8

Solid State

Objective Questions I (Only one correct option) 6. The statement that is incorrect about the interstitial
1. A crystal is made up of metal ions M 1 and M 2 and oxide ions. compounds is (2019 Main, 8 April II)
(a) they are very hard
Oxide ions form a ccp lattice structure. The cation M 1
(b) they have metallic conductivity
occupies 50% of octahedral voids and the cation M 2 occupies
(c) they have high melting points
12.5% of tetrahedral voids of oxide lattice. The oxidation
(d) they are chemically reactive
numbers of M 1 and M 2 are, respectively (2020 Main, 6 Sep II)
(a) +2, + 4 (b) +1, + 3
7. Element ‘B ’ forms ccp structure and ‘A ’ occupies half of
(c) +3, + 1 (d) +4 , + 2 the octahedral voids, while oxygen atoms occupy all the
tetrahedral voids. The structure of bimetallic oxide is
2. A diatomic molecule X 2 has a body-centred cubic (bcc) (2019 Main, 8 April I)
structure with a cell edge of 300 pm. The density of the (a) A2BO4 (b) AB2O4
molecule is 6.17 g cm −3 . The number of molecules present in (c) A2B2O (d) A4B2 O
200 g of X 2 is (Avogadro constant ( N A ) = 6 × 1023 mol −1 ) 8. The radius of the largest sphere which fits properly at the
(2020 Main, 5 Sep I) centre of the edge of a body centred cubic unit cell is
(a) 40N A (b) 2N A (c) 8N A (d) 4N A (Edge length is represented by ‘a’) (2019 Main, 11 Jan II)
3. The ratio of number of atoms present in a simple cubic, body (a) 0.134 a (b) 0.027 a (c) 0.047 a (d) 0.067 a
centered cubic and face centered cubic structure are, 9. A solid having density of 9 × 103 kgm −3 forms face centred
respectively. (2019 Main, 12 April II)
cubic crystals of edge length 200 2 pm. What is the molar
(a) 8 : 1 : 6 (b) 1 : 2 : 4
mass of the solid?
(c) 4 : 2 : 1 (d) 4 : 2 : 3
[Avogadro constant = 6 × 1023 mol−1 , π = 3]
4. An element has a face-centred cubic (fcc) structure with a cell (2019 Main, 11 Jan I)
edge of a. The distance between the centres of two nearest (a) 0.03050 kg mol−1 (b) 0.4320 kg mol−1
tetrahedral voids in the lattice is (2019 Main, 12 April I)
(c) 0.0432 kg mol−1 (d) 0.0216 kg mol−1
a 3
(a) 2a (b) a (c) (d) a 10. A compound of formula A2B3 has the hcp lattice. Which
2 2
atom forms the hcp lattice and what fraction of tetrahedral
5. Consider the bcc unit cells of the solids 1 and 2 with the voids is occupied by the other atoms ? (2019 Main, 10 Jan II)
position of atoms as shown below. The radius of atom B is
2
twice that of atom A. The unit cell edge length is 50% more is (a) hcp lattice- A, tetrahedral voids-B
solid 2 than in 1. What is the approximate packing efficiency 3
in solid 2? 1
(2019 Main, 8 April II) (b) hcp lattice-A, tetrahedral voids-B
3
A A A A 1
(c) hcp lattice-B, tetrahedral voids-A
A 3
A A A
2
B (d) hcp lattice-B, tetrahedral voids-A
A 3
A A A
A 11. Which primitive unit cell has unequal edge lengths
A A A A
( a ≠ b ≠ c ) and all axial angles different from 90°?
Solid 1 Solid 2 (2019 Main, 10 Jan I)
(a) Hexagonal (b) Monoclinic
(a) 65% (b) 90% (c) 75% (d) 45% (c) Tetragonal (d) Triclinic
 Solid State 131

