Chapter 1

 Data representation
 Denary
 Binary

 One's compliment /unsigned integer

 8 bit unsigned binary can only represent 256 values from 0 (00000000) to 255

(11111111) (9608 w21p12 Q10a)

 Two's compliment

 8 bit two's compliment integer can only represent 256 values from -128

(11111111) to 127 (0111111) (9608 w21p12 Q10b)

 Hexadecimal

 BCD

 Can not be represent when each groups of 4 bits is greater than 9 (9618 w21p12 Q4d)

 Examples of practical applications (9608 w21p13 Q1d)

 Calculator

 Digital clock

 Financial applications

 Adding, subtracting and converting between denary, binary, hexadecimal and BCD (9618

s21p11/13 Q1c, 9618 w21p11/13 Q1b.i/c)

 Overflow occurs when the result is greater than (denary value) 255 (for unsigned 8 bit

binary) (9618 w21p11/13 Q1b.ii)

 Ascii code

 How words are represented by ASCII (9618 s21p12 Q6b)

 Each character has it own unique ASCII code

 Each character is replaced by its ASCII code

 The codes are stored in the order of the word

 ASCII character set (9618 s21p12 Q6a)

 Can only represent 128 characters

 Extended ASCII character set (9618 s21p12 Q6a)

 Can only represent 256 characters

 Unicode (9618 s21p12 Q6c)

 Multimedia
 Bitmap image
 Definition (9608 s18p11 Q2a)

 Made up of pixel

 Each pixel has one colour

 Colour of each pixel stored as a binary number

 How computer stores bitmap image (9608 s18p11 Q2b)

 Each pixel needs x bits to store since there only y colour 一般会给你一张图然后问

你怎么 store，这里 x bits 决定于有 y 种颜色，如果图片里只有 2 种颜色（y）那么

就只需 1bit 来储存（x）
  0 represent white (colour1), 1 represent black (colour2) 如题，把 colour1 当成白
色，colour2 当成黑色（也可以反过来）
 Bit are stored for each pixel is in sequence 储存形式是连续的像素

 E.g. 1011010001001 如题，把编码写出来算一分

 Pixel 像素 (9618 s21p11/13 Q1a.i)

 Smallest addressable（可解读的）element in an (bit map) image

 A single square of one colour

 File header 图片属性 (9618 s21p11/13 Q1a.i)

 Information and data about the bitmap image

 E.g. (9608 s21p12 Q7b, 9608 w21p11 Q1b)

 File size (in Bytes)

 Resolution (vertical heights and horizontal widths in pixel)

 Bit depth

 Number of colours

 (image) Resolution

 Bit depth

 Features in bitmap graphics (image) software (9608 s20p13 Q7a)

 Colour select

 Select all pixels of the same colour

 Add text

 To show the name of the company

 Fill an area with colour

 Selection

 'Grab' a number of pixel to perform a task

 Copy

 Reduplicate a number of pixels

 Vector graphic (9618 w21p12 Q5, 9608 s20p12 Q1b)

 How computer stores vector graphic (9608 w20p13 Q7a)

 Each item is a drawing object

 Drawing objected are created using mathematical calculations (instructions,

commands)
 Properties if each drawing object are stored e.g. positions, fill colour, line colour

 Calculations for proportional size (not exact dimensions) for each object are stored

 Property 图形属性 (9608 s21p11 Q1a, 9608 w21p11 Q1a)

 Information and data about the geometric shapes/ drawing objects

 E.g. 考试的时候尽量按照所给的图片写 e.g. black line, black fill, solid line

 line colour

 line style

 fill colour

 line width

 position

 Drawing list (9608 s21p11 Q1a)

 The list of shapes involved in the (vector graphic) image

 The list that stores the command/description of drawing object

  E.g. 3 triangle (shapes), 2 capital letter R (letter)
 Advantage & disadvantage

 Bitmap image

 Advantage

 Looks more realistic.

 Can be compressed with large reduction of its origin file size.

