Christ the King College of Cavite Foundation, Inc.

San Marino West, Salawag, Dasmarias City, Cavite

My Portfolio in Mathematics IV
Kristel Anne D. Jazmin Author

Introduction
This Portfolio contains the lessons from Prerequisite IV to Quadratic Functions from the book E-Math (Advanced Algebra and Trigonometry). This is to show how far Seniors had learned in our first grading period. Numbers are really hard to deal for, they seem irresolvable. So, I would like to impart some of the basic ideas in Mathematics, how to deal with these and how to make it easier to solve. Formulas have been given as well as some techniques and shortcuts in dealing with numbers. One must undergo in the long method first before going to the short one. So, follow the steps carefully. Besides, easy to understand ideas are laid out and examples are given for you to comprehend more. Just dont miss a single word/number or youll miss onethird of your life! This Portfolio is expecting that that the readers will be able to understand the basics in Trigonometry and refresh (for the Seniors) the tackled lessons. This time, readers must be familiar with it so that it would be easy for them in its application and theres no need to go and read back the previous lessons once they need to apply it, especially for the next lessons in Trigonometry (Math IV). Just keep in mind that math is not a hard subject. Its you who make it hard to deal with. Solving math is just CHALLENGING!

Table of Contents
Introduction Prerequisite4: Multiplying Polynomials Prerequisite5: Factoring Prerequisite6: Dividing One Polynomial by Another Prerequisite7: Rational Expressions Prerequisite8: Radicals Prerequisite9: Complex Numbers Prerequisite10: Ordered Pairs Prerequisite11: Summation Notation

Lesson 1.1: Lesson 1.2: Lesson 1.3: Lesson 1.4: Lesson 1.5: Lesson 1.6:

Relations and Functions Evaluating Functions Operations and Functions Composite and Inverse Functions Linear Functions Quadratic Functions

Prerequisite 4:

Multiplying Polynomials
Polynomials Trinomial Binomial Monomial Four or more terms Three terms Two terms One term 6x5 + 3x3 + 10x2 + 2x - 3 3y2 + 6y + 4 18x 9 12y

The Product Rule

For any number x and positive integers n and m an am = an+m , add the exponents of the same base.

Examples:
1. x2 x6 = x2+6 = x8 2. 2x3 + 4x3= (2)(4)(x3+3) = 8x6 3. (x4x3)(xy3) = (x4)(x3)(x)(y3) = x4+3+1y3 = x8y3 For any number x and any positive integer m and n (xm)n = xmn, copy the base and multiply the exponents.

Examples:
1. (x3)5 = x(3)(5) = x15 2. (25)2 = 210 3. (ay)2 = a2y For any number b and c and any positive integer x (bc)x = bxcx, raise each factor to the indicated power.

Examples:
1. (ab)2(2a2)3 = (a2b2)(23a(2)(3)) = (a2b2)(8a6) = 8a6+2b2 = 8a8b2 2. (xy)2 = x2y2

3. (x2y)2 2xy = x(2)(2)y2 2xy = x4y2 2xy = (2x)(x4)(y2)(y) = (2x4+1)(y2+1) = 2x5y3

The Product of a Monomial and a Polynomial

Use the Distributive Property to multiply the monomial with each term of the polynomial.

Examples:
1. 3x2(2x3 + 2x2 + x 5) = 3x2(2x3) + 3x2(2x2) + 3x2(x) - 3x2(5) = 6x6 + 6x4 + 3x3 15x2 2. 2xy(x2y 2y + 3x + 4) = 2xy(x2y) 2xy(2y) + 2xy(3x) + 2xy(4) = 2x3y2 4xy2 + 6x2y + 8xy = 2x3y2 + 6x2y 4xy2 + 8xy 3. 6x(x3 + x2 + x + 2)2 = 6x(x6 + x4 + x2 + 4) = 6x7 + 6x5 + 6x3 + 24x

The Product of Two Binomials

Use the FOIL Method (First terms, Outer terms, Inner terms, Last terms)

Examples:
1. (x + 4)(x 1) = (x)(x) + (x)(-1) + (4)(x) + (4)(-1) = x2 x + 4x 4 = x2 + 3x 4 = (2x)(3x) + (2x)(1) + (1)(3x) + (1)(1) = 6x2 + 2x + 3x + 1 = 6x2 + 5x +1 = (2y)(y) + (2y)(-6) + (5)(y) + (5)(-6) = 2y2 12y + 5y 30 = 2y2 7y 30

2. (2x + 1)(3x + 1)

3. (2y + 5)(y 6)

The Product of Two Polynomials

Distribute each term of the Binomial to the Polynomial.