12. At 100°C, copper (Cu) has FCC unit cell structure with cell 21. A compound M p X q has cubic close packing (ccp)
edge length of x Å. What is the approximate density of Cu (in g arrangement of X . Its unit cell structure is shown below. The
cm −3 ) at this temperature? empirical formula of the compound, is (2012)
[Atomic mass of Cu = 63.55 u] (2019 Main, 9 Jan II)
211 205
(a) 3 (b) 3
x x M
105 422 X
(c) 3 (d) 3
x x
13. The one that is extensively used as a piezoelectric material is
(2019 Main, 9 Jan I) (a) MX (b) MX 2 (c) M 2 X (d) M 5 X 14
(a) quartz (b) tridymite 22. The packing efficiency of the two-dimensional square unit
(c) amorphous silica (d) mica cell shown below is (2010)
14. Which type of ‘defect’ has the presence of cations in the
interstitial sites? (2018 Main)
(a) Schottky defect (b) Vacancy defect
(c) Frenkel defect (d) Metal deficiency defect
l
15. A metal crystallises in a face centred cubic structure. If the
edge length of its unit cell is ‘a’, the closest approach between (a) 39.27% (b) 68.02% (c) 74.05% (d) 78.54%
two atoms in metallic crystal will be (2017 Main) 23. Which of the following fcc structure contains cations in
a alternate tetrahedral voids?
(a) 2 a (b) 2 2 a (c) 2 a (d) (2005, 1M)
2 (a) NaCl (b) ZnS (c) Na 2 O (d) CaF2
16. Sodium metal crystallises in a body centred cubic lattice with 24. A substance Ax B y crystallises in a face centred cubic (fcc)
a unit cell edge of 4.29Å. The radius of sodium atom is lattice in which atoms A occupy each corner of the cube and
approximately (2015 Main) atoms B occupy the centres of each face of the cube. Identify
(a) 1.86Å (b) 3.22Å the correct composition of the substance Ax B y (2002, 1M)
(c) 5.72Å (d) 0.93Å (a) AB3 (b) A4 B3 (c) A3 B
17. CsCl crystallises in body centred cubic lattice. If ‘a’ its edge (d) composition cannot be specified
length, then which of the following expressions is correct? 25. In a solid AB having the NaCl structure, A atoms occupy the
(2014 Main) corners of the cubic unit cell. If all the face centred atoms
3a
(a) r + + rCl − = 3a (b) r + + rCl − = along one of the axes are removed, then the resultant
Cs Cs 2 stoichiometry of the solid is (2001, S, 1M)
3 (a) AB2 (b) A2 B (c) A4 B3 (d) A3 B4
(c) r + rCl − = a (d) r + rCl − = 3a
Cs + 2 Cs +
26. The coordination number of a metal crystallising in a
18. The arrangement of X − ions around A + ion in solid AX is hexagonal close-packed structure is (1999, 2M)
given in the figure (not drawn to scale). If the radius of X − is (a) 12 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 6
250 pm, the radius of A + is (2013 Adv.)

–
Objective Questions II
X
A+
(One or more than one correct option)
27. The cubic unit cell structure of a compound containing cation
M and anion X is shown below. When compared to the anion,
the cation has smaller ionic radius. Choose the correct
(a) 104 pm (b) 125 pm statement(s). (2020 Adv.)
(c) 183 pm (d) 57 pm
19. Experimentally it was found that a metal oxide has formula
M 0.98O. Metal M, present as M 2+ and M 3 + in its oxide.
Fraction of the metal which exists as M 3+ would be
(a) 7.01% (b) 4.08% (2013 Main)
(c) 6.05% (d) 5.08%
20. Which of the following exists as covalent crystals in the solid
state? (2013 Main)
(a) Iodine (b) Silicon
M X
(c) Sulphur (d) Phosphorus
132 Solid State

