Stones

By Joelle Maatouk
 Stones

Outline:

1- Types of stone cladding ………………………………………………... 1

3- What to look for when considering stone in your interior design ?…….. 2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13

4- Stone cladding: Definition and comparison……………………….…… 14-15

5- Natural stone types……………………………………………………... 16 -17-18-19-20-21-22-23-24-25-26

27-28-29-30-31-32-33-34-35-36
37-38-39-40-41-42-43-44-45-46-47
48-49-50-51-52-53-54-55-56-57-58
59-60.
By Joelle Maatouk
 Types of stone cladding

By Joelle Maatouk 1
 What to look for when considering stone in your interior design ?
A- Esthetics: The aesthetics of the rocks are impacted by the way the stone is extracted, processed and
completed.

 Color: there is broad variety in the color of natural stone. Basalt is typically dark gray, Jerusalem stone is
accessible in pale shades such as white and golden pink, granite is accessible in thousands of colors, and
limestone varies from white to black, although the predominant color is gray.

 Pattern: closely related to color, there is a wide natural variation in the patterns and veining of various
stones. In certain cases, you can order a custom stone for you design.
Example: the book matched marble design: with the guidance of the interior architect, the highest suitable
piece is chosen for the book-matched cladding to be taken out. Operators cut the block piece so that the veins
match together as if they were a representation of each other. The consequence is a mirror effect. After both
stones have been polished, the surface finish needed by the customer is carried out. The specific work is
crucial at this stage, since a single error of a millimeter can destroy the entire project. The result must be a
cohesive unit in which the veins of the two mirror plates match perfectly.
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 What to look for when considering stone in your interior design ?
 Texture and finish: the texture of the stone is often highly varied, ranging from massively fragmented to
finely grained and absolutely smooth.

 Natural cleft: exclusive to slate and sandstone, it has a rather rough surface that is still functional for floor
tiles. The finish can not be made, but happens naturally when they layers are excavated. One side ( back
side) can be measured to make installation “thin collection” simpler. Some marbles, granites and
limestone are available with strong cleft idea for wall installations or for pavement purposes only.

 Polished: by grinding, sanding and buffing provides a high gloss, mirror-like finish. Polishing can only be
performed on crystallized rocks. The polished finish does not impact the porosity of the stone. The
polished finish is very common as it improves the color and marking of the product. The stone with its
polished finish is very sleek and shiny. This form of finish is used in public spaces where marble, granite
and some tougher limestone are placed. The most common uses of polished stone are: internal and
outdoor wall cladding, interior and exterior flooring, fireplaces, counter tops…etc

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 What to look for when considering stone in your interior design ?
 Flamed: flamed finish is one of the most common outdoor finishes where slip resistance is a problem. It is
formed by adding a high temperature fire to the surface of the stone that induces thermal shock and fractures
to the underlying crystals, resulting in a finely textured surface that is suitable for interior and exterior
surfaces. This finish is primarily used on granite and covers surface imperfections and tone irregularities.

 Sand blasted: this is a harsh, but clean look created by adding a high-pressure sand blast to the top of the
stone. A sandblasted finish provides a finely textured surface. Applying a high pressure jet of water mixed
with grit, this procedure will change the color and features of the original stone.

 Finish in leather: accessible only in certain types of marble and granite, this finish gives a suede aesthetic to
the stone. The Texture is seamless and split-resistant.

 Split face: primarily used for cladding, this is achieved by breaking the stone either by hand or by machine,
so that the rock has a natural quarry feel. It has a smooth back and irregular front surface and it produces a
distorted appearance with protruding bricks. The surface evenness differs with the stone, and not all stones
can be created with a spit-face finish.
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 What to look for when considering stone in your interior design ?

 Honed: honed surfaces are not shiny, unlike polished surfaces. The honed finish is a sleek satin finish
with little reflected light. This finish is also used on walking surfaces and other places where heavy
traffic will wear a polished finish. Honed surfaces are used for interior wall covering and can also be
used outdoor in warm climates; as well as on table tops, very light duty home flooring…etc

 Tumbled: this is an ageing method similar to the one used to create an antique finish. In this scenario,
natural stone is installed in a vibrating drum-like system with smaller, more resistant stones that fully
strip the surface. Tumbled finish simulates ageing and produces smooth textures and corners.

 Antiqued: an antique finish gives the stone an aged look. Tumbling and occasionally acid wash is applied
to the top of the stone. This usually makes the hue of the stone gray the surface is then rubbed with a
mechanical wire brush so that the stone is clean and the color is partially returned.

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 What to look for when considering stone in your interior design ? Stone

 Mushroom: this surface is made with typical masonry materials, chipping stones with controlled strikes,
mushroom finish gives an unique rustic look to the stone, with contrast and irregularities.