Examples:
1. (2x + 5)(x2 3x + 7) = 2x(x2 3x + 7) + 5(x2 3x + 7)

= (2x3 6x2 + 14x) + (5x2 15x + 35) = 2x3 x2 x + 35 2. (x 4)(x2 + 2x + 1) = x(x2 + 2x + 1) 4(x2 + 2x + 1) = (x3 + 2x2 + x) (4x2 + 8x + 4) = x3 2x2 7x 4 3. (y + 8)(y2 + 2y + x + 1) = y(y2 + 2y + x + 1) + 8(y2 + 2y + x + 1) = (y3 + 2y2 + xy + y) + (8y2 + 16y + 8x + 8) = y3 + 10y2 + xy + 17y + 8x + 8

Special Products
Sum and Difference of the Same Two Terms (a + b)(a b) = a2 b2

Examples:
1. (4x + 2)(4x 2) 2. (2y 1)(2y + 1) 3. (5x 4)(5x + 4) Square of a Binomial (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 (a b)2 = a2 2ab + b2 = (4x)2 (2)2 = 16x2 4 = (2y)2 (1)2 = 2y2 1 = (5x)2 (4)2 = 25x2 16

Examples:
1. (x + 2)2 2. (2x 4)2 3. (3x + 5)2 = x2 + (2)(x)(2) + (2)2 = (2x)2 (2)(2x)(-4) + (-4)2 = (3x)2 + (2)(3x)(5) + (5)2 = x2 + 4x + 4 = 4x2 + 16x + 16 = 9x2 + 30x + 25

Cube of a Binomial (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3 (a b)3 = a3 3a2b + 3ab2 b3

Examples:
1. (x + 7)3 2. (2x + 2)3 3. (x 4)3 = x3 + (3)(x)2(7) + (3)(x)(7)2 + (7)3 = x3 + 21x2 + 147x + 343 = (2x)3 + (3)(2x)2(2) + (3)(2x)(2)2 + (2)3 = 8x3 + 24x2 + 24x + 8 = x3 (3)(x)2(-4) + (3)(x)(-4)2 (-4)3 = x3 + 12x2 + 48x + 64

Getting Any Better?

That was tough! Two years had already passed since we had tackled this topic (If Im not mistaken, I was in second year high school). At first, its hard because I almost forgot how to multiply polynomials, but still at the end, it seems like I recovered a piece of puzzle in my mind. Though Im always confused with the signs, especially when performing operations on it, I can still manage solving. I just have to determine first what method is to apply depending on the number of terms being multiplied. In this lesson, I learned dealing with COMPLICATED integers and variables. But once you get familiar with these, theyll just be nuts for you. How I wish, as were moving on with our lessons, I could still remember this topic. Whoah!

Author

Prerequisite 5:

Factoring

Common Factor
ax + bx = x(a + b)

Examples:
1. 2x2 + 6x 2. 4x + 8x2 3. x2 + 4x) = 2x(x + 3) = 4x(1 + 2x) = x(x + 4)

Difference of Two Squares

a2 b2 = (a + b)(a b)

Examples:
1. (4x 16)2 2. 4x2 42 3. 16x2 + 362 = (2x + 4)(2x 4) = (2x + 2)(2x 2) = (4x + 6)(4x 6)

Sum/Difference of Two Cubes

a3 b3 = (a b)(a2 + ab + b2) a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 ab + b2)

