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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
28 views41 pages

Class Notes

Uploaded by

sixolile939
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Unit 1

PLANNING FOR COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

• Planning for community development is a collaborative


process involving the communities and all stakeholders in
determining the objectives and goals that the implementation
of community development programs must be directed
towards achieving.
• THIS PLANNING is unique because it encourages greater
involvement of the communities in determining goals, setting
milestones that must be achieved, funding and resource
mobilisation, implementation of the plan, and monitoring and
evaluation to ensure that all the programmes which are put in
place achieve the outlined strategic objectives and goals.
Key Steps in Planning for Community Development

Step 1:
Community Engagement, Involvement and
Consultation:
• This is necessary to identify existing and future challenges.
engagement can be through focus group discussions, community
meetings, need surveys, interviews with key stakeholders etc. thus, it
becomes easy for community leaders to know what must be included in
the community development plan to address the identifed challenges.
Step 2:
Development of a Comprehensive Plan
This process involves the engagement with the communities and the

relevant key stakeholders to identify key challenges facing the

community. Thereafter, the challenges that have been identifed are

classifed into diferent categories according to their urgency &

priority, enabling community leaders decide what needs to be

prioritised & integrated in the comprehensive plan for community

development.
Step 3:
Development of a Strategic Plan

•a strategic plan interprets the key contents of the


comprehensive plan into a format that renders it easy for
implementation.

• It is a short term plan spanning over 3 to 5 years that enables


community leaders implement the key goals and priorities
outlined in the comprehensive plan for community
development
Step 4:
Development of the Project Plan

• Based on the challenges identifed by the communities, community


leaders must develop project plans proposing how diferent projects in
the communities are to be accomplished. A project plan must include:
• Conceptualisation of solutions derived from the challenges facing the
communities.
• It must also indicate the project objectives and goals
• The timeline for it to be achieved
• Performance metrics
• Communities involvement in monitoring and evaluation to ensure that
the implementation of such projects is successful .
Step 5:
Resource Mobilisation and Application for Grants

• Next is the mobilisation of essential resources to ensure that the process


for the implementation of these plans is not hindered by lack of resources.

• This can be achieved through interacting, liaising and building networks


and partnerships with key stakeholders.

• Another Alternative is to apply for grants either from a government


institution, a non-governmental organisation or any international
organisations.

• Implementation can commence Once sufcient resources are obtained


Step 6:
Implementation and Completion

• This is the process of putting the community development plans into


actual practice. Here, community leaders can decide whether to use
the internal experts or outsource it to outside contractors.
• If the process is outsourced, the process must be fair and transparent
to infuence the selection of the appropriate supplier.
• Key competencies that can be considered to determine a competent
contractor include; skills, resources and years of experience.
• So, community leaders must also ensure that roles and responsibilities
are clearly divided among diferent parties to enhance accountability
and the extent to which everyone involved act responsibly.
Unit 2
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT, PARTICIPATION AND CONSULTATION

• Introduction

• We often use the terms community “Engagement”,


“Participation” and “Consultation” interchangeably. Yet,
all of them do not mean the same thing.

• So, the focus in this section is to enhance the


understanding of these three critical concepts:
Community Engagement

• refers to the process of networking and building relationships


with diferent key stakeholders in the community.
• It is often a programmed and well planned process that enables
public leaders gain detailed insights about the communities that
they are dealing with before actual participation and
consultations with the communities can commence.
• engagement enhances the bringing of the communities closer
to community leaders to enhance free interaction and dealing
with actual issues during the process of involvement and
consultation.
Requirements for Efective Community Engagement

 Setting objectives that must be achieved during community


engagement
 Identifying groups in the community that have been isolated so as to
be engaged and brought closer to community leaders
 Understanding key drivers and motivations of groups
 Measuring success in community engagement by evaluating the
quality and quantity of interactions
 Periodic review and evaluation to assess whether further actions are
needed to further engage the communities
 Allocating clear responsibilities on how community engagement must
be approached.
Community Participation

• Community leaders use participation to ensure that


communities express their views and exert infuence so
that the decisions to be made contribute to dealing with
the actual challenge that they are facing.
• It infuences the education of the communities about the
community programs that community leaders intend to
implement.
• it also enhances information exchange and brainstorming
with the community members that subsequently contribute
to improving the quality of decisions to be made.
Methods of Community Participation

• Appointment of Representatives

• Public Meetings

• Document Sharing through Public Libraries

• Suggestions through Letters

• Discussions in Community Forums

• Electronic Mails (E-Mails)

• Requests for Submissions of Views and Opinions


Principles for Efective Community Participation

• Genuine commitment from community leaders to


address the challenges highlighted
• Free exchange of information
• Respect and integrity of varying opinions
• Prior announcement of the date and venue that
members of the communities are required to be present
• Appointment of a community ofcial who is strictly
charged with public participation and mobilization
Community Consultation
• Is used for obtaining inputs from the community
members.
• It provides one of the ways of improving efciency and
transparency of community involvement in the design,
implementation, and monitoring and evaluation of the
processes for the implementation of community
programmes.
• it is one of the techniques for the achievement of the
improvement in community participation
Principles for Efective Community Consultation