 Disadvantage

 When enlarge or zoom in, image will be pixelized

 Usually has larger file size, because every pixel is needed to be stored

 Hard to edit, because every pixel need to be edit separately

 Vector graphic

 Advantage (9608 s18p11 Q2d)

 can resize without getting pixelized, because shapes will get recalculated

when resize
 Usually have smaller file size, because it only contains instruction or function

to create shapes)
 Disadvantage

 Do not compress well because of little data redundant 重复的数据很少所以

很难压缩
 Vector graphics need to be 'rasterised'（转化成打格式）to display or print

 Difference (9618 w21p12 Q5b.i)

 Bitmap is made of pixels || Vector graphic stores sets of instruction/commands about

drawing objects /shapes

 Bitmap images are suitable for photographs/ scanned picture || Vector graphics are

suitable for geometric shapes

 When bitmap image is enlarged, pixel get bigger, image get pixelized || When vector

graphic is enlarged, shapes get recalculated, image does not get pixelized
 Vector graphics need to be 'rasterised'（转化成打格式） to display or print, bitmap

image don't
 Sound files

 Sampling

 Measuring the amplitude of sound wave at set time intervals（间隔）

 Sampling rate

 Definition (9608 w21p11 Q2a)

 The number of samples taken per unit time

 Why sound is better (closer to the original) when higher sampling rate is used?

(9618 w21p11/13 Q7a.i, 9608 w20p11 Q7)

 Smaller time gaps between samples

 The digital sound wave is more accurate

 Smaller quantisation error

 Why sound file size increases when higher sampling rate is used? (9618 w21p11/13

Q7a.ii, 9608 w20p11 Q7)

 More samples are taken, so more bits are used to stored altogether

 Sampling resolution
  Definition (9608 w21p11 Q2a)
 The number of bits used to represent/encode each sample

 File size (9618 s21p11/13 Q1a.ii, 9618 w21p11/13 Q1a)

 For image files

 = image resolution x bit depth

 For sound files

 = sampling resolution x sampling rate

 1 bit = either 0 or 1

 1 byte (B) = 8 bit

 Estimate
3
 1 kilobyte (KB) = 1024 B = 10 B
6
 1 megabyte (MB) = 1000 KiB = 10 B
9
 1 gigabyte (GB) = 1000 MiB = 10 B
12
 1 terabyte (TB) = 1000 byte = 10 B

 Accurate
10
 1 kibibyte (KiB) = 1024 B = 2 B
20
 1 mebibyte (MiB) = 1024 KiB = 2 B
30
 1 gibibyte (GiB) = 1024 MiB = 2 B
40
 1 tebibyte (TiB) = 1024 byte = 2 B

 File compression
 Purpose of using file compression (9618 w21p11/13 Q7b.i, 9608 s21p11 Q8b.i, 9608 s19p11
Q1d.i)
 To reduce storage space required/needed to store the file (because of the file size

decreases)
 To reduce the time for transmit (upload and download) the file (because of the file size

decreases)
 (To reduce file size) because emails have limit file size for sending or receiving (transmit) ||

original file is too large for email storage/attachment

 Lossless compression

 Purpose of using lossless compression (9608 s21p11 Q8b.ii)

 Because all the data needs to be recoverable (after decompression), otherwise the

file content will not make sense.

 Run-length encoding (RLE) 考试一定要写全称 (9618 s21p11/13 Q1b, 9618 w21p11/13

Q7b.ii, 9608 s18p11 Q2b.ii)

 Replace a sequence of same colour pixel with colour code and number of the

sequence.
 E.g. 3 black pixels and 4 white pixels can be encode to B3W4 如果考试给了一张图

务必要吧那张图精确的编写出来
 Lossy compression (9618 w21p12 Q5b.ii)

 Definition (9608 s19p11 Q1d.ii)

 A way of compression that data will be loss

 The decompressed file is not the same as the original file

 Purpose of using lossy compression (9608 s19p11 Q1d.iii)

  Lossy compression compresses further than lossless compression, which produce
smaller file size
 A very large file needs significant reduction in its size

 Lossy removes details which can be lost without people notice

 On image

 Reduce image resolution

 Reduces the number pixel in width and height, which means fewer bits is

need to store the image (all of the pixels), this decreases the file size
 Reduce number of colours

 Reduces the colour types which means fewer bits is need to store each

colour, this decreases the file size

 Reduce bit depth

 Reduces the number of bits per pixel which means each pixel has fewer bits,

this decreases the file size

 On sound file

 Reduce sampling rate

 Reduce sampling rate means fewer samples are taken per unit time (e.g.

seconds) so less data is stored, so less bit is stored, this decreases the file size
 Reduce sample resolution