Examples:
1. x3 + 27 2. 8x3 64 3. x3 + 8 4. = (x + 3)(x2 + 3x + 9) = (2x 4)(4x2 8x + 16) = (x + 2)(x2 + 2x + 4)

Perfect Square Trinomial

a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2

Examples:
1. x2 + 8x + 16 = (x + 4)2 2. 4x2 + 20x + 25 = (2x + 5)2 3. x2 + 14x + 49 = (x + 7)2

Quadratic Trinomial

Use the Trial and Error Method. OR Factor the first term then find two numbers that when you multiply the answer is the last term and when you add, the answer is the middle term. x2 + 5x + 6 = (x + __)(x + __) = (x + 2)(x + 3) Factor out x2. Find two numbers that when multiplied the answer is the last term of the given equation and when added the answer is the numerical coefficient of the middle term of the given equation.

Examples:
1. x2 + 7x + 10 2. x2 8x + 15 3. 4x2 + 5x 6 = (x + 5)(x + 2) = (x 5)(x 3) = (2x + 6)(2x 1)

Getting Any Better?

If we know how to multiply, of course we also have to know how to

find its factors. This lesson shows how to and taught me as well. Actually, this was just a refresh on our previous learning thats why its not too hard, just confusing. Anyway, I could say that Im getting better in Mathematics. For the readers, be patient and youll learn!

Author

Prerequisite 6:

Dividing One Polynomial by Another

Quotient Rule
For power of a quotient, both numerator and denominator are raised to the indicated power, such that ( ) ,y .

Examples:
1. ( ) 2. ( ) 3. ( ) ( )

Quotient of Powers
When dividing powers having the same base, exponents are subtracted.

If the denominator is a monomial, distribute it to the numerators then proceed with division.

Examples:
1. 2. 3.

Getting Any Better?

Among all the four fundamental operations, division is the hardest and possibly the longest one. Although thats the case, I know I can understand more the division property. In this lesson, I learned how to divide rational and exponential expressions. Its just easy if you just keep your eye on it and concentrate so that youll not miss anything. This is the problem in dividing rational expressions, once you get out of the line, youll have to start at the beginning of your solution to arrive to the solution. The only problem is the sign (positive and negative). There were times that Im wrong in the signs but the terms in my answer are correct.

- Author

Prerequisite 7:

Rational Expressions
A rational expression is any algebraic expression that is in the form of a fraction wherein the numerator is a polynomial and the denominator is a nonzero polynomial. { | }

To multiply, multiply numerator by numerator and denominator by denominator then simplify.

Examples:
1. 2. To divide, use the cross multiplication process or multiply the dividend by the reciprocal of the divisor.

Examples:
1. 2.

3.

When adding or subtracting rational expressions with different denominators, find the LCD (Least Common Denominator) for all denominators and change each rational expression that has LCD.

LCD = d Find the LCD. Divide it with the denominator of the first fraction then multiply with its numerator. Perform the same procedure on the next fraction. Then, add/subtract the products to obtain the numerator of the answer. Reduce to lowest term. When adding or subtracting rational expressions with the same denominator, copy the denominator then add/subtract its numerator. Then reduce to lowest term.

Examples:
1. 2.

Getting Any Better?

Am I getting any better? Hmm. I think so. Prerequisite 7 is not that tough. Its just confusing. This is actually an introduction to rational expressions. I learned how to divide using the long method (like in dividing integers). At first, its hard especially when you just look at it. But once you tried to solve on your own, youll see that its not that hard. Also, I recalled how to find the LCD or the Least Common Denominator which is necessary in dividing polynomials with different denominator. I just have to remember to factor out first the numerator and the denominator before proceeding to the process. My answers should always be in the simplest form. Simplifying expressions, perhaps, is the easiest one for me. HAHA ! Sometimes, its confusing when to use the crossmultiplication process. Now, in this lesson, I knew when to use it. You have to apply cross-multiplication process JUST IN DIVISION, if and only if the divisor is not on its reciprocal. The answer will still be the same.