• The identifcation of major key stakeholders that must be informed of the


impending need for community consultation
• Efective communication about the impending community consultations so
that community members can prepare to participate
• Information exchange and sharing of views
• Genuine commitment of community leaders
• Development and use of appropriate Statement of Community
Involvement (SCI) to ensure consistency in approach
• Development and use of appropriate standards to guide the process of
consultation
• Identifcation of hard to reach segments of the community and the
assessment of efective measures that can be used to reach them.
• Ensuring the allocation of sufcient resources for consultation.
Unit 3
COMMUNITY GOVERNANCE
• Good governance is a prerequisite for community leadership.
• It infuences the efectiveness of community leadership and
impacts positively on the extent to which community leaders
are able to act responsibly and account to the communities.

• This infuences the overall level of community involvement in


the design and implementation of diferent programmes for
community development in the manner that perfectly meets
the needs of the larger communities
Defning Community
Governance
• It is the process through which community leaders,
administrators and managers as well as decision
makers are able to adhere to certain guidelines,
principles and practices that ensure that such decisions
are made more responsibly and in the manner that
facilitates accountability to the larger members of the
communities.
Benefts of Good Community
Governance
• Improves the extent to which community leaders are held
responsible for their decisions
• Improves the transparency and accountability of community
leaders to the larger communities
• Infuences the improvement of community participation in
decision making
• Infuences efective use of the limited available resources
• Entrenches ethical practices among community leaders
• Infuences the reduction in the abuse of power and authority by
the community leaders
Pillars for efective Community
Governance
Community Participation: Communities must be given a platform
for participation.
Accountability: policies and regulations must be in place so that
communities or any other interested stakeholder can hold
community leaders accountable for their decisions.
Transparency: there must be measures to ensure that decisions
and other activities are transparently accomplished so that the
community can judge whether they are being accomplished more
efectively or not.
Freedom of Information: there must be access to all relevant
information by the community. There must be a platform provide
feedback and allow inputs from the communities.
Principles for Efective Community Governance

• Clarity of Roles: the roles of everyone involved in the decision


making process and other activities be clearly outlined to avoid
confict.
 Clarity of Goals: goals must be clearly outlined and
understood by the entire community and everyone involved in
the implementation of the specifed community programmes.

 Control: there should be appropriate levels of control to ensure


that programmes being implemented and activities being
accomplished result into the achievement of the desired
outcome.
to be cont. on the next slide
Cont….
•Integrity and Respect: Community leaders must act with
integrity and respect of the community in all the decisions that
they make and the activities that they do. This would require the
adoption of some form of good ethical practice.
•Open and Accountable: Community leaders must ensure that
decisions are transparently made so that they can be judged and
held accountable if anything goes wrong.
•Integration of Governance in Organizational Practice: This
implies that community leaders must integrate the concept of
good governance in the organizational policy, planning and all
practices for managing and leading community activities.
UNIT 4
COMMUNITY ETHICAL LEADERSHIP

• Ethics is defned as knowing and doing what is right.


• However, the defnition of what is right and wrong is susceptible to diferent
interpretations.
• The challenge resides in the fact that diferent cultural groups, religious,
ethnic and social groups may tend to interpret what is right and wrong
diferently. For instance, a community attack on the Somalia shops in a
South African community may be the right thing to do among the South
African local communities. However, it may be wrong to other communities.

• Certainly that demonstrates the extent to which the interpretation of what is


right and wrong can difer from one group of people to another.
Cont…

ethics has been defned along several bases that include;


• Situational ethics: This is where what is right to do is infuenced by the
circumstance at hand.
• Cultural Relativism: Applies to what is considered as right or wrong in a specifc
culture irrespective of whether other cultures perceive it to be right or wrong
• Professional ethics: This deals with the prescribed code of ethics that members
of a particular profession are supposed to adhere to.

• Value-based ethics: This deals with how person’s belief of what is wrong or right
is infuenced by the values that that person believes in.

• Rule-based ethics; this is when what is wrong or right is judged in reference to


established rules or regulations.
Ethical Leadership Defned…..
• Ethical leadership refers to the extent to
which the community leader acts and
makes decisions that are within the
interests of the larger members of the
communities
Core Components of Ethical
Leadership
• Selfessness: This involves the extent to which the
community leader is able to put personal interests
in favour of the decisions that beneft others and
the entire community.

• Openness and Transparency: This concerns the


extent to which the community leader is able to
take and integrate the views and opinions of others
other than his own in the decision making process.
Cont….
• Teamwork: The development and encouragement of
others to become leaders and part of the larger team
that can infuence the improvement in community
development.