 Sawn: this finish is rendered by “sawing” a stone with diamond disk teeth. It produces a very rugged and
coarse surface with slight furrows and undulations. Sawn polish makes the stone brighter and matte.
Sawn finish is available for exterior roads, stairs, sidewalks, driveways and patios.

Natural Cleft
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 What to look for when considering stone in your interior design ?

Sandblasted finish Flamed finish

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 what to look for when considering stone in your interior design ?

Leather finish Split face finish

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 what to look for when considering stone in your interior design ?

Tumbled finish Antique finish

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 what to look for when considering stone in your interior design ?
The book matched marble design

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 What to look for when considering stone in your interior design ?
B- Performance:

 Durability: Stone is exceptionally strong, dense and well-suited for cladding applications. Keep in mind
that some types of stone, including limestone, are particularly vulnerable to weathering. Granite,
however, tends to retain its color and pattern for a very long time. For this reason, always consider the
weathering characteristics of a particular stone before integrating it into your project.

 Sustainability: In terms of the environmental impact of stone, it’s relatively neutral because you do very
little to transform it into a usable state. You just cut it. And in the future when you are done with it, it
can still be recycled in its natural form. However, it is important to acknowledge the environmental
impact of manufacturers shipping stone internationally, from other parts of the world.

 Insulation: Stone cladding can be easily mixed with insulation materials that are intended to minimize a
building envelope’s heat loss or heat gain. The Insulation should be non-combustible, non-absorbent
and evident to rot and vermin.
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 What to look for when considering stone in your interior design ?
C- Installation: In most cases, installing natural stone requires experienced engineers. Leading up to the execution of
your project, make sure that the fabrication team is well suited to safely carry out on-site construction.

 Natural stone cladding wet adhesion installation:

1- The most popular wet method used is direct adhesion technique. It makes use of a liquid latex to form cement
mortar together with a cement-based filler powder. The mortar is applied in thin layers to the surface. On site drilling
is not necessary by this method. Among other types of installation, it is the cheapest method.
2- Spot bonding utilizes adhesive to bind the cladding of the stone to the surface of the wall. The difference between
the process of spot adhesion and direct adhesion is that only 10% of the surface is used for the bond. Therefore this
type of installation leaves holes of air pockets between both the stone and the wall, meaning that the gaps and air
pockets created minimize the risk of water smudging.
Pros Cons
 This technique is cheap o The stone might fall off if there’s improper attachment
 The method doesn't require drilling on site between surface and the adhesive or mortar.
 Achieves a more even look o Water from the mortar can be absorbed by the cladding stone
 The stone is entirely bonded with the back surface, and that might result in the stone color modification.
no gaps o The wet method is easy, but time consuming.
 No on site drilling, prevents stone cracking and
material waste.
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 What to look for when considering stone in your interior design ?

 Natural stone installation Dry Method: Set or inserted anchors, metal framing, steel brackets or ties connect the
stone to the surface in this process. The procedure is only applied to thicker and tougher stone cladding, since the
method involves a hole to be drilled into the stone. To allow drainage, this process requires a gap of ¾

Pros Cons
 The mechanism is stable, and there’s almost 0% risk o The stone is prone to fracture when the hole is drilled.
for the stone to fall off. o The method is costly.
 The method enables expansion and contraction to be o The drilling method is carried out with maximum safety
allowed. features, high skilled labor is important.
 The system between the dry cladding and wall
surface provides an air cushion. This air cushion
helps to act as a thermal barrier.
 A tidy and pleasant look is given by this technique.
 Less time dominates the whole process.
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 Stone cladding: Definition and comparison:

• Natural stone, is 100% excavated stone right from the earth, with nothing added or extracted, and no color
additives. Natural stone may be entirely real in nature, such as rounded river stones, Or it may be cut to
the required shape, such as building blocks, wall panels, or flooring tiles.

• Veneer stone, decorative stone, processed stone and Engineered Stone are different words for what is
basically the same component: manufactured stone designed to look like natural stone.
This substance is a Portland cement slurry, aggregates, and iron oxides molded to look like stone.

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 Natural stone Manufactured stone
VS
Valued surface appearance Light in weight

Durable and long-lasting Easy to cut and customize

Permanently resistive to fading Uniform sizes

PROS
Predictable quality Predictable quality

Heavy / Dense Easy to obtain

Expensive Look a like patterns

Hard to cut
CONS Color can fade away

Difficult to source fragile

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 Natural stone types:
• Soapstone: Soapstone is a form of metamorphic rock that can be found in quarries all over the world. It is
mostly made up of talc, a soft clay mineral that is primarily magnesium silicate. This imparts a silky,
velvety feel to the stone, comparable to that of a bar of soap.

