College of Architecture
National University
Sampaloc, Manila
Images of Structures in Intramuros
Prepared By:
Gulaga, James
Guttan, Isshie Mae
Gonzales, Ma. Avelina
Jacoba, Beryl Chris Jean
Lapez, Maurice John
Ar. Vicente Abe Relleve
Professor
I. Introduction
Intramuros, the historic core of Manila, serves as a tangible reminder of the Philippines' rich and
multifaceted history. Its weathered walls enclose a treasure trove of Spanish colonial architecture, each
structure whispering tales of a bygone era. From imposing fortifications that once guarded the city to the
graceful churches lining its cobblestone streets, Intramuros offers a glimpse into the architectural wonders
of the colonial period
These structures transcend their physical presence, transporting visitors back centuries. One can almost
imagine the bustling port welcoming Spanish galleons, the clash of steel during battles, and the murmur of
prayers echoing within grand cathedrals. Intramuros is more than just a collection of buildings; it's a living
chronicle, offering a profound understanding of the Philippines' vibrant past.
II. Historical Structures
San Agustin Church
Location: General Luna Street
Type/Use: Religious Gathering
Materials: Adobe, Stone
Historical Background:
San Agustin Church in Intramuros, Manila, holds the distinction of being the oldest stone church in the Philippines.
The story begins in 1571 when the first church on the site was built from perishable materials like bamboo and nipa.
Unfortunately, fire destroyed it twice – in 1574 and 1583. Determined to create a lasting edifice, the Augustinian
friars began construction of the present church in 1587. Completed in 1607, this structure utilized strong adobe
stones and lime mortar, ensuring its resilience. San Agustin Church has stood witness to centuries of Philippine
history, even surviving the devastation of World War II.
Today, it remains a stunning example of Spanish colonial architecture and a treasured landmark, recognized as a
UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Manila Cathedral
Location: Intramuros, Manila
Type/Use: Religious Gathering
Materials: Adobe, Volcanic tuff
Historical Background:
The Manila Cathedral, also known as the Cathedral-Basilica of the Minor of the Holy Child Jesus, The first cathedral
was built in 1571 shortly after the Spanish arrived in Manila. It was a simple structure made of adobe bricks.
Destroyed by earthquakes and fires several times, it was rebuilt using the same materials. Another devastating
earthquake in 1863 led to the decision to rebuild the cathedral using sturdier materials. Construction began in 1871
using volcanic tuff. However, construction was slow due to funding issues and political instability. The cathedral was
finally completed in 1880. It incorporated elements of Neo-classical and Romanesque Revival styles. Unfortunately,
the cathedral suffered further damage during the Philippine Revolution and World War II. Extensive restoration works
have been undertaken since the 1950s. The cathedral continues to be an important landmark and a center of
Catholic faith in the Philippines.
Fort Santiago
Location: Santa Clara St,
Intramuros, Manila,
1002 Metro Manila,
Philippines.
Type/Use: Fortification
Materials: Stone and brick
Historical Background:
Fort Santiago, erected in the late 16th century under Spanish colonial rule, stands as a formidable fortress guarding the
entrance to Manila's Pasig River. Initially built as a wooden structure by Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi, it
was later reconstructed in stone to bolster its defensive capabilities. Over the centuries, Fort Santiago evolved into a pivotal
military installation, serving as a bastion of Spanish power in the Philippines and a symbol of colonial authority. Its strategic
location made it a crucial defense point against foreign invasions, playing a central role in safeguarding the city of Manila and
its inhabitants.
Throughout history, Fort Santiago has borne witness to significant events that have shaped the Philippines. It became
infamous as a prison where Filipino patriots, including the national hero Dr. José Rizal, were incarcerated during the struggle
for independence. The fort also saw intense battles during the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule and endured heavy
bombardment during World War II. Despite the ravages of time and conflict, Fort Santiago stands today as a testament to the
resilience of the Filipino people. It has been preserved and restored, offering visitors a glimpse into the country's rich heritage
and serving as a poignant reminder of its tumultuous past.
Casa Manila
Location: Intramuros in Manila,
Philippines.
Type/Use: Museum
Materials: adobe stones and
hardwood
Historical Background:
Casa Manila is a reproduction of a 19th-century Spanish colonial house, meticulously designed to replicate the
architectural style and interior design of the period. It serves as a museum showcasing the lifestyle of the Filipino
elite during the Spanish colonial era. Built in the 1980s, Casa Manila offers visitors a glimpse into the opulence and
elegance of colonial-era Manila through its meticulously decorated rooms, antique furnishings, and period-specific
decor.
Bahay Tsinoy
Location: 32 Anda corner
Cabildo Streets
Type/Use: museum and cultural
center
Materials: concrete, steel, and
glass
Historical Background:
Bahay Tsinoy was established in 1999 by the Kaisa Para Sa Kaunlaran, Inc., a non-profit organization dedicated to
promoting Filipino-Chinese heritage and understanding. The museum showcases various exhibits, artifacts, and
interactive displays that highlight the contributions, struggles, and cultural identity of the Filipino-Chinese community
throughout Philippine history. It aims to foster greater appreciation and understanding of the intertwined histories of
the Philippines and China, as well as the significant role played by Filipino-Chinese in shaping Philippine society and
culture. Bahay Tsinoy serves as an educational and cultural institution, preserving and promoting the heritage of the
Filipino-Chinese community for present and future generations.