- Author

Prerequisite 8:

Radicals
Evolution is defined as a process of finding one of the equal factors of a given power (as in radicals). Radical sign ( ) is the symbol which indicates the roots of the number. Radicand is the number inside the radical sign or the number whose roots are to be considered. Index is the small which indicates the order of the radical. It tells what root is to be found. index radicand Radical sign For any integer n, n > 1, and for any real number b for which = is defined, is defined as .

The index is the denominator of the fractional exponent and the exponent of the radicand is the numerator of the fractional exponent. The denominator of the fractional exponent is the index of its equivalent radical expression and the numerator of the exponent is the exponent of the radicand. If the index is 2, theres no need to write 2 as the index. And if the exponent of a certain term is 1, theres no need to write 1 as its exponent.

Examples:
1. 2. 3.

Addition and Subtraction

Radical quantities may be added like rational quantities, by combining like terms. Like terms in radical expressions have the same indices and radicands. Before proceeding to the equation, reduce first the radicals. Subtraction of radical quantities is to be performed in the same manner as addition, except that the signs in the subtrahend are to be changed.

Examples:
1. 2.

Multiplication and Division

Radical quantities may be multiplied, like other quantities, by writing the factors one after another, either with or without the sign of multiplication between them. Quantities under the same radical sign or index may be multiplied together like rational quantities, the product being placed under the common radical sign or index. When radical quantities which are reduced to the same index, have rational coefficients, the rational parts may be multiplied together, and their product prefixed to the product of the radical parts. If the rational quantities, instead of being coefficients to the radical quantities, are connected with them by the signs + and -, each term in the multiplier must be multiplied into each in the multiplicand.

The division of radical quantities may be expressed, by writing the divisor under the dividend, in the form of a fraction.

Examples:
1.

2.

Rationalizing denominator
One of the rules for simplifying radicals is that you should never leave a radical in the denominator of a fraction. The reason for this rule is unclear (it appears to be a holdover from the days of slide rules), but it is nevertheless a rule that you will be expected to know in future math classes. The way to get rid of a square root is to multiply it by itself, which of course will give you whatever it was the square root of. To keep things legal, you must do to the numerator whatever you do to the denominator, and so we have the rule: If the Denominator is Just a Single Radical Multiply the numerator and denominator by the denominator

Example:

Note: If you are dealing with an nth root instead of a square root, then you need n factors of that root in order to make it go away. For instance, if it is a cube root (n = 3), then you need to multiply by two more factors of that root to give a total of three factors.

If the Denominator Contains Two Terms If the denominator contains a square root plus some other terms, a special trick does the job. It makes use of the difference of two squares formula: (a + b)(a b) = a2 b2

Suppose that your denominator looked like a + b, where b was a square root and a represents all the other terms. If you multiply it by a b, then you will end up with the square of your square root, which means no more square roots. It is called the conjugate when you replace the plus with a minus (or vice-versa). An example would help.

Example:
Given: Multiply numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the denominator: Multiply out:

Getting Any Better?

Radicals are my favorite! Theyre fun to solve. In this lesson, the basics in dealing with radical expressions was taught, including the parts and its functions, four fundamental operations in radicals and rationalizing the denominator. If you havent scanned the lesson, and you were given an equation involving radicals to be solved, at first you might forgot to rationalize the denominator. This is what happened to me before. This lesson was tackled when I was in second year high school, no wonder I forgot. Like terms in radicals are the same with like terms in variables. They can be added and subtracted. But the unlike terms, cannot. This one also makes students confused, especially the beginners.

Author

Prerequisite 9:

Complex Numbers
In the set of real numbers, negative numbers do not have square roots. A new kind of number, called imaginary was invented so that negative numbers would have a square root. These numbers start with the number i, which equals the square root of -1, or i2 = -1.

A complete number system, one that includes both real and imaginary numbers, was devised. Numbers in this set are called complex numbers. Complex numbers consist of all sums a + bi where a and b are real numbers and i is imaginary.