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 Natural stone types: Soapstone:
 Architectural quality soapstone has a lower talc concentration. It is attractive, long-lasting, antibacterial,
and fire resistant, making it ideal for use as a building material and in interior design purposes.

 Soapstone is a durable and aesthetically pleasing countertop and backsplash material that is commonly
used in residential and commercial kitchens and bathrooms. It is available in a range of grey and green
tones, from extremely light to charcoal.

 This stone is widely used for fireplace frames, mantles, and hearths. Soapstone receives and releases heat
naturally. These fireplaces can keep a room at a reasonable temperature all day and night. Carving is
possible on softer soapstone, providing a personal sculptural aspect to your fireplace surround.

 Soapstone requires little maintenance. This material can be left untreated or sealed. Soapstone will age
gradually if left untreated. It will develop a more rustic finish, which many people find aesthetically
pleasing. It can also be sealed with mineral oil or wax, which pulls out the natural veining and slightly
darkens it. The oil or wax aids in the maintenance of a consistent appearance.

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 Pros of using Soapstone

 Soapstone countertops do not stain

Soapstone is a natural stone that is non-porous. As a result, you won't be worried about liquids soaking into
the stone and ruining it, whether it's coffee, wine, or even acidic liquids like vinegar. This is in contrast to
granite and marble.
 Durability
Soapstone worktops are more resilient than other natural stone since they do not crack easily. Because of its
non-porosity, soapstone countertops can last for a long time without needing to be sealed.
 Resistance to heat
Soapstone countertops can withstand high temperatures. As a result, you won't have to worry about
discoloration or heat damage.
 Soapstone is available in a range of textures
unlike most other natural stones, which are only available in a high polished sheen.
 Easy to clean
There is no need to acquire expensive sealants or other chemicals because cleaning and maintaining the neat
look of soapstone can be done with any regular household cleanser.

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 Cons of using Soapstone

 Limited colors
Because soapstone is a natural stone, it lacks a variety of designs and colors. It is available in grey, blue, and
black hues. Therefore when opting for a continuous pattern such as a waterfall countertop design, it is
difficult to create an exact matching pattern for two pieces.

 Oil stains on soapstone

Despite the fact that soapstone is non-porous, greasy substances can drastically discolor soapstone
countertops. for this reason It is recommended to apply mineral oil to the slab's surface. This darkens the
entire soapstone preventing dark spots from forming.

 Change in original texture

The texture of this stone may shift to a soap-like, leathery feel after adding mineral oil. This non-slick texture
cannot be changed, so you may have to live with it if you don't like it.

 Scratches easily
While the soft quality of soapstone is advantageous in preventing breaking, it also makes soapstone
countertops more prone to scratching. Throwing a spoon on the soapstone countertop, for example, can leave
considerable scratches. These scratches, however, are easily removed with sandpaper.
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 Natural stone types:
• Basalt: Basalt is a dark, bluegray, volcanic stone appropriate for indoor and outdoor wall cladding Basalt is
very fine-grained and is the most popular type of volcanic rock that is used in architecture and design
One notable quality of basalt is that it has an incredibly high insulating capacity.

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Natural stone types: Basalt

 Tiling and cladding: To achieve proper size, good quality basalt tiles must be homogeneous in color and
precisely cut using a double cutting machine. Although basalt has a relatively high absorption rate, it can be
used in moist environments, yet its not recommended to using these tiles in places that are entirely submerged.

 As a countertop material, Basalt should be sealed (sometimes substantially) to prevent staining and
discolorations, and any oily droplets should be cleaned as soon as possible. Basalt surface, like marble, will
ultimately show signs of wear—but if you choose a natural material with a rich appearance, like this, that's part of
the fun of living with it.

 As a countertop material, Basalt should be sealed (sometimes substantially) to prevent staining and
discolorations, and any oily droplets should be cleaned as soon as possible. Basalt surface, like marble, will
ultimately show signs of wear—but if you choose a natural material with a rich appearance, like this, that's part
of the fun of living with it.

 Cleaning and care should be done on a regular basis to ensure that your basalt tiles last as long as possible, it’s
a similar process to any other natural stone type. (It's preferable to use a microfiber cloth to clean to basalt
surface because the soft antibacterial substance will pick up harder debris without friction).

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 Natural stone types: Basalt

 marble, will ultimately show signs of wear—but if you choose a natural material with a rich appearance,
 Although
like this, basalt is one
that's part of of
thethe
funhardest natural
of living with stones
it. available, it nevertheless has significant porosity. This
implies that water can penetrate the stone and evaporate, leaving behind salt, resulting in a white residue on
the surface. Sealing your stone prevents water from accessing it and, as a result, reduces the danger of damage.