Palacio del Gobernador
Location: Plaza Roma, Gen.
Luna St., Intramuros
Type/Use: Government Building
Materials: Stone, Brick, Adobe
Historical Background:
The former site of the Palacio was located near the Parade Ground in Fort Santiago. Its name was originally Palacio
Real or the First Palace. But due to an earthquake that occured in 1645, it was transferred to its present location in
front of Plaza Roma in the Walled City of Intramuros, which is only a few steps away from the Manila Cathedral. It
was again hardly damaged by an earthquake in the year 1771. The redevelopment of its structure happened in
1850, adding up a Spanish style facade. It was once again destroyed by an earthquake in 1863. It was left empty
when the Governor General decided to transfer in Malacanang.
Palacio also served as a shelter for civilans during the World War II, where 80 male residents were killed in 1945.
The present structure was reconstructed in 1976 to provide space to the government offices. The facade of Palacio
Del Gobernador’s Building was also used for a Chuck Norris movie entitled Delta Force 2.
Ayuntamiento de Manila
Location: Andrés Soriano
Avenue, and Cabildo
Street
Type/Use: American Military
Governor Office
Materials: Stone, Brick, Wood
Historical Background:
The construction of the Ayuntamiento began in 1599, with the original building opening in 1607. After suffering
severe damage from earthquakes, it was demolished and rebuilt in 1738 in the Baroque style, featuring ornate
wrought-iron balconies, covered arcades, and a central clock tower. This version stood until the 1863 Manila
earthquake. From 1879 to 1884, a new building was constructed according to the designs of architect Felipe Roxas.
Throughout its history, it served various purposes, including as the office of the American military governor until
1903, and later as the venue for the Philippine Legislature until 1924. Destroyed during the Battle of Manila in 1945,
only the outer walls of the first floor remained. In 1966, the site was declared the Osmeña Memorial Building,
intended to be reconstructed in the original design in honor of President Sergio Osmeña, with provisions for historical
archives, display rooms, and conference facilities.
III. Educational Institutions
Colegio de San Juan de
Letran
Location: 151 Muralla St.,
Intramuros Manila
Founder: Don Juan Geronimo
Guerrero
Materials: Stone, Brick, Iron
Historical Background:
Colegio de San Juan de Letran was formed in 1630 from the fusion of two orphanages in Intramuros, inspired by a
shared commitment to educating children. Named after the major basilica of Saint John Lateran in Rome, Letran
received royal recognition and expanded its curriculum over the centuries. Despite setbacks like bombing during
World War II, Letran persisted in its mission. Its alumni include influential figures in Philippine history such as Manuel
Quezon, Apolinario Mabini, and Emilio Aguinaldo. Letran's enduring legacy lies in its dedication to providing
excellent Christian education, embodying its motto: DEUS, PATRIA, LETRAN.
Mapúa University
Location: 658 Muralla St,
Intramuros, Manila
Founder: Don Tomas Mapúa
Materials: Reinforced Concrete,
Brick, Steel
Historical Background:
Founded in 1925 by Don Tomas Mapúa, an architecture graduate of Cornell University in the United States and the
first registered architect of the Philippines, Mapúa University is the Philippines’ premier engineering and
technological school. Over the years, the university has garnered global recognition for its excellence in education
and innovation, achieving milestones such as ranking among the top universities worldwide in the Times Higher
Education World University Rankings. Accredited by esteemed bodies like ABET - Accreditation Board for
Engineering and Technology, Inc., Mapúa offers a diverse range of undergraduate programs to ensure graduates
meet international standards. Committed to sustainability and cutting-edge technology, the university holds ISO
certifications and implements state-of-the-art learning initiatives. Fostering excellence in engineering, sciences,
architecture and design, information technology, media studies, liberal arts, education, business, and health
sciences, Mapúa equips graduates with the skills needed to excel in a rapidly evolving world, remaining at the
forefront of engineering and technology education in the Philippines and beyond.
Pamantasan ng
Lungsod ng Maynila
(PLM)
Location: General Luna, corner
Muralla St, Intramuros,
Manila
Founder: Founded by virtue of
Republic Act No. 4196
which was signed into
law on June 19, 1965.
Materials: Concrete, Wood, Steel
Historical Background:
Established on June 19, 1965, Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila (PLM) stands as the Philippines' sole chartered
and government-funded autonomous university. Its name, derived from the Filipino term "pantas," reflects its
dedication to wisdom and education. PLM's inception stemmed from the vision of Mayor Arsenio H. Lacson, whose
efforts were continued by Vice-Mayor Antonio Villegas and Congressman Justo R. Albert, leading to the passage of
Republic Act No. 4196. Signed into law by President Diosdado P. Macapagal, this act established PLM as an
educational beacon within the historic walls of Intramuros. Renamed in 1967, PLM opened its doors to 556 scholars,
marking the beginning of its commitment to accessible and quality education for all. Today, PLM remains steadfast in
its mission, offering diverse educational opportunities and upholding a legacy of excellence.