• Ethical Culture: This deals with the extent to which a


leader is able to integrate constant consideration of
ethical issues and questions into part of the culture of
the group or any other leadership body that the
community leader belongs to.
Cont…
• Trust and Confdence: This implies that the community leader
must constantly strive to build and improve his or her ethical
competence so as to infuence the improvement in trust and
confdence that the entire community has bestowed upon the
community leader.
• Responsibility and Accountability: One of the processes of
assessing the efectiveness of ethical leadership also resides in the
extent to which the community leader acts responsibly and remains
accountable all the time.
• Understanding the Power of Leadership: This requires that the
community leader understands the power that comes with his or
her position so as to act in the manner that does not lead to the
abuse of such power.
Importance of Community Ethical Leadership
• It provides a refection of the practices and behaviours
which are expected from the larger community.
• Improves the overall trust and confdence that the entire
community has over their leaders.
• It creates credibility and respect for the community leaders.
• Improves collaboration between the leader and his work
teams as well as the entire community.
• Infuences efective utilisation of community resources in a
manner that infuences the meeting of the needs of the
larger community.
Strategies for Improving Ethical Community
Leadership
• Ethical Framework: The community leaders must develop a
clear and coherent ethical framework that outlines values,
codes of good practice and ethical standards that must guide
practices and decision making processes.

• Integrate Ethics in the entire Organisational Operation:


It is the responsibility of the community leader to ensure the
core ethical values and principles are integrated in the vision
and mission that the entire community strives to achieve.
Such approach infuences the extent to which not only the
leader, but also everyone may tend to act ethically.
Cont….
• Ethics must be a Topic of Frequent Discussions:
Making ethics a topic of frequent discussions will
enable community leaders evaluate the overall
embracement of ethical leadership and the
improvement measures that can be put in place.

• Ethics must be in the Open and Manifested in


Actions: Making open and clearly manifested in
actions will enable the larger community assess
whether the community leaders are adhering the
requisite ethical practices.
UNIT 5
COMMUNITY-WIDE MONITORING AND EVALUATION

• What is Monitoring and Evaluation?


• Although the two concepts of “monitoring” and
“evaluation” are used interchangeably as if they mean
the same thing, they actually difer in terms of
meaning.

• Monitoring: Is a long term process of measuring and


assess whether the process for the implementation of
community programmes are most likely to result into
the achievement of defned strategic goals and
objectives.
Evaluation
• Is short term process which is more specifc for the
assessment of whether the process for the
implementation of certain specifc programmes will
lead to the achievement of the desired short term
objectives. This implies that evaluation can be used as
part of the technique for monitoring to assess whether
the outcomes will contribute to the overall
achievement of the outlined long term goals.
Importance of Monitoring and Evaluation

• Improvement in the ability to identify deviations

• Improvement in the elimination of resources’ wastage

• Improvement in the process of service delivery for the


population in the community
Critical Components of a Framework for
Community-Wide Monitoring and Evaluation
(CWM&E)
• Defning Indicators
• Indicators are symbols which are used for assessing whether the
implementation of a particular community programme or project has
resulted in the achievement of defned objectives.

• Types of Indicators
• There are three types of indicators: process indicators, impact indicators
and outcome indicators.

• Process indicators: These are symbols which are used for assessing the
overall efectiveness of the process for the implementation of a particular
community programme.

Cont…
• Outcome indicators: Are symbols used for assessing
how much has been achieved from the implementation
of a particular community project.

• Impact indicators: Are used for measuring the overall


efects of the project in dealing with a particular
challenge being faced by the communities.
Criteria for Assessing the Validity and Reliability of Indicators

• Precision
• Reliability
• Validity
• Measurability
• Practcability
Methods for Monitoring and Evaluation

• Quantitative Methods
• Quantitative methods use techniques that emphasise
eliciting of numerical responses: These techniques include:
• Surveys
• KAP (Knowledge, Attitude and Practices) Survey
• Case Study
• Analysis and Interpretation of existing statistics to make
relevant conclusions
• Auditing
Qualitative Methods

Qualitative methods stress the use of non-numeric techniques that


include:
• Letters
• Citizens’ Reports
• Telephone Hotlines
• Focus Group Discussions
• Documents’ Analysis and Interpretation
• Case Study
• Interviews
• Complaints Online Portal
Data Collection

• This is the next phase after all the relevant techniques


that can be used for data collection has been outlined.
Depending on the kind of data required, it involves
going to the feld, contacting relevant personnel who
are in charge of data and talking and exchanging
views.
Data Analysis and Interpretation

• The analysis and interpretation of data can commence


after the relevant required data has been collected.
• Qualitative data analysis can be accomplished using
thematic content analysis to identify themes that
explain either successes or failures of the
implementation of the community programme being
evaluated.
• Quantitative analysis can be accomplished using
parametric and non-parametric testes to assess
whether or not the programme has been successful.
This interpretation defnes the interventions that must
be made.
Determining Interventions

• This is the process of assessing the challenges


identifed and the interventions in terms of the
remedial measures that must be put in place to
address the deviations identifed.

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