 There are different chemicals in food, cleaning products, toiletries, and hygiene goods that we may not even
be aware of. While these chemicals may be safe for their original purpose, there is a chance that they will
discolor or ruin your basalt tiles, especially if they are acidic.

 It's a good idea to keep spare sealed tiles on hand in case you have to remove and change one if severe damage
occurs. Furthermore, it's a good idea to keep a tile nearby to test cleaning solutions on. This implies you don't
have to worry about harming all of your tiles if a cleanser turns out to be incompatible with the stone or
sealant.

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 Pros of using Basalt

• Neutral Color: Unlike natural stones such as granite or marble, basalt has a neutral tint and can be combined
with different colored stones throughout the room without clashing. The lighter and darker gray shades
provide a neutral variant of tiling that provides comfort and availability for integrating any color into the
space.

• Heat proof: Heat, cold, and temperature variations are not a problem. Basalt or as known Lava stone has a
natural capacity to distribute heat well, thus hot pans can be placed directly on the surface without causing
damage.

Cons of using Basalt

• Regular sealing: To some level, all natural stones are porous, which implies they can soak liquids and
moisture if exposed. Although basalt is one of the stronger natural stones when compared to sandstone, it
can nevertheless absorb harmful impurities over time.

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 Natural stone types:
• Bluestone: Bluestone: Bluestone is the name commonly used for a variety of building stone types. Includi
ng basalt and limestone, this group contains at least twenty various types of blue-tinted stone.

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Natural stone types: Bluestone

 Bluestone is famously used for patios and pave ways. Interior flooring and patio pavers in bluestone are
hard, but slabs may be honed or sanded to soften the grain and make it as flat as a soapstone tabletop.

 Blue-gray and gray-green are the most prevalent colors, but it is often mottled with dramatic, contrasting tints
of rust, red, and pinkish-brown. Some bluestone hold mica, which gives it a metallic sheen.

 Bluestone can tolerate all kinds of weather and temperature fluctuations, you can incorporate it into your
landscape wherever you live, whether you endure snow and ice or desert heat.

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 Pros of Bluestones

 Variety of colors: Color range: Bluestone is available in a number of distinct colors. It's possible to get it
fully blue. Another option is to use the entire range. The stones have various shades in them such as blues,
tans and a bit of purple.

 Bluestone's rough texture makes it perfect for staircases, pool decks, and driveways. in addition It adapts
well to temperature variations.

 When the bluestone pavers become dirty, a high pressure water wash is the ideal option; no harsh cleaning
chemicals are required.

 Scratching, cracking, and chipping are no issues with bluestone - it is extremely durable, particularly in
comparison to other stone alternatives such as marble and granite tiles.

Cons of Bluestones

 Despite its exceptional toughness, bluestone is a natural porous stone that may be prone to wear and tear
after many years of use. Many remodelers and landscapers adore the character of aged bluestone tiles in an
ancient style. However avoiding this can be simply done by using a tile sealant.

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 Natural stone types:
Granite: a rough grained stone composed of interlocking crystals. It is among the most
commonly used stones in the world and an extremely common building material for both indoor and
outdoor cladding purposes. Granite is known for its hardness and the beauty of its colors and patterns.

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Natural stone types: Granite:

 With all-natural stones, such as granite, we are confined to the colors and patterns created by Nature. Yet
the spectrum of granite colors is wide, ranging from: Hot red swirled with black and gray veins... calm blue
colors shaped like sand waves... rich green granites flecked with translucent quartz and silvery mica

 Granites with patterns in beige, gold, and brown go well with almost any color scheme. There are also
flawlessly black granites, copper-colored highlights, and white granites with traces of caramel color

 If you’re not a fan of high-gloss shine granite finish you can opt for honed granite that has a matte surface
with a low sheen. It has a smoother and more natural appearance while keeping the native stone's charm.
Color boosters can be used to impart richness and depth to honed stone.

 This granite finish is available in satin, velvet diamond, and smooth matte finishes. Manufacturers stop the
polishing process just before stone surface becomes polished to produce this effect, leaving it with a matte or satin
appearance. It appears differently on each stone sample but always gives a smooth appearance that brings out
natural patterns.

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Natural stone types: Granite:

 Granite is utilized in the construction of buildings, bridges, paving, monuments, and a variety of other
exterior projects. Polished granite slabs and tiles are utilized in countertops, floor tiling, stair treads, and a
variety of other design components indoors. Granite is a prestige material that is employed in projects to
create an air of refinement and quality.

 Granite is a porous stone as you’ve seen its not different from other natural stones. Before installing granite
countertops, most manufacturers will apply a sealant to prevent them from soaking liquids too fast.