(a) The empirical formula of the compound is MX. Assertion and Reason
(b) The cation M and anion X have different coordination
geometries. Read the following questions and answer as per the direction
given below :
(c) The ratio of M — X bond length of the cubic unit cell edge
(a) Statement I is correct Statement II is correct Statement II is
length is 0.866.
the correct explanation of Statement I
(d) The ratio of the ionic radii of cation M to anion X is 0.414.
(b) Statement I is correct Statement II is correct Statement II is
28. The correct statement(s) for cubic close packed (ccp) three not the correct explanation of Statement I
dimensional structure is (are) (2016 Adv.) (c) Statement I is correct Statement II is incorrect
(a) The number of the nearest neighbours of an atom present (d) Statement I is incorrect Statement II is correct
in the topmost layer is 12
33. Statement I In any ionic soid (MX ) with Schottky defects,
(b) The packing efficiency of atom is 74%
(c) The number of octahedral and tetrahedral voids per atom the number of positive and negative ions are same.
are 1 and 2, respectively Statement II Equal numbers of cation and anion vacancies
(d) The unit cell edge length is 2 2 times the radius of the atom are present. (2001, 1M)

29. If the unit cell of a mineral has cubic close packed (ccp) array Passage Based Questions
of oxygen atoms with m fraction of octahedral holes
occupied by aluminium ions and n fraction of tetrahedral Passage
holes occupied by magnesium ions, m and n respectively, are In hexagonal systems of crystals, a frequently encountered
(2015 Adv.)
1 1 1 arrangement of atoms is described as a hexagonal prism. Here, the
(a) , (b) 1 , top and bottom of the cell are regular hexagons and three atoms are
2 8 4
sandwiched in between them. A space-filling model of this
1 1 1 1 structure, called hexagonal close-packed (hcp), is constituted of a
(c) , (d) ,
2 2 4 8 sphere on a flat surface surrounded in the same plane by six
30. The correct statement(s) regarding defects in solids is/are identical spheres as closely as possible. Three spheres are then
(a) Frenkel defect is usually favoured by a very small placed over the first layer so that they touch each other and
difference in the sizes of cation and anion (1999) represent the second layer. Each one of these three spheres touches
(b) Frenkel defect is a dislocation defect three spheres of the bottom layer.
(c) Trapping of an electron in the lattice leads to the formation
Finally, the second layer is covered with a third layer that is
of F-centre identical to the bottom layer in relative position. Assume radius of
every sphere to be ‘r ’.
(d) Schottky defects have no effect on the physical properties
of solids 34. The number of atoms in one of this hcp unit cell is
(2008, 3 × 4M = 12M)
31. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 12 (d) 17
(a) The coordination number of each type of ion in CsCl crystal
is 8 (1998, 2M)
35. The volume of this hcp unit cell is
64 r3
(b) A metal that crystallises in bcc structure has a coordination (a) 24 2 r3 (b) 16 2 r3 (c) 12 2 r3 (d)
number of 12 3 3
(c) A unit cell of an ionic crystal shares some of its ions with 36. The empty space in this hcp unit cell is
other unit cells (a) 74 % (b) 47.6 % (c) 32 % (d) 26 %
(d) The length of the unit cell in NaCl is 552 pm.
(rNa + = 95 pm; rCl − =181pm) Match the Column
37. Match the crystal system / unit cells mentioned in Column I
Numerical Answer Type Question with their characteristic features mentioned in Column II.
(2007, 6M)
32. Consider an ionic solid MX with NaCl structure. Construct a
new structure (Z) whose unit cell is constructed from the unit Column I Column II
cell of MX following the sequential instruction given below. A. Simple cubic and face p. have these cell
Neglect the charge balance. (2018 Adv.) centred cubic parameters a = b = c and
(a) Remove all the anions (X ) except the central one α = β = γ = 90°
(b) Replace all the face centered cations (M ) by anions (X ) B. Cubic and rhombohedral q. are two crystal systems
(c) Remove all the corner cations (M ) C. Cubic and tetragonal r. have only two
(d) Replace the central anion (X ) with cation (M ) crystallographic angles
 Number of anions  of 90°
The value of   in Z is ___ D. Hexagonal and s. belong to same crystal
 Number of cations 
monoclinic system
 Solid State 133

