OUR LADY OF GRACE SCHOOL
Manzon, San Carlos City, Pangasinan
S.Y. 2021-2022
“EVERY LEARNER MATTERS, EVERY MOMENT COUNTS”
QUARTER 1: LEARNING MODULE 4
SCIENCE 9
UNIT II
HEREDITY: INHERITANCE AND VARIATION OF TRAITS
Overview
In your earlier science lessons, you learned that in sexual reproduction, two parents give rise to offspring
that have unique combinations of the parents’ characteristics. You also learned that each species of living
organisms has a characteristic number of chromosomes. The normal human somatic cells have 46 chromosomes
(diploid number) while the gametes – sperm and egg have 23 chromosomes (haploid number) and the process
of meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes from diploid number (2N) to haploid number (N). The process
of meiosis maintains the chromosome number of a particular species from one generation to the next.
Lesson 1: The Structure of the Chromosome
Focus Point:
- Describe the location of genes in the chromosomes.
- Differentiate between autosomes and sex chromosomes.
- Explain how the gender of an organism is determined.
What is a chromosome?
In the nucleus of each cell, the DNA molecule is packaged into thread-like
structures called chromosomes. Each chromosome is made up of DNA tightly coiled
many times around proteins called histones that support its structure.
What is a gene?
A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes
are made up of DNA. Some genes act as instructions to make molecules
called proteins.
Every person has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each
parent. Most genes are the same in all people, but a small number of genes
(less than 1 percent of the total) are slightly different between people.
Alleles are forms of the same gene with small differences in their
sequence of DNA bases. These small differences contribute to each
person’s unique physical features.
What is DNA?
PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 2
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms.
Nearly every cell in a person’s body has the same DNA. Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus (where it is
called nuclear DNA), but a small amount of DNA can also be found in the mitochondria (where it is
called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA). Mitochondria are
structures within cells that convert the energy from food into
a form that cells can use.
The information in DNA is stored as a code made up
of four chemical bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine
(C), and thymine (T). Human DNA consists of about 3
billion bases, and more than 99 percent of those bases are the
same in all people. The order, or sequence, of these bases
determines the information available for building and
maintaining an organism, similar to the way in which letters
of the alphabet appear in a certain order to form words and
sentences.
DNA bases pair up with each other, A with T and C
with G, to form units called base pairs. Each base is also
attached to a sugar molecule and a phosphate molecule.
Together, a base, sugar, and phosphate are called a
nucleotide. Nucleotides are arranged in two long strands that
form a spiral called a double helix. The structure of the
double helix is somewhat like a ladder, with the base pairs
forming the ladder’s rungs and the sugar and phosphate
molecules forming the vertical sidepieces of the ladder.
An important property of DNA is that it can replicate, or make copies of itself. Each strand of DNA in
the double helix can serve as a pattern for duplicating the sequence of bases. This is critical when cells divide
because each new cell needs to have an exact copy of the DNA present in the old cell.
How many chromosomes do people have?
In humans, each cell normally contains 23
pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46. Twenty-two
of these pairs, called autosomes, look the same in
both males and females. The 23rd pair, the sex
chromosomes, differs between males and females.
Females have two copies of the X chromosome,
while males have one X and one Y chromosome.
The 22 autosomes are numbered by size.
The other two chromosomes, X and Y, are the sex
chromosomes. This picture of the human
chromosomes lined up in pairs is called a karyotype.
Gender determination
PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 2
A child's gender (male or female) is determined by the chromosome that the male parent contributes.
Females have XX sex chromosomes. Males have XY sex chromosomes. Male infant results if the male
contributes his Y chromosome while female infant results if he contributes his X chromosome.
Linked Genes Definition
- are genes that are likely to be inherited together because they are physically close to one another on the
same chromosome. During meiosis, chromosomes are recombined, resulting in gene swaps
between homologous chromosomes.
- Genes that are located on the same chromosomes and tend to be inherited together
PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 2
Activity Time!
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ___________________
I. Chromosome Structure (Labeling)
Chromatid Chromosomes DNA
Centromere Cell Membrane Nucleus
II . DNA, GENES, AND CHROMOSOME QUIZ
Match the following definitions to the correct vocabulary term.
____ 1.) DNA A.) Condensed or compact “rod” of DNA that carries
genetic information.
____ 2.) Gene B.) A segment of DNA that controls protein production.
____ 3.) Chromosome C.) ; helical molecule that carries the genetic information of an
organism and is passed from parent to offspring.
PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 2
III. Write the letter on the line of the choice that best answers each question.
_____ 4.) How many nitrogenous bases are there in DNA?
A.) 1 C.) 3
B.) 2 D.) 4
_____ 5.) Which of the following is not a nitrogenous base found in DNA?
A.) Adenine B.) Cytosine
C.) Guanine D.) Uracil
_____ 6.) DNA is made up of Nitrogenous base pairs. The bases bond in which of the following patterns?
A.) Adenine – Thymine; Cytosine – Guanine
B.) Adenine – Cytosine; Guanine – Thymine
C.) Adenine – Guanine; Cytosine – Thymine
D.) Adenine – Guanine; Cytosine – Taurine
_____ 7.) DNA looks like a “twisted ladder”. If the “rungs” of the ladder are made up of nitrogenous bases,
what are the hand rails or backbone of the ladder made up of?
A.) Sugars and Salts B.) Phosphates
C.) Sugars D.) Sugars and Phosphates
_____ 8.) Where is DNA located in the cell?
A.) Mitochondria B.) Cell Membrane
C.) Nucleus D.) Golgi Body
_____ 9.) How many chromosomes do we get from our mother?
A.) 46 B.) 23
C.) 22 D.) 20
_____ 10.) Who is credited with discovering the structure of DNA?
A.) Crick and Neck B.) Watson and Crick
C.) Watson and Franklin D.) Holmes and Watson
_____ 11.) A baby is XY for the gender or sex chromosome. That baby will be a ____________.
A.) Boy B.) Girl
C.) Puppy D.) Can’t tell
PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 2
IV. ACRONYM ( 4pts. )
What is DNA ?
V . Using Venn Diagram , Cite the diffirences & similarities of Mitosis and Meiosis ( 10 pts. )
PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 2