 Granite countertops are a low-maintenance countertop surface. It is unlikely that it will need to be repaired
or refinished. Sealer technology has advanced significantly over the years, and many will endure for more
than ten years before having to be reapplied.

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 Pros of using Granite

 Resistance to heat. When heat is applied, granite countertops will not blister. They are among the most heat-
resistant surfaces available. Hot pans from the oven can be placed straight on the countertop surface without
causing any damage. Needless to say that its always advised to use trivets and take good care of the worktop

 Granite is not only heat resistant, but it is also stain resistant. When properly sealed, granite countertops will
not absorb fluids.

 Scratch Resilience: Only a few minerals are capable of scratching granite. While you can cut on granite, it is
not recommended because it can dull your blades and may leave a metal deposit that is hard to remove.

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 Cons of using Granite

 The coolness of granite and other stone countertop surfaces is a frequent concern. This is because the mass of
granite rapidly draws heat away from the skin, leading the brain to interpret the surface as cold. The same may
be said regarding the granite flooring. While the cooling feature may be beneficial in warmer locations, it may be
unpleasant in a Pacific Northwest winter.

 When granite flooring is highly polished, it can be slippery, making it unsuitable for the very young and the
old.

 The porous granite can absorb oils, juice, and wine, leaving them impossible to eliminate. Bacteria can also
breed inside granite if it is not properly sealed.

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 Natural stone types:
• Jerusalem Stone:
Jerusalem Stone: one of the oldest stones used in building. This stone is highly dense and is much more
weather resistant than other limestone. As result, Jerusalem stone is very popular as an outer cladding
material.

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Natural stone types: Jerusalem stone

 Along with being utilized in many types of construction designs, Jerusalem stone is also sometimes used in
the production of religious art and ritual artifacts such as menorahs and Seder plates.

 The color of Jerusalem stone can range from clean white to pink, based on the type of dolomite or limestone
used. Some samples have a characteristic yellow hue to them.

 While Jerusalem stone flooring is one of the most common applications, the stone has also been utilized as
an overlay for interior and external walls, for worktops and even as tiles used to line kitchen and bathroom
walls.

 In certain situations, the design will ask for the new combinations of different stone colors or tints to
produce a mosaic appearance.

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Pros of using Jerusalem

• It is available in a variety of colors and provides a soft, warm feel to the space.

• Jerusalem stone has the appearance of limestone but the durability of granite.

Cons of using Jerusalem

• Because Jerusalem limestone is soft, it is easily scratched. Because it is porous, spills can rapidly
transform into stains if not properly sealed. Jerusalem limestone is prone to etching since it is composed
of calcite.

• Jerusalem stone requires annual sealing.

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 Natural stone types:
Limestone: Limestone is admired for its esthetic versatility and durability. Although pure limestone is nearly
white in color, most limestone used in construction comes in a variety of colors and finishes, including cream,
black, gold, brown, pink, and red. It is a tough, thick stone with small pore gaps that can survive abrasion and
freeze-thaw cycles.

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Natural stone types: Limestone

 Limestone are highly durable when used to build walls or pavements. It is entirely weather resistant, and the
wall's strength will last for a long time.

 Limestone is used for external feature walls as well as interior remodeling in both residential and
commercial buildings. Limestone cladding has a wide range of indoor and outdoor uses that provide a high
level of visual appeal to even the most unsightly places.
 There are many different kinds of limestone tile for fire places. Square or rectangular designs complement
modern décor, while soft arching shapes complement a more traditional type of space.

 Limestone is by far the softest and most porous of natural stone, and it must be handled with care. It looks
fantastic in baths and fireplaces, and it may even be used for kitchen worktops, much like marble.

 Because limestone tiles are naturally absorbent, too much water or other liquid may cause reactions such as
peeling, or discoloration. Experts in the tiling business propose appropriate sealers to avoid all of these
problems. To clean the tiles, use lukewarm water and a gentle cloth. If you take care of your limestone tiles,
they will survive for centuries.

 Same care goes to worktops, in addition re-sealing the limestone counter every few months is necessary.
Furthermore to prevent staining you should remove instantly any spills or messes on the slab worktop.
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 Pros of using Limestone

• The cost of installing limestone tiles is significantly lower than those of other natural stones such as marble
and granite. As a result, limestone flooring is an excellent choice for anyone who cannot afford granite or
marble but desires the natural and rustic appearance of natural stone.

• Limestone tiles will last a lifetime if completely sealed and cleaned, which is why they are increasingly
popular as bathroom tiles.

• Limestone is resistant to heat. This means that if your kitchen warms up or if you set a hot pan or dish
right on the countertop, your limestone countertop will not be damaged.