Addition and Subtraction

(a + bi) + (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + d)i (a + bi) (c + di) = (a c) + (b d)i

Examples:
1. 2. 3. 4. (6 + 8i) + (12 + 2i) (12 + i) + (6 + i) (4 + 2i) (1 + 6i) (7 5i) + (5 + i) = = = = 18 + 10i 18 + 2i 3 4i 12 4i

Multiplication and Division

Multiplying complex numbers is the same as multiplying polynomials When dividing complex numbers,

Examples:
1. 5i(4 + 2i) = 20i + 10i2 = 20i + 10(-1) = -10 + 20i 2. i(6 + 4i) = 6i + 4i2 = 6i + 4(-1) = -4 + 6i 3.

Getting Any Better?

Complex numbers werent taught to us before, even in our

Geometry (2nd year Math). Now, I learned that only nonnegative integers can be radicands. Negative integers dont have their roots, except to be extracted as an imaginary number (i). Complex numbers are numbers with real and imaginary numbers. The four fundamental operations are also applied in dealing with radicals, which is an easy one. Its easy for me because it doesnt need long computations. Its cool to solve such numbers. There are only few answers for the in. Its either +1 or -1 or; +I or i. Cool, right?

Author

Prerequisite 10:

Ordered Pairs
(a, b) x- coordinate (abscissa) y coordinate (ordinate)

In the Cartesian Coordinate plane, there are two intersecting lines: the x-axis and the yaxis, which divide the plane into four quadrants. (a, b) is a set of ordered pairs with a as the xcoordinate and b as the y-coordinate. The x coordinate indicates the distance to the right or left of the origin (0,0) while the y coordinate indicates the distance above or below the origin(0,0).

Getting Any Better?

Ordered Pairs are coordinates. This is actually part of the lessons in Geometry. Its easy for, you just have to know the coordinates, quadrants, and the Cartesian Coordinate Plane. The coordinate plane was invented by Mathematician Rene Descartes. In this lesson, I learned how to graph equations, either linear or quadratic. But this lesson is only the basics. The x-coordinate is the input and the y-coordinate is the output.

Prerequisite 11:

Author

Summation Notation


The symbol is called a sigma notation or summation notation which abbreviates the sum of a certain numbers. The Greek sigma tells us to carry out the summation; i=1 at the bottom of the sigma indicates that the subscript of the first term in the summation is 1, and the n at the top indicates that the subscript of the last term in the summation is n.

Examples:
1. 2. 3. X1 = 4, x2 = 8, x3 = 5, x4 = -2, x5 = 1

[ ]

Getting Any Better?

The scope of my knowledge is now getting broader!

This lesson taught me about summation notation. At first, I thought its hard because I saw the Sigma Notation, but I had a wrong perception on that. It only deals with addition and you just have to substitute for values to obtain the sum. If Im not mistaken, it is also a part of the lessons in Geometry. Unfortunately, it wasnt discussed to us before. Sigma Notation is also fun to solve because its not too long and complicated. In math, were taught to make haste slowly and to be careful. We must think twice or more than before finalizing your answer or your decision. We have learned so many skills in Math; we just havent noticed it yet. It doesnt only enhance our thinking ability. So we must thank thee for developing us.

- Author

Lesson 1.1

Relations and Functions

Letter-number correspondence
K E L L Y 5 3 5 5 9

Number-letter correspondence
5 3 4 L E I

A relation is a set of ordered pairs. The domain of a relation is the set of first coordinates. The range is the set of second coordinates. (K,5), (E,3), (L,5), (L,5), (Y,9) Range (y-coordinate) (output)

Domain (x-coordinate) (input)

(ordered pairs)

A function is a relation in which each element of the domain corresponds to exactly one element of the range. Domain M I L E S This is a function Domain M I S S Range 4 7 7 6 This is a relation Range 4 5 3 6 7

Characteristics of a function:
Each element in domain X must be matched with exactly one element in range Y. Some elements in Y may not be matched with any element in X. Two or more elements in X may be matched with the same element in Y.

Examples: Determine if the following set of ordered pairs is a function or not.

