circuit shown, use the laws of circuit theory to calculate the following:
a. The total resistance (𝑅 )
b. The voltage across each component (𝑉 , 𝑉 , 𝑉 , 𝑉 )
c. The current flowing through each component (𝐼 , 𝐼 , 𝐼 , 𝐼 )
d. Use the results to verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law.

Solution:

𝟏
a. 𝑹𝑻 = 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 = 𝟑𝟒𝟔. 𝟓𝟗𝟐 𝛀
𝟒𝟕𝟎 𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟎
b. 𝑽𝑻 = 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑽𝟐 = 𝑽𝟑 = 𝟏𝟓 𝑽
𝑽 𝟏𝟓
c. 𝑰𝑻 = 𝑻 = = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟐𝟕𝟖 𝒎𝑨
𝑹𝑻 𝟑𝟒𝟔.𝟓𝟗𝟐
𝑽𝑻 𝟏𝟓
𝑰𝟏 = = = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟗𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝑨
𝑹𝟏 𝟒𝟕𝟎
𝑽𝑻 𝟏𝟓
𝑰𝟐 = = = 𝟔. 𝟖𝟏𝟖 𝒎𝑨
𝑹𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝑽𝑻 𝟏𝟓
𝑰𝟑 = = = 𝟒. 𝟓𝟒𝟓 𝒎𝑨
𝑹𝟑 𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟎
d. 𝑰𝑻 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟗𝟏𝟓 + 𝟔. 𝟖𝟏𝟖 + 𝟒. 𝟓𝟒𝟓 = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟐𝟕𝟖 𝒎𝑨

Example 3. Find the equivalent resistance @ terminal A & B as shown on series-parallel circuits.

𝟖(𝟖) 𝟔(𝟑)
Solution: 𝑹𝟐𝟔 = 𝟐 + 𝟔 = 𝟖𝛀, 𝑹𝟖𝟖 = 𝟖 𝟖
= 𝟒𝛀, 𝑹𝟔𝟑 = 𝑹𝒚 = 𝟔 𝟑
= 𝟐𝛀
(𝟒 + 𝟒)(𝟖)
𝑹(𝟖𝟖 𝟒)//𝟐𝟔 = 𝑹𝒙 = = 𝟒𝛀 ∴ 𝑹𝑨𝑩 = 𝑹𝒙 + 𝑹𝒚 = 𝟒 + 𝟐 = 𝟔𝛀 → 𝐚𝐧𝐬.
(𝟒 + 𝟒) + 𝟖

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Example 4. Find I and total resistance?

𝟔(𝟒) 𝟐(𝟖)
Solution: 𝑹𝟔𝟒 = 𝟔 𝟒
= 𝟐. 𝟒𝛀, 𝑹𝟐𝟖 = = 𝟏. 𝟔𝛀, 𝑹𝒙 = 𝑹𝟔𝟒 + 𝑹𝟐𝟖 = 𝟐. 𝟒 + 𝟏. 𝟔 = 𝟒𝛀
𝟐 𝟖
(𝑹𝒙 )𝑹𝟒 𝟒(𝟒)
𝑹𝑻 = = = 𝟐𝛀 → 𝐚𝐧𝐬.
𝑹𝒙 + 𝑹𝟒 𝟒 + 𝟒
𝑬 𝟏𝟐
𝑰= = = 𝟔 𝑨 → 𝒂𝒏𝒔.
𝑹𝑻 𝟐
Assignment # 1:
Solve the following problems. Show your complete solution.
1. An electric motor drives a mechanical load, taking 18.8A from a 230V source. Calculate the power input of
the motor.
2. A heater draws 2A at 12 volts dc. How many joules does it consume in 15 minutes?
3. Solve for the Total Resistance (𝑅 ), Total Current (𝐼 ), Voltage drop across 𝑅 , 𝑅 , 𝑅 .