• We've already established that limestone is frequently referred to as a soft stone. This can be advantageous
since it can be cut in various proportions and utilized in a variety of settings, therefore customized to
specific sizes. In addition it offers some lovely neutral shades and textures that provide a sense of warmth
in any home design project
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 Cons of using Limestone

• Limestone must be treated on a regular basis or it will chip, crack or stain. Because limestone is porous, it
must also be sealed to prevent stains. Softer limestone needs even more upkeep, which might be costly in
the long term.

• limestone tiles are heavy, and you must account for their weight when it comes to flooring. The weight
also makes shipping difficult, and they chip and break readily, making installation difficult.

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 Natural stone types:
• Marble: Marble has a remarkable and dramatic background. Originally known as the premium material in the
architect's palette, the complexities of building with marble and the creation of cheaper alternatives have
contributed to a steady decline in its use as a façade treatment. However, several contemporary architects are
working to return marble to its origin glory.

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 Natural stone types: Marble

 Marble is an excellent option for interior floors or walls. However, it is better to limit its use to one of the two.
When applied on both the flooring and the walls, the area might appear cold. Marble floor tiles provide a
fashionable touch to any room, especially when paired with other modern materials.

 Sinks and bathtubs made of marble are an excellent choice for using marble as an accent rather than a surface.
This requires less of a commitment because it simply requires selecting the appropriate size and form and then
putting it in the desired location. It's also a cost-effective method to integrate a more premium trend into your
house or add a luxurious touch to a tiny flat.

 This material is strong and long-lasting, making it an excellent choice for furniture. A high-quality piece of
furniture will last for a long time while still appearing rich and elegant.

 Marble countertops are a popular choice for kitchen and bathroom. Certain varieties of marble are preferred
over others because they are more sturdy, not as soft as other marble types, and are more affordable, of
which: Carrara and Calacatta marble.

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 Natural stone types: Other types of marble

Type Color Origin

Carrara marble White or blue-gray Italy
(pic nb 1)
Murphy marble White United State
(pic nb 2)
Yule marble Uniform pure United State 1 2 3
(pic nb 3) white
Ruskeala marble White-blue grey Russia
(pic nb 4)
Pentelic marble Pure white, fine Greece
(pic nb 5) grained
Connemara marble Green Ireland
(pic nb 6) 4 5 6
Kolmården marble Green Sweden
(pic nb 7)

Calacatta marble White Italy

(pic nb 8)
Kamelia marble White scattered Iran
(pic nb 9) with red veins 7 8 9
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 Pros of marble

 Marble tiles and slabs come in a range of colors, but due to the mining and manufacturing technique,
each piece of marble differs in color and veining. One of the primary reasons marble is so highly valued
as a building material is the originality of each marble piece

 Underfoot, every stone and ceramic tile, including marble, is notably cold. However, marble, like other
hard floor coverings, offers an excellent foundation for radiant floor heating systems

 Unlike many other stone floor coverings, marble can handle a high polish. This enables manufacturers to
polish the surface of marble to a very smooth and glossy finish that is highly appealing. Polishing also
brings out the colors in the stone, making them more visible and striking.

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 Cons of marble

 Marble flooring are a high-end architectural feature with a high price tag. They are typically on the upper
end of all-natural stone, and they do not last as long as slate, granite, and other natural stone.

 The normal care of a marble tile floor is very simple—it requires the same sweeping and damp mopping as
a ceramic tile floor. However, unlike ceramic tile, marble is quite porous, therefore you cant let water
gather on the surface. Excess water can infiltrate and stain the stone.

 Marble tiles are prone to cracking, fracturing, and breaking. Floor tile installation must be done correctly
to guarantee that there are no gaps between both the marble and the floor. Weak areas are prone to
cracking even under normal pressure, in addition marble is prone to scratch marks that can be difficult to
restore. To protect the surface of marble countertops, specific precautions should be taken.

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 Natural stone types:
• Slate: Slate is a fine-grained metamorphic stone that is known to be the perfect building material for
both interior and exterior cladding. Due to its elegant and stylish style, its long lasting and excellent
water resistance and its easy maintenance, slate has become an outstanding architecture feature in the
modern design.

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 Natural stone types: Slate

 Slate for stone flooring is available in a variety of hues such as gray, black, red, pink, purple, and green.
There's up to 60 different color variations in slate stone flooring.

 Slate tiles or slate slabs, rectangular or square shaped, are used to make floors and pavements. They
come in a variety of sizes. Custom sizes are also available from manufacturers.

 Slate wall tiles are frequently used in showers and wet rooms. Slate wall tiles can also be purchased in strip
lengths and installed as wall cladding. they can be used as a kitchen backsplash or used in one large piece as
kitchen countertop.