 Reduce sampling resolution means fewer bit are used to represent teach

sample, so less data is stored, so less bit is stored, this decreases the file size
Chapter 2
 Network
 Wired network
 WAN (Wide Area Network)

 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

 LAN (Local Area Network)

 Why LAN? (9618 w21p11/13 Q8a)

 Small geographical area

 Does not use internet to transmit data within the building

 PAN (Personal Area Network)

 Wireless network

 WLAN (Wireless LAN)

 WAP (Wireless Access Point)

 Network Model
 Client-server network (9608 s21p11 Q11a)
 Files/data are held (saved) on servers

 User's (e.g. employee, customer 看题说了什么) computers are the clients

 Client send request to the server

 Server process the request, and sends back the result to the client

 Client display the result to the user

 People can request (shared) files on any client computer

 Peer-to-peer network

 Features of peer-to-peer (9618 s21p11/13 Q4a)

 All computers are in equal status

 Computers can communicate and share resources to each other

 Each computer is responsible for its own security

 Disadvantage (9618 s21p11/13 Q4b)

 No central management of security, each computer is responsible for its own

security, each computer is at risk from virus from other computers

 No central management of back up, all data may get lost forever if the computer is

not backed up
 No central management of files, so reduced in data consistency

 All computers need to be switch on to share files, so files may not always be

available

 Clients
 Thin client
 Client that only provide input and output from software, must connect to the other devices to

process a request. E.g. POS terminal 收银机

 Thick clients
  Clients that carries out at least some of the processing itself without connecting to other device.
E.g. PC (personal computer)

 Network topology
 Bus network topology
 Network using central cable in which all devices are connected to this cable

 Data can only travel in one direction

 Only one device is allowed to transmit at a time

 Star network topology

 Network that uses central hub/switch

 All data is routed by switch/hub

 Mesh network topology

 Direct links between devices

 Hybrid network topology

 Network made up of a combination of other network

 Cloud computing (storage)

 Advantage (9618 s21p12 Q5c.i)
 Data can be easily shared

 Can access from any computer with internet access

 Saves storage on existing devices

 Most cloud storage services have backup recovery

 Better security

 Cloud storage can be free

 Disadvantage (9618 s21p12 Q5c.ii)

 Cannot access data with any computer that cannot access to the internet || Can access

only from computers with internet access

 Upload and download data may be very slow because of unstable internet connection

 It may be very expensive in long term

 There could be issues with the company offering cloud services

 Public cloud

 Private cloud

 Hybrid cloud

 Wired and wireless network

 Wired network
 Advantage (9618 s21p11/13 Q4c.ii)

 More stable, less external interference.

 Higher data transmit rate / higher connection??

 More secured

 Disadvantage

 Devices are not mobile, and need to be close enough to have cable connections.

移动性低
 Cabling can be very complex and hard to organize 这么多线很难管理
  Lots of wire may lead to tripling hazards, and is harder to clean areas with lots of
cable. 可能会绊倒人并且很难打扫
 Wireless network

 Advantage (9618 s21p11/13 Q4c.ii, 9608 w18p13 Q7a, 9608 s21p12 Q9a)

 Freedom of movement, users and computers can be mobile, the network can be

access from anywhere within the wireless access point (WAP)

 Less hardware and cables required, which reduces the cost

 Much easier and straight forward to connect devices, no need physical connection

between devices
 Disadvantage

 More external interference. 外部干扰增加

 Data is less secured compared with wired network, easy to intercept radio waves

and microwaves. 低安全性

 Signal can be stopped or decreased when passing thick walls. 穿墙信号就会减弱

 Types of electromagnetic radiation

 Radio wave 无线电波 e.g. 收音机，WiFi 传输 (9608 s20p13 Q1a)

 Carries data wirelessly || carries data in the form of electromagnet waves

 Microwave 微波 e.g. 卫星传输

 Infrared 红外线

 Bluetooth

 WIFI

 Satellites (9608 s20p13 Q1a)

 A communication device in Earth's orbit that receives and transmit data

 Hardware
 Hardware to support LAN
 Cable

 Copper cable

 Twisted pair cable

 Coaxial cable

 Fibre optic cable 光缆 (9608 s20p12 Q7b, p13 Q1b, 9608 w18p12 Q2cii, iii)