Integer Answer Type Questions 44. (i) Marbles of diameter 10 mm are to be put in a square area
of side 40 mm so that their centres are within this area.
38. A crystalline solid of a pure substance has a face-centred
cubic structure with a cell edge of 400 pm. If the density of (ii) Find the maximum number of marbles per unit area and
the substance in the crystal is 8 g cm −3 , then the number of deduce an expression for calculating it. (2003, 4M)

atoms present in 256 g of the crystal is N × 1024 . The value 45. The figures given below show the location of atoms in three
of N is (2017 Adv.) crystallographic planes in a fcc lattice. Draw the unit cell for
39. The number of hexagonal faces that are present in a truncated the corresponding structures and identify these planes in
octahedron is (2011) your diagram. (2000)
−1
40. Silver (atomic weight = 108 g mol ) has a density of
10.5 g cm−3 . The number of silver atoms on a surface of area
10−12 m2 can be expressed in scientific notation as y × 10 x.
The value of x is (2010)

Subjective Questions
46. A metal crystallises into two cubic phases, face centred cubic
41. The edge length of unit cell of a metal having molecular (fcc) and body centred cubic (bcc), whose unit cell lengths
weight 75 g/mol is 5 Å which crystallises in cubic lattice. If are 3.5 and 3.0 Å, respectively. Calculate the ratio of
the density is 2 g/cc then find the radius of metal atom. densities of fcc and bcc. (1999, 3M)
(N A = 6 × 1023 ). Give the answer in pm. (2006, 3M) 47. Chromium metal crystallises with a body centred cubic
42. An element crystallises in fcc lattice having edge length lattice. The length of the unit edge is found to be 287 pm.
400 pm. Calculate the maximum diameter of atom which can Calculate the atomic radius . What would be the density of
be placed in interstitial site without distorting the structure. chromium in g/cm 3 ? (1997, 3M)
(2005, 2M) 48. A metallic element crystallises into a lattice containing a
43. The crystal AB (rock salt structure) has molecular weight sequence of layers of ABABAB…… Any packing of layers
6.023 y u. Where, y is an arbitrary number in u. If the leaves out voids in the lattice. What percentage of this lattice
minimum distance betweeen cation and anion is y1 / 3 nm and is empty space? (1996, 3M)
the observed density is 20 kg / m3 . Find the (i) density in 49. Sodium crystallises in a bcc cubic lattice with the cell edge,
kg / m3 and (ii) type of defect. (2004, 2M) a = 4.29 Å. What is the radius of sodium atom? (1994, 2M)

Answers
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (a)
10. (c) 11. (d) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (a)
19. (b) 20. (b) 21. (b) 22. (d) 23. (b) 24. (a) 25. (d) 26. (a) 27. (a,c)
28. (b,c,d) 29. (a) 30. (b,c) 31. (a,c,d) 32. (c) 33. (a) 34. (b) 35. (a) 36. (d)
37. A → p, s; B → q; C → q; D → q, r 38. (2) 39. (8) 40. (7) 41. (217 pm) 42. (117 pm)
46. (1.26) 47. (7.3 g/cm 3) 48. (0.74) 49. (1.86 Å)

Hints & Solutions

1. Number of O2− ions in ccp = 4 So, formula is (M 1 )2 (M 2 ) O4.
This must be neutral. Both metals must have + 8charge on total.
Total charge on oxide = − 8
From given options :
Number of tetrahedral voids = 8
Oxidaion number of M 1 = + 2
Number of voids = 4 Oxidaion number of M = + 4
 2
Number of cation M 1 occupies 50% of octahedral voids,
∴ (2 × + 2) + (1 × + 4 ) = + 8
50
×4=2 Hence, correct option is (a).
100
Number of cation M 2 occupies 12.5% of tetrahedral voids of 2. We know that,
oxide lattice, Z×M
d=
12.5 a3 × N A
× 8=1
100 Given, density d = 6 . 17 g,