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 Natural stone types: Slate

 Used as fireplace hearth: cut to recommended and specific size, slate tiles are perfect as fireplace hearth.
Because thick slab slate can be expensive, standard slate floor tiles have been known to be used to
construct a hearth, and they would be attached with cement to a stone or concrete basis.

 Slate plate: You can pre-heat your Slate plate in the oven at 200F and lower, or pre-cool your slate plate in
the freezer or fridge. Slate is slow to change temperature ( and when hot, it will not look any different so
be cautious when handling hot slate.

 Even while slate is stain resistant, it is nevertheless suggested that you seal slate when used as kitchen
worktops, Whenever water doesn’t bead up on the surface anymore its time to seal again the slate. The best
time to seal your slate is immediately after installation, since sealing helps guard against damage. In addition
Abrasive cleaners, greasy sprays, and products containing lemon or vinegar should be avoided while cleaning
slate because they may damage the surface.

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 Pros of using Slate

• Slate tile flooring is highly durable, making it resistant to scratches, scrapes, and
dents.
• Slate is a low-maintenance flooring option. It only has to be mopped on a regular basis to stay clean.

• The variety of colors, patterns, and surface textures allows you to fully embrace slate's visual attractiveness
and compliment any design concept. Slate is available in hundreds of different colors.

• Slate, unlike granite, marble, and concrete, is non-porous. This implies that it is very easy to clean and does
not retain bacteria. It does not absorb liquids, so juice, tomato products, detergents, and other substances
will not discolor the surface since they cannot infiltrate the surface.

• Slate's hardness and durability make it ideal for use in the kitchen or bathroom. It is not readily chipped or
scratched, and it is heat resistant. The surface will not be harmed by hot cookware or hair tools.

• Slate countertops are considerably cheaper than granite and marble. They are also less expensive than
most concrete, quartz, or crushed glass surfaces.
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 Cons of using Slate

• The natural and diverse texture of tiles can create clefts and peaks that are visually appealing but may be
painful underfoot.

• Variation in quality: physical and functional attributes can vary substantially from slab to slab and color
to color. To some extent, this is also true with granite and marble, but the spectrum with slate
countertops is considerably more dramatic. Low-quality slabs can be exceedingly porous, difficult to
seal, and discolor rapidly. Acidic foods and most cleaning chemicals will cause this type to fracture,
flake, chip, scratch, and etch.

• Slate countertops may have brittle corners and edges that chip and crack therefore they are advised to be
rounded.

• Slate countertop are not resistant to Scratching from the points of knives and other sharp items. However,
this sensitivity to scratching is not a serious worry because the scratches can be quickly removed with no
effort. Light scratches can be removed by rubbing mineral oil into them with a damp sponge or deeper
scratches can be buffed out with steel wool.
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 Natural stone types:
• Sandstone: sandstone is known for its natural strength, toughness and slip-resistant qualities. This
stone endures the toughest climates, increasing its value and esthetic appeal overtime. Petra is one of
the finest examples of sandstone design as well as the white house.

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 Natural stone types: Sandstone

 Sandstones are utilized for internal and outdoor design because of their natural beauty, including flooring,
paving, cladding walls and floors.

 Sandstone contains quartz, clay, feldspar, olivine, muscovite, mica, and other minerals that can influence the
color of the natural stone. Sandstone's hue is affected by its mineral composition. Sandstone slabs are
available in a wide range of colors, including off-white, tan, yellow, pink, red, rust, orange, brown, and
black.

 Because of its acid and heat resistance, sandstone is particularly suitable for external cladding in seaside
architecture. Sandstone from quarries may be cut, polished, and sculpted for a variety of purposes.

 Sandstone is a wonderful option if you want a one-of-a-kind countertop and prefer natural stone. Because of
their attractive appearance, these countertops are popular among homeowners. Sandstone, like other natural
stones, is heat resistant, so you don't have to worry about using it with a hot pot or skillet.
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 Pros of using sandstone

 Regular maintenance of the sandstone countertop is quite simple once it has been sealed. It is similar to
caring for a marble or concrete countertop. Spills should be wiped up quickly, and natural stone surfaces
may be cleaned with light soap and water.

 Sandstone is a lovely stone that will enhance the appearance of your property. Sandstone will suit a
classic or modern design because of its distinct features and ability to mix with any style of décor. In
addition the classic appearance of sandstone countertops will without a doubt improve the value of your
property

Cons of using sandstone

 Dropped pots will rapidly ruin the countertop, and moving objects around on it will readily scratch it.
Sandstone is extremely porous and ready to absorb any liquids left on the surface. It must be sealed on a
regular basis, however even with sealing, liquids left on the surface must be avoided.
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 Natural stone types:
Travertine: Travertine is a porous limestone sedimentary rock that has been recognized since the time of
the ancient Romans. travertine is the most often used stone in construction and interior design just after
Marble

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 Natural stone types: Travertine

 Travertine is also ageless because of its neutral color palette, which complements rooms designed in a variety
of styles. The color variety of travertine is remarkable.