1. (1,2), (2,5), (3,10), (4,17) 2. (3,10), (6,37), (4, 17), (4, 8) 3. (-6,6), (4,-4), (0,1), (3,4) = A function. = A Relation. (not a function) = A Function.

Note: The rule or correspondence can be described by the equation y = x2 + 1.

The vertical line test

It is the simplest way of determining whether or not a graph represents a fraction. A graph represents a function if and only if no vertical line intersects the graph in more than one point.

This is a function.

This is a function.

This is not a function.

This is not a function.

Getting Any Better?

There we go now. Relations and Functions is also easy to understand. This is just correspondence. Almost all of us know how to use cell phones, so it would be easy for us to understand this lesson. I learned about correspondence, relations and functions. One might be confused in determining a function and a relation. For me, the only clue is: see if an element in the domain, which is your x-coordinate or the input, is being repeated. If so, then it is a relation and if not, then the otherwise. In graphs, on the other hand, it can be determined whether a function or not through the vertical line test. This one is easy. Just draw a vertical line across the graph and see if it intersects only one point. This indicates that the graph is a function and if two or more points of intersection are made, then its not a function rather, a relation.

Author

Lesson 1.2

Evaluating Functions
y = f(x) y is a function of x f(x) = x + 2 The name of the function is f. Other letters may be used to name functions, especially g and h. It represents the value of the function at x.

The domain of a function f is a set of values of x for which f is defined. The range of function f is the set of all values of f(x), where x is an element of the domain of f. Remember that: a. f(x) means the value of f at x. It does not mean f times x. b. letters other than f such as g and h or G and H can also be used. c. F is the name of the function and f(x) is the value of the function at x. If x = 2, then f(x) = x + 4 f(2) = 2 + 4 f(2) = 6

Examples:
1. f(6) = 2x + 2y = 2(6) + 2y 2. g(2) = = = = = (4 + 1)(4 + 4) = (5)(8) = 13

3. f(4) = (x + 1)(x + 4)

Even and Odd Functions

The function f is an even function if and only if f(-x) = f(x), for all x in the domain of f. The right side of the equation of an even function does not change even if x is replaced with x. The function f is an odd function if and only if f(-x) = -f(x), for all x in the domain of f.

Every term in the right side of the equation of an odd function changes sign if x is replaced by x.

Examples:
1. h(x) = 2x2 + 1 h(-x) = 2(-x)(-x) +1 h(-x) = 2x2 + 1 -- This is an even function. 8 2. f(x) = -x f(-x) = (-x)(-x)(-x)(-x)(-x)(-x)(-x)(-x) = x8 -- This is an odd function.

Getting Any Better?

To find f(x) for a given value of x is to evaluate a function. At first sight, this lesson seems difficult. But its not. You just have to substitute the values, and thats it! Theres no need to make it more complicated. This lesson taught me about even and odd functions. Functions are fun to deal with. Theyre not boring unlike other problems and equations. I also became familiar with functions, its parts and its functions.

Author

Lesson 1.3

Operations on Functions
Sum (f + g)(x) Difference (f g)(x) Product (fg)(x) Quotient ( ) = f(x) + g(x) = f(x) g(x) = f(x) g(x) = , where g(x) 0.

Examples:
1. Combine f(x) = 2x + 4 and g(x) = x 1 = f(x) + g(x) = (2x + 4) + (x 1) 2. Multiply h(x) = x 3 and f(x) = x + 4 = h(x) f(x) = (x 3)(x + 4) = =

3. Multiply f(x) = 2x2 + x + 3 and g(x) = x + 12 = f(x) g(x) = (2x2 + x + 3)(x + 12) 4. Subtract f(x) = 5x + 4 to g(x) = (x2 5) = g(x) f(x) = (x2 5) (5x + 4) =

5. Find the quotient of f(x) = 3x 2 and g(x) = x2 + 2x 3 = =

= {

6. Find the sum of f(x) = 6x + 2 and g(x) = 8x + 1 = f(x) + g(x) = (6x + 2) + (8x + 1) = 14x + 3

Getting Any Better?