4. Solve for the Total Resistance 𝑅 , Total Current 𝐼 , Branch Currents 𝐼 , 𝐼 , 𝐼 .

5. Essay: In your own words, explain the concept and relationship of current, voltage, and resistance.

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ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1

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ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1
B. Introduction to Kirchhoff’s KVL & KCL

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (SERIES CIRCUIT)

- States that the net voltage in any continuous path of current must always be zero. Or
- The algebraic sum of all voltages in any closed path must be zero.
- 𝑬 − (𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 + 𝑽𝟑 + ⋯ ) = 𝟎
V – voltage drop across each resistor or across the load

E – still the emf or voltage rise of the power supply

RULES: KVL EQUATION

1. Indicate current direction with an arrow out of the positive terminal of power supply. If the positive
terminal is unknown, assume one is positive.
2. As current goes through a resistor place a plus sign (+) where current enters a resistor and minus sign
(-) where it leaves.
3. Start at any point in the circuit in the direction of current flow and add up voltages when going from
a + to a -, this would be taken as voltage drop and gives a minus sign (-). When going from a – to a +,
this would be a voltage rise by a power supply and given a plus sign (+).
4. Sign of Battery:

→
Rise in Voltage

→
Fall in Voltage
5. Sign of IR or Voltage Drop

+ -
→
Fall in Voltage (-V) or (-IR)
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Kirchhoff’s Current Law (PARALLEL CIRCUIT)

- States that the net current of any junction must be equal to zero. Or,
- The total current leaving a point or junction is equal to the total current entering the junction.
- 𝑰𝑻 − (𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 + 𝑰𝟑 + ⋯ ) = 𝟎

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EXAMPLE 5. Find the branch currents?

Solutions:
@ center node by KCL 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 + 𝑰𝟑 = 𝟎 → 𝒆𝒒. 𝟏
@ Loop 1 by KVL 𝟐𝟎 − 𝟏𝟎𝑰𝟏 + 𝟐𝟎𝑰𝟐 − 𝟒𝟎 − 𝟏𝟎𝑰𝟏 = 𝟎
−𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 ∴ 𝑰𝟐 = 𝑰𝟏 + 𝟏 → 𝒆𝒒. 𝟐
@ Loop 2 by KVL 𝟒𝟎 − 𝟏𝟎𝑰𝟑 + 𝟐𝟎𝑰𝟐 − 𝟒𝟎 − 𝟏𝟎𝑰𝟑 = 𝟎 ∴ 𝑰𝟐 = 𝑰𝟑 → 𝒆𝒒. 𝟑

From eq.1 substitute eq.3 𝑰𝟏 = −𝟐𝑰𝟐 , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒆𝒒. 𝟐

𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝑰𝟐 = −𝟐𝑰𝟐 + 𝟏 ∴ 𝑰𝟐 = 𝑨 = 𝑰𝟑 → 𝒂𝒏𝒔. 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑰𝟏 = −𝟐 = − 𝑨 → 𝒂𝒏𝒔.
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑

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Republic of the Philippines
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Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
 MODULE 1

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ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1
Objectives:

III. After the 3rd week the students will be able to understand and apply some basic calculation on the ff:
a. Derive the divider formula based on given circuit
b. Distinguish the given circuit
c. Apply the conversion in circuit simplification

Topic/Content:
A. Divider Formula
a. Voltage Divider
b. Current Divider
B. Electric Circuit
a. Open Circuit
b. Short Circuit
C. Delta to Wye & Wye to Delta Circuit Conversion

Lesson # 3:

A. Divider Formula
a. VOLTAGE DIVIDER: (SERIES CIRCUIT)
- Ratio between any two voltage drops is the same as the ratio of the two resistances across
which these voltage drops occur.

- 𝑰𝑻 = 𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰𝟐
𝑽𝟏 𝑹𝟏
=
𝑽𝟐 𝑹𝟐

Example 6. In a series circuit, same current flows through each of the given
resistors, voltage drop varies directly with its resistance. In a given circuit
shown a 24 V battery connected across a series combination of three
resistors, calculate the voltage drop on each one of them.

Solution:

𝑅 = 2 + 4 + 6 = 12 Ω ; 𝐼 =𝐼 =𝐼 =𝐼

𝑉 𝑅 24(2) 𝑉 𝑅 24(4)
𝑉 = = = 4 𝑉; 𝑉 = = = 8𝑉
𝑅 12 𝑅 12

𝑉 𝑅 24(6)
𝑉 = = = 12 𝑉 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘: 𝑉 = 4 + 8 + 12 = 24 𝑉
𝑅 12

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ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP 1
b. CURRENT DIVIDER: (PARALLEL CIRCUIT)
- The ratio between any two branch currents is the same as the ratio of the two conductance’s
through which these currents flow.