Escuela Taller de
Filipinas Foundation, Inc
Location: Revellin de Recoletos,
Victoria Street,
Intramuros, Manila
Founder: Founded through
collaboration between
the government of
Spain and the
Philippines
Materials: Concrete, Brick, Wood,
Steel
Historical Background:
The Revellin de Recoletos, constructed in 1771, fortified the curtain wall between Baluarte de Dilao and Baluarte de
San Andres. Initially named after Recoletos Church, it later became Aurora Gardens in 1940, honoring Manuel L.
Quezon’s wife. Damaged during the Battle of Manila in 1945, it underwent restoration in 1969 and 1986. Today, it
serves as headquarters for the Escuela Taller de Filipinas Foundation, Inc., addressing youth unemployment and
preserving the Philippines’ heritage. Originating in Spain in the 1980s, Escuela Taller trains workers in heritage
preservation, replicated globally, and established in Manila in 2009 as a collaborative project of the government of
Spain represented by the Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID) and the
government of the Philippines represented by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA). The
Escuela Taller de Filipinas Foundation, Inc. was founded in 2013 to sustain the Escuela Taller Intramuros Program,
fostering skills development among economically challenged youth in heritage preservation.
Lyceum of the
Philippines University
Location: Muralla St.,
Intramuros, Manila,
1002, Metro Manila
Founder: Jose P. Laurel
Materials: Concrete
Wood
Steel
Capiz Shells for
windows
Historical Background:
José P. Laurel, the third president of the Republic of the Philippines, established the Lyceum of the Philippines
University in 1952. The university was established with the goal of instilling in its pupils a sense of social
responsibility and nationalism. Since its founding, the university has expanded greatly, establishing other satellite
campuses across the Philippines. It is still a reputable private institution offering a wide range of academic offerings.
Manila High School
Location: Muralla St.,
Intramuros, Brgy. 657
Zone 70, Metro
Manila
Founder: City Government of
Manila
Materials: Concrete
Steel
Glass
Historical Background:
The Manila City Government founded Manila High School on June 11, 1906, making it one of the city's first four
secondary schools. It was once known as Manila South High School and is situated south of the Pasig River. Later
on, in honor of Chief Justice Manuel Araullo, the institution was renamed Araullo High institution. Regretfully, the old
campus was destroyed during World War II. It was reconstructed on its current location in 1967 and given the current
name, Manila High School.
IV. Public Infrastructure
Fortifications and Walls
Location: The walls surround
the entirety of the
walled city, Intramuros
Founder: The Spanish Colonial
Government under
the leadership of
Miguel Lopez de
Legazpi
Materials: Adobe
Volcanic Tuff
Brick & Mortar
Historical Background:
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi constructed a wooden palisade fort, which he subsequently dubbed Fort Santiago, and
declared Manila the capital of the Spanish East Indies in 1571. The Spanish colonial administration started building
stone walls to enclose the emerging city of Intramuros ("within the walls") in the late 16th century after realizing the
strategic significance of the site. These walls developed into a sophisticated defensive system with bastions,
ravelins, gates, and other fortifications during the course of the 17th and 18th centuries. Spanish colonial power
developed a fortified stronghold in Intramuros. Throughout history, the walls have successfully repelled attacks by
Chinese pirates, the Dutch, the British, and the Americans. Regretfully, the walls of Intramuros were extensively
damaged and decimated during the Battle of Manila in 1945. Despite massive post-World War II restoration efforts,
portions of the walls are still destroyed or were rebuilt less historically accurate.
V. References
San Agustin Church
https://guidetothephilippines.ph/destinations-and-attractions/san-agustin-church
Manila Cathedral
http://manilacathedral.com.ph/
Guide to the Philippines. Information about Palacio del Gobernardor. https://guidetothephilippines.ph/destinations-and-attractions/palacio-del-
gobernardor-1
Colegio de San Juan de Letran.
https://www.letran.edu.ph/Colegio/History
Mapua University
History. (n.d.). https://www.mapua.edu.ph/pages/about-mapua/the-university/history
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila (PLM)
P. (n.d.). Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila. https://www.plm.edu.ph/about/university-
profile/history#:~:text=PLM’s%20conception%20started%20during%20the,Million%20to%20establish%20the%20University.
Escuela Taller de Filipinas Foundation, Inc
Robillos, A. (2021, September 2). Local heritage sites are being restored by this unlikely group of youngsters. NOLISOLI.
https://nolisoli.ph/26348/escuela-taller-de-filipinas-foundation-intramuros/
Manila High School
The Historical Marker Database. (n.d.) Manila High School. https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=25235
Lyceum of the Philippines University
LPU. (n.d.). Lyceum of the Philippines University. https://manila.lpu.edu.ph/
Fortifications and Walls
UNESCO. (2024). Colonial Urban Plan and Fortifications of the Walled City of Manila. https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6715/
