Transportation Engineering -I

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 Transportation Engineering

• Definition: The application of technological

and scientific principles to the planning,
design, operation and management of facilities
for any mode of transportation in order to
provide for the safe, rapid, comfortable,
convenient, economical and environmentally
compatible movement of people and goods.

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 Transportation System
Transportation System:
• Passenger Transportation
and
• Freight Transportation

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 I. Primary modes of transportation

• Land Transportation: a. Highways

b. Railways

• Air Transportation a. Domestic

b. International

• Water Transportation a. Inland

b. Coastal
c. Ocean
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 Land Transport

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 Air transport

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 Water Transport

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 Non-motorized transport

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 Non-motorized transport

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 Private Transport

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 Passenger Transport

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 Passenger Transport

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 Passenger Transport

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 Passenger Transport

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 Freight Transport

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 Freight Transport

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 Freight Transport

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 Freight Transport

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 II. Secondary modes of transportation

• Ropeways (Cable based cabin)

• Pipe lines (Water, gas, sewer)
• Canal (Irrigation, water drainage)
• Belt Conveyors

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 Secondary modes of transportation

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 Secondary modes of transportation

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 Advantages of Road Transport
• Wide geographical coverage.
• Large influence area
• Low capital investment
• Door to door service
• Flexibility
• Quick and assured deliveries
• Highest employment potential
• Low cost packaging
• Personalized travel and service
• Economy
• Overall development of the country
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Disadvantages of Road transportation
• Land coverage
• Environmental pollution
• Rate of accident is high
• Energy consumption
• Uneconomical (due to accident and
environmental effect)
• Delay and congestion (Problem of
motorization)

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 Constraints on the development of
Road Transportation in Nepal
• Unfavorable geographical condition (Hilly and
mountainous)
• Poor geological condition ( unstable soil,
landslide etc)
• Hydrological (River system)
– number of river crossings
– run-off is very high in monsoon and velocity is
high
– Lack of financial resources
– Technological development.
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 Constraints on the development of other modes of
transportation in Nepal

• Railways:
• Initial investment is high
• Geographical condition
• Technological development(lack of experience)

• Waterways:
• (Nepal is land-lock country so only inland transportation is possible)
• High velocity of water in monsoon period
• Water level in rivers

• Airways:
• Transportation cost is very high and not affordable for each people.
• Only for small aircraft/ helicopters.

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 Road Transportation Engineering

• It is a branch of civil engineering,

most popular modes of
transportation, which deals with art,
science and techniques of planning,
design, construction and maintenance
of roads and highways. It also
includes traffic engineering.

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 Scope of Highway Engineering
1. Development planning and location
Historical background: Basis for planning; Master
plan; Engineering surveys and highway alignment.
2. Highway Design, geometric and structures
Road geometrics and their design,: rigid and
flexible pavements; design factors and
thickness design: design of drainage system.
3. Traffic performance and its control
Traffic studies and analysis; traffic regulation
and control; intersection design and their
controls with signs; signals, islands, and
markings.
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 Cont…..
4. Materials, construction and maintenance
Highway materials and mix design; highway
construction; earth work; construction of
different type of pavements; pavement
failures; maintenance of pavements and
drainage system.
5. Economics, Finance and Administration
Road user cost and economic analysis of
highway projects; highway finance and
phasing of expenditures.

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 Road construction In Nepal

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 Road construction In Nepal
• Ministry of Physical infrastructure and transport:
• -Department of Roads (DoR)
• Strategic Road Network;
1). National Highways (NH)
2). Feeder Roads (FR)

• Ministry of Local Development:

-DoLIDAR- (Department of Local Infrastructure
Development and Agricultural Roads). 1). District Road
2). Village Roads
• Metropolitan City/Municipality:
• 1) Urban Roads

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 Strategic Road Network-2012

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 Development of Strategic Road Network
Road construction in Nepal started in 1956

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 Classification of roads
• According to Nepal Road Standard (Sec. Rev.
2050) provides for five classes of roads in
Nepal.
I. General Classification:
• National Highways (NH)
• Feeder Roads (FR)
• District Roads (DR)
• Urban Roads (UR)
• Village Roads (VR)

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 Classification of roads
• Functional Hierarchy of movement
• Nepal Road Standard 2070
• Nepal Rural road Standard 2012

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 National Highways
• Mahendra Rajmarg (H01)
• Tribhuvan Rajpath (H02)
• Arniko Rajmarg (H03)
• Prithivi Rajmarg (H04)
• Narayan Munglin Rajmarg (H05)
• Dhulikhel Sindhuli Bittamod Rajmarg (H06)
• Mechi Rajmarg (H07)
• Koshi Rajmarg (H08)
• Sagarmatha Rajmarg (H09)
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• Siddhartha Rajmarg (H10)
• Rapti Rajmarg (H11)
• Ratna Rajmarg (H12)
• Karnali Rajmarg (H13)
• Mahakali Rajmarg (H14)
• Seti Rajmarg (H15)
• Kathmandu Ring Road (H16)
• Bhdrapur-Daiji (Postal Highway) (H17)
• Chiyabhanjyang Jhulaghat Midhill Highway (H18)
• Shabha Brahmadev (H19)
• Kathmandu Terai Tast Track (H20)
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 Feeder roads
• Feeder roads are of secondary nature in the road network. They
connect district head quarters or zonal head quarters to NH.
• Feeder roads are further classified into
-Feeder road-major (AADT>100veh. /day) and
- Feeder road minor.

There are196 FR in Nepal:

• F01- Birtamod-Chandragadhi
• F02- Padajungi damak-Gaurigunj
• .
• .

• F51- Silgadhi-Sanfebajar.
• .
• F196-Benighat-district border-arughat-Larke Byanjyang

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 District Roads (DR)
• These roads give access to one or more
villages to the nearest market or higher
classes of roads.

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 Urban Roads (UR)
• Roads within the urban limit of municipality
boundary, except for the above classes, passing
through the city.

Village Roads (VR)

• These roads include short roads linking single
villages directly to the DR.

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 Cont….
II According to the functional importance of the roads:
• The Strategic Road Network:
-NH and FR-

• The District Transport Network:

-DR, Main track and Main Trails.

• The Urban Road Network:

• The Village Transport Network:

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 National Transport Network
Importance of national transport network:
• Long distance travel
• National economy
• Overall development of country
• Rational distribution of agricultural products
• Distribution of Industrial products
• National integrity
• Social and regional justice
• Political balance
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 Urban Road Network
• Urban road network is the road system within
the urban areas.
• Urban road network may be classified as:
– Arterial
– Sub-Arterial
– Collector streets
– Local streets

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 Road patterns in urban area
–Rectangular pattern
–Radial/star and block pattern
–Radial star and circular pattern
–Radial star and grid pattern
–Hexagonal patterns

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 Rectangular or block pattern
Built up area

Main Road

Central
Business
Area

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 Radial or star and block pattern

Central
Business
Area

Main Road
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 Radial or star and circular pattern

Main Road Central

Business
Area

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 Radial or star and grid pattern

Main Road

Central
Business
Area

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 Hexagonal pattern

Central
Main Road
Business
Area
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 Ring Road
• Ring road is a link roughly circumferential about
the centre for an urban area and which permits
traffic to avoid the centre.
• The main traffic generator is located within the
central area. Lacks of suitable by-pass for through
traffic, central area becomes congested. Solution
for this problem is to build a ring road around the
central business area.
• Depending upon the population first, second and
third ring road may be developed.
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