- 𝑽 𝑻 = 𝑽 𝟏 = 𝑽𝟐

𝑰𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑮𝟏
- = = .
𝑰𝟐 𝑹𝟏 𝑮𝟐
𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟏
𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰𝑻 𝑰𝟐 = 𝑰𝑻
𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐

Example 7. A current of 30 mA is to be divided into two branch currents of 20 mA and 10 mA by a network

with an equivalent resistance equal to or greater than 10 Ω. Obtain the branch resistances.
Solution:
𝑉 =𝑉 =𝑉

𝐼 𝑅 =𝐼 𝑅 =𝐼 𝑅

30(10) = 20𝑅 = 10𝑅

300 300
𝑅 = = 15 Ω; 𝑅 = = 30 Ω
20 10

B. Electric Circuit
a. ‘Opens’ in a Series Circuit
In a normal series circuit like the one shown in Fig. 1.41 (a), there exists a current flow and the voltage
drops across different resistors are proportional to their resistances. If the circuit becomes ‘open’ anywhere,
following two effects are produced:
1. Since ‘open’ offers infinite resistance, circuit current becomes zero. Consequently, there is no
voltage drop across R1 and R2.
2. Whole of the applied voltage (i.e. 100 V in this case) is felt across the ‘open’ i.e. across terminals
A and B [Fig. 3.1b].

The reason for this is that R1 and R2

become negligible as compared to
the infinite resistance of the ‘open’
which has practically whole of the
applied voltage dropped across it (as
per Voltage Divider Rule). Hence,
voltmeter in Fig. 3.1b will read
nearly 100 V i.e. the supply voltage. source: (Theraja, 2005)

Figure 3.1

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b. ‘Opens’ in a Parallel Circuit

Since an ‘open’ offers infinite resistance, there would be no current in that part of the circuit where it
occurs. In a parallel circuit, an ‘open’ can occur either in the main line or in any parallel branch. As shown in
Fig. 3.2a, an open in the main line prevents flow of current to all branches. Hence, neither of the two bulbs
glows. However, full applied voltage (i.e. 220 V in this case) is available across the open.

source: (Theraja, 2005)

Fig. 3.2
In this Fig. 3.2b, ‘open’ has occurred in branch circuits of B1. Since there is no current in this branch,
B1 will not glow. However, as the other bulb remains connected across the voltage supply, it would keep
operating normality. It may be noted that if a voltmeter is connected across the open bulb, it will read full
supply voltage of 220 V.

c. ‘Shorts’ in Parallel Circuits

Suppose a ‘short’ is placed across R3 (Fig. 3.3). It becomes directly connected across the battery and
draws almost infinite current because not only its own resistance but that of the connecting wires AC and BD
is negligible. Due to this excessive current, the wires may get hot enough to burn out unless the circuit is
protected by a fuse.

source: (Theraja, 2005)

Figure 3.3

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Following points about the circuit of Fig. 3.3a are worth noting.
1. not only is R3 short-circuited but both R1 and R2 are also shorted out i.e. short across one branch
means short across all branches.
2. there is no current in shorted resistors. If there were three bulbs, they will not glow.
3. the shorted components are not damaged, for example, if we had three bulbs in Fig. 3.3a, they
would glow again when circuit is restored to normal conditions by removing the short-circuited. It may,
however, be noted from Fig. 3.3b that a short-circuit across R3 may short out R2 but not R1 since it is protected
by R4.

C. Delta to Wye & Wye to Delta Circuit Conversion

Observe that each resistance in the star is equal to the

product of the resistance of adjacent arms of the Delta
divided by the sum of the three delta resistances

Example 8.

Solution:

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Observe that each of the resistances in Delta is

equal to the sum of the products of the resistances in the Star, taken two at a time,
divided by the resistance in the opposite leg.

Example 9.

Solution:

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Example 10. Find the input resistance of the circuit between the points A and B. figure 3.4

Solution.
For finding 𝑅 , we will convert the delta CDE of Fig. 3.4a into its equivalent star as shown in Fig. 3.4b.

𝟖𝒙𝟒 𝟏𝟔 𝟖𝒙𝟔 𝟐𝟒 𝟔𝒙𝟒 𝟏𝟐

𝑹𝑪𝑺 = = 𝛀; 𝑹𝑬𝑺 = = 𝛀; 𝑹𝑫𝑺 = = 𝛀.
𝟏𝟖 𝟗 𝟏𝟖 𝟗 𝟏𝟖 𝟗
𝟑𝟓
The two parallel resistances between S and B can be reduced to a single resistance of 𝟗
𝛀.