To add and subtract functions is the same with adding and subtracting polynomials. You can add and subtract the like terms ONLY, not the unlike terms. Division and multiplication is also the same with that of polynomials. In this lesson, I learned to deal with functions. Functions are described by three letters, f, g, and, h. So, any of the following may be used.

- Author

Lesson 1.4

Composite and Inverse Functions

The Composition of Functions
The composition of the function f with g is denoted by f g and is defined by the equation (f g)(x) = f(g(x)), where x is in the domain of g and g(x) is in the domain of f. Given: f(x) = 2x 1 g(x) Find: (f g)(x) Solution: (f g)(x) = f(g(x)) f(g(x)) = 2(g(x)) 1 f(g(x)) = 2(x2 + 2) 1 f(g(x)) = 2x2 + 3 = x2 + 2

Substitute the value of f(x) with g(x) as the value of x in the f(x). Then, substitute the value of g(x). Proceed to the operation. Therefore, (f g)(x) = 2x2 + 3.

Examples:
1. Given: f(x) = x 7 h(x) = x2 Find: a. (f h)(x) b. (h f)(x) Solution: a. f(h(x)) = (h(x)) 7 b. h(f(x)) = (f(x))2 = x2 7 = (x 7)2 (f h)(x) = x2 7 = (x 7)(x 7) (h f)(x) = x2 14x + 49 2. Given: g(x) = 2x2 + 5 f(x) = x2 + 5x + 2 Find: a. (f g)(x)) b. (g f)(x) Solution: a. (f g)(x)) = f(g(x)) f(g(x)) = x2 + 5x + 2 = (g(x))2 + 5(g(x)) + 2 = (2x2 + 5)2 + 5(2x2 + 5) + 2 = 4x4 + 25 + 10x2 + 25 + 2 (f g)(x)) = 4x4 + 10x2 + 52

b.

(g

f)(x) = g(f(x)) = 2x2 + 5 = 2(f(x)) + 5 = 2(x2 + 5x + 2) + 5 = 2x2 + 10x + 4 + 5 (g f)(x) = 2x2 + 10x + 9

Inverse of a function
The function g is the inverse of the function f, and is denoted by f -1 (read as f inverse.) Thus, f(f-1(x)) = x and f-1(f(x)) = x. The domain of f is equal to the range of f-1, and vice versa. In finding the inverse of a function, a. Replace f(x) with y in the equation for f(x). f(x) = 9x + 3 y = 9x + 3 b. Interchange x and y. y = 9x + 3 x = 9y + 3 x = 9y + 3 c. Solve for y. x3 = 9y = = y d. Replace y by f (x) y = = Therefore, f(x) = 9x + 3 and f-1(x) = f-1(x)
-1

Examples:
1. Find the inverse of f(x) = 3x 2 f(x) = 3x 2 y = 3x 2 x = 3y 2 x2 = 3y = = y y = = Thus, f(x) = 3x 2 and f-1(x) = 2. Show if f(x) = 12x + 2 and g(x) = f(g(x)) = 12( = )+2 +2 is an inverse of each other. g(f(x)) = = = x

f-1(x)

= x2+2 = x Therefore, f(x) = 12x + 2 and f-1(x) = .

The Horizontal Line Test for Inverse Functions

A function f has an inverse that is a function, f-1, if there is no horizontal line that intersects the graph of the function f at more than one point.

It has an inverse function.

It has no inverse function.

It has an inverse function.

It has no inverse function.

Getting Any Better?

This lesson is hard, but just little. In the composition of functions, two functions were combined, or should I say, there are two functions describing the variable x. This is the reason why at first, its quite confusing. Composition of functions, however, is also fun to solve. Its not that boring. On the other hand, the inverse of a function makes me confuse at first. I learned that its the inverse of the function being described and is in the form of f-1(x), read as f-inverse of x. This means that f(x) and f-1(x) will be both equal to 0 if they are inverse functions. Anyway, we can prove it by showing your solution. But if theyre not both equal to 0, then theyre not an inverse of each other. Using the horizontal line test, you can also determine whether or not the graph has an inverse function. This is actually the same as in the vertical line test. If only one point became the point of intersection, then it has an inverse function otherwise, not.