 Depending on where the rock is found, this natural stone can vary from cream and light beige to yellow and
brown to orange and red.

 When going for a modern look, the stone can be polished, leaving it with a smooth and shiny look.
Nowadays, travertine is widely used for wall surfaces and flooring. If properly sealed, travertine is also a
great choice for exterior projects.

 Travertine countertops are available in a variety of travertine stone shades and colors. The countertops come
in both cross cut and vein cut stone. The brilliance of these countertops is determined by the type of finish
used. Before installation, the travertine holes are filled. For this technique, resin and grout are typically
utilized.
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 Pros of travertine

• Travertine stone is simpler to cut and shape than porcelain tiles, making it ideal for filling tiny or irregularly
shaped spaces.

• Travertine can be purchased in the form of tiles or slabs. You may pick between small delicately crafted
mosaic tiles and 36 inch travertine tiles. The distinctive design formed by the natural veining of the
travertine stone contributes to the creation of a highly captivating and interesting look in your home.

Cons of travertine

• Travertine countertops are highly reactive to acidic liquids such as orange and lime juice. Even the smallest
spill might cause discoloration of the travertine stone. If you have a frequently used kitchen, it is not a good
idea to install travertine kitchen worktops.

By Joelle Maatouk 54
 Natural stone types:
• Quartzite: Quartzite is a metamorphic rock composed completely of quartz grains, generally of a white
color. Its hardness and strength make it suitable for use in construction and decorating.

By Joelle Maatouk 55
 Natural stone types: Quartzite

 This natural stone is commonly used for outdoor and interior flooring. Quartzite's' resilience allows them to
survive considerable foot traffic and adverse weather conditions without losing their appearance.

 This product is ideal for pool decks or entrances since it is easy to clean and water-resistant. Quartzite is also
commonly used as wall cladding.

 Among the several countertop alternatives, quartzite is the finest pick. It retains its beauty over time, and it
will improve the value and attractiveness of your property. It is resistant to chemicals and heat, and it is
unaffected by foods, fluids, or cleaning products. The slabs' subtle veining produces a fantastic movement
for kitchen counters.

 Quartzite's beauty, flexibility, and durability make it one of the greatest materials for any building or
decorative job. It will add value and charm to your house and will last for many years.

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 Pros of Quartzite

 Many individuals want a natural stone surface that will last for a long time. Quartzite, like granite, leans
toward the hard side of natural stone, which means it will not wear down or create issues.

 Quartzite is very resistant to UV radiation, which is ideal if you want to use it outside or in an area that
receives a lot of direct, natural light. You won't have to be concerned about fading at all.

Cons of Quartzite

 Because quartzite is a naturally produced stone, the colors available are limiting. There are mostly whites
and greys, with a few colors in between. If you want additional color in your kitchen countertops, quartzite
has a few options, but they aren't particularly vibrant.

 Some quartzite slabs are tough and endure longer, while others are soft. Sealing is typically required once a
year, although some require it more frequently. While this is something you can accomplish on your own, it
should be regarded when considering this material.
By Joelle Maatouk 57
 Natural stone types:
Pebble stone: you think of different potential uses when you see the pebbles. The use of pebbles for interior
decoration is becoming more popular; stones of all kinds, whether small pebbles or larger stones, may give
your space a different expression.

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 Natural stone types: Pebble stone

1- Anvil Pebbles natural stone is a standard size 2- The natural stone walling Arctic pebbles is
grey pebble, suitable for a wide variety of exterior characterized by its pure white, clean color. Ideal for
walling designs, ranging from water features to walls. walls and swimming pools, Arctic pebbles
are also a perfect ground cover or pot filler.

3- Bendigo Pebbles natural stone is distinguished by 4-Bracken pebbles natural stone contains a
its brownish cream and light brown finish. beautifully dark, deep burgundy pebble that is
Bendigo pebbles are perfect to hold loose around suitable for a wide variety of flooring and wall
the yard. applications.

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 Natural stone types: Pebble stone

5-Dark, deep brown pebbles, Eden pebbles natural 6-It's all in your name. Eggshell Pebbles natural stone
stone is a fine option for walling or flowing; it adds is a soft egg shell based natural stone pebble.
warmth and complexity to the design.

7- A soft, bright orange pebble Pilbra Pebbles 8-A creamy, smooth pebble with a touch of green
natural stone flooring is great for a wide variety Himalayan pebbles natural stone flooring is perfect for
of walling and flooring applications in your backyard, mixing with lush, soft planting surroundings.
courtyard or patio.

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