Figure 3.4
𝟏𝟔 𝟑𝟓 𝟖𝟕
As seen from Fig. 3.4c, 𝑹𝑨𝑩 = 𝟒 + + = 𝛀 𝒂𝒏𝒔.
𝟗 𝟗 𝟗

Example 11. A bridge network ABCD has arms AB, BC, CD and DA of resistances 1, 1, 2 and 1 ohm respectively.
If the detector AC has a resistance of 1 ohm, determine by star/delta transformation, the network resistance
as viewed from the battery terminals.

Fig. 3.5
Solution.
As shown in Fig. 3.5b, delta DAC has been reduced to its equivalent star.
𝟐𝒙𝟏 𝟏𝒙𝟏 𝟏𝒙𝟐
𝑹𝑫 = = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝛀; 𝑹𝑪 = = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝛀; 𝑹𝑨 = = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝛀
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
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Hence, the original network of Fig. 3.5a is reduced to the one shown in Fig. 3.5d. As seen, there are
two parallel paths between points N and B, one of resistance 1.25 Ω and the other of resistance 1.5 Ω. Their
𝟏.𝟐𝟓(𝟏.𝟓) 𝟏𝟓
combined resistance is = = 𝛀
𝟏.𝟐𝟓 𝟏.𝟓 𝟐𝟐

𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟑
Total resistance of the network between points D and B is = 𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝟐𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏 𝛀 𝒂𝒏𝒔.

Example 12. Use delta-star conversion to find resistance between terminals ‘AB’ of the circuit shown in Fig. 3.6a, all
resistances are in ohms.

C E

F
Figure 3.6a
Solution:
First apply delta-star conversion to CGD and EGF, to redraw the part of the circuit with new configuration, as in Fig. 3.6b.

Figure 3.6b Figure 3.6c

Figure 3.6d Figure 3.6e

Simplify to reduce the circuit to its equivalents as in Fig. 3.6c and later as in Fig. 3.6d. Convert CHJ to
its equivalent star as in Fig. 3.6e. With the help of series-parallel combinations, calculate 𝑅 as;
𝟏. 𝟏𝟕𝟔(𝟒. 𝟏𝟐)
𝑹𝑨𝑩 = 𝟓. 𝟑𝟑 + = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟒𝟓 𝛀 𝒂𝒏𝒔.
𝟏. 𝟏𝟕𝟔 + 𝟒. 𝟏𝟐

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Assignment # 2:
1. Determine the value of R and current through it in circuit below, if current through branch AO is zero.

2. In the unbalanced bridge circuit as shown, find the potential difference that exists across the open switch
S. Also, find the current which will flow through the switch when it is closed.

3. In the given circuit below find the equivalent resistance at terminal a and b.

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D. Symbols for Voltage and Current Sources

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Assessment Procedures

- Participate on the Q&A portion

- You will be having an online quiz using MS Forms after the live discussion. Please attach the scanned
image of your handwritten solution on the quiz form if required. Write your solution legibly.

- Assignment must be submitted on your MS Team notebook or files on or before our next live online
meeting.

- For Offline submit all accomplish assignments soft copy thru my TUP e-mail add
[email protected] or thru messenger. Portfolio type hardcopy is required via LBC or other
courier services if totally no net availability but subject for approval.

Learning Resources

References:
Alexander, C. K. (2017). Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, 6th ed. NY 10020: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chintala, K. (2019, July 22). PLTW Circuit Theory Laws: Digital Electronics. Retrieved from SCRIBD:
https://www.scribd.com/presentation/419350334/Circuit-Theory-Laws

Theraja, B. a. (2005). A textbook of Electrical Technology Vol. I Basic Electrical Engineering, 1st Multicolor
ed. Retrieved from https://www.engbookspdf.com/Electrical-Books

Tippens, P. E. (2018, July 1). Chapter 28A - Direct Current Circuits PPT, 2007. Retrieved from Slide Player:
https://slideplayer.com/slide/6048062/

Other Resources
- Power Point Lecture, YouTube Videos, Module 1-5 Lecture Notes
- https://www.engbookspdf.com/Circuits/Fundamentals-of-Electric-Circuits-6th-Edition
- https://www.engbookspdf.com/download/Electrical-Books/Textbook-of-Electrical-Technology-
Volume1-Basic-Electrical-Engineering
- https://www.scribd.com/presentation/419350334/Circuit-Theory-Laws
- https://slideplayer.com/slide/6048062/
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xPGk6-jgHuQ
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QKxep82_9b8

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