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Lesson 1.5

Linear Functions
Linear equations in two variables are written in two forms: the standard form is written as Ax + By = C, where A, B, and C are real numbers; and the slope-intercept form is written as y = mx + b, where m is the slope and b is the y-intercept. A Linear Function is a function that can be written in the form f(x) = ax + b, where a and b are real numbers with a and f(x) not both equal to zero. Constant function f(x) = b, where a = 0. Identity function f(x) = x, where a = 1 and b = 0.

Graphing Linear Equations

a. Point-plotting Method b. Using the x- and y-intercepts Method c. Using the Slope-intercept Method Point-Plotting Method In this method, you have to find at least three or four solutions of the equation. Then plot the points accordingly. Connect the points with a line. Using the x- and y-intercept method The x-intercept is obtained by letting y be equal to 0 and solve for x. Thus, the coordinate (x,0). It is the x-coordinate of the point where the graph intersects the x-axis. The y-intercept is obtained by letting x be equal to 0 and solve for y. It is the ycoordinate of the point where the graph intersects the y-axis. To graph a linear equation using this method, determine first the x-intercept and the yintercept. Then plot the two points and connect with a straight line.

Using the Slope-intercept Method Slope = m = The slope-intercept form of a linear equation in two variables is given by y = mx + b, where m is the slope of the line and b is the y-intercept of the graph. To graph a linear equation using the slope-intercept method, solve first for the equation y. Determine the slope and the y-intercept (y-intercept is denoted by b and the slope is denoted by m). Plot the y-intercept (0,y) on the Cartesian coordinate plane and label it. Then plot the next point by using the slope. The rise indicates the movement on the y-axis, down if it is negative and up if it is positive. The run indicated the movement on the x-axis, to the right if the variable is positive otherwise, to the left.

Getting Any Better?

This is just a recall of our past lesson in Geometry. I learned here how to graph a linear equation. The graph of a linear equation is always a straight line. You can use the Point-plotting Method, Intercepts Method and Slope-intercepts method in graphic a linear equation. This is just the same in Geomtrey. There are also two kinds of function: the constant and the identity function.

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Lesson 1.6

Quadratic Functions
Quadratic Equation is an equation in the form of ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b and c are real numbers and a 0. It is a second degree equation since the highest exponent of the variable is 2. Quadratic Function is a function in the form of f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a, b and c are real numbers and a 0. Parabola The graph of any quadratic function is called a parabola.

Vertex

Parabola Line of Symmetry

The vertex of the parabola is in its maximum point if the parabola opens downward. If it opens upward, then it is called the minimum point.

Graphing a Parabola The most basic quadratic is y = x2. When you graphed straight lines, you only needed two points to graph your line, though you generally plotted three or more points just to be on the safe side. a > 0, parabola opens upward. a < 0, parabola opens downward. Here are the points: Plot the points

Then connect the points with a curved line, forming a parabola.

Vertex Form of a Quadratic Function f(x) = a(x h)2 + k, a 0 To find for the vertex: (h, k) points OR h= where h = vertex

Find the vertex of y = 3x2 + x 2 and graph the parabola. h= = = Find the value of h. Find the value of k by evaluating y at h. 2 Thus, ( ) is the vertex.

k = 3( ) +( ) 2 = = =

You can add more points for your graph.

And this is your graph.

Getting Any Better?

Quadratic Function is the hardest lesson for me in the first quarter period. Quadratic Equation is an equation whose highest degree is 2, meaning its highest exponent would be 2. And the graph of a quadratic Equation is called a parabola. The parabola has a vertex (minimum/maximum point). In order to graph a parabola, we must first find the x- and y-intercepts because they are needed in the plotting of points and formation of the parabola. The method here seems too long, but once you became familiar with it, Im sure solving it would be easy for you. In this lesson, I learned about parabola, quadratic equations and most of all, I learned that even functions can be graphed through the linear and quadratic equations. Math is really CHALLENGING!

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