 Transmit data as light || Uses a (bundle of) glass/plastic threads to transmit

data
 Advantage

 Faster data transmission

 Less external interference so more stable connection

 More secure

 Disadvantage

 High (initial) cost

 Expertise（需要专业人士）required to complete installation and

connections
 Only transmit data in one direction

 Fibre optic cable will break when bent

 Hub/Switch (9618w21p11/13 Q8b)

  Router (9618 s21p11/13 Q4c,i, 9618w21p11/13 Q8b, 9618 w21p12 Q3b.ii, 9608 s19p12
Q1c)
 How router works

 Connect two similar types of networks e.g. connect LAN to the internet

 Allocate/assign private IP address to device on LAN

 Store/update/maintain a routing table / a table of MAC and IP address

 Receives packets from devices or internet

 Find the most efficient path to the destination of the packet

 Route/forward packets to the destination

 Similarity compares to other hardware (9608 s20p11 Q8c)

 Both connect two networks

 Both receives packets from a network and forward/send to another network

 Difference compare to other hardware

 Router connect two networks using similar protocol 因为大部分时候 router

里面有 gateway
 Router connect two networks using the same protocol 如果和 gateway 做比

较
 Gateway*

 Used to connect two networks with different protocols

 Similarity compares to other hardware (9608 s20p11 Q8c)

 Both devices connect two networks || regulates traffic between two networks

 Both receives packets from a network and forward/send to another network

 Difference compares to other hardware

 Gateway can connect two networks with different protocols

 Repeater 信号加强器

 Device used to boost（加强）a signal on both wired or wireless networks

 Bridge

 Used to connect two networks that have the same protocol

 E.g. connecting two LANs

 Hardware to support internet

 NIC (network interface card) 网卡

 Provides interface to wired network

 Used to connect computer/server to LAN (e.g. company's network) (which connect

to the internet) (9608 s20p12 Q7a)

 WNIC (wireless network interface card) 无线网卡 (9618 w21p11/13 Q8c)

 Provide interface to wireless network

 Receives analogue data（模拟信号）and convert it into digital data (binary)（数字

信号）
 Checks incoming transmissions for correct MAC or IP address

 Encodes data

 Decodes data

 Take digital data (binary) and convert it into analogue data

 Modem
  Used to connect devices (e.g. server) to the internet over a telephone line (9608
s20p12 Q7a)

 Bit streaming
 How to send video using bit streaming (9608 w19p12 Q6e.i)
 Data is compressed before transmitting

 Video is transferred continuously as a series of bit

 Video is hosted on the media server

 To download the video, the server sends the data to the buffer of the client

 User's software receives the bit stream from the buffer

 Real time steaming (9608 w20p11 Q5a.i)

 It is being watch live

 It in not already stored online so it cannot be download to watch later

 On demand streaming

 Video is already been stored|| Video does not need to broadcast live

 Users can download and watch the video later

 Video can be paused

 Why video constantly stops and starts again? (9608 w20p11 Q5a.ii)

 Slow and unstable internet connection

 The video is too high quality to stream in real time

 Too much demand for the video from the client, causing traffic jam

 Too many application running on user's computer, CPU and RAM is overloaded

 User is trying to watch the video in a high resolution (quality)

 Internet (9608 s18p11 Q5b)

 Internet (interconnected network)
 World wide web (WWW)

 Difference between Internet and WWW

 Internet uses IP protocol

 WWW is accessed over internet

 WWW uses http or https protocol

 Webpages in WWW are written in HTML

 Why both Internet and WWW are both used? (9618 s21p11/13 Q4d)

 Internet is used to send data on the infrastructure 物理层面

 WWW is used to access to a website (that is stored on a web server) which is a part of the

WWW
 Communication system (9608 w21p12 Q3a)

 Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) (9608 s19p12 Q1b.i)

 PSTN has many different types of communication lines

 Data is transmitted in both directions at the same time

 The communication passes through different switching centres

 Cellphone network

 Send data to cell towers over mobile connection

 Satellite system
  Send data to satellites in the Earth's orbit
 Dedicated line

 Definition

 Permanent（永久的）connection often used for organisations

 Advantage

 More secured

 Faster transmission of data

 More stable transmission

 Disadvantage

 Expensive to set up and maintain

 IP (internet protocols) address

 Definition

 Is the physical address of the server

 Purpose (9608 w18p12 Q2b)

 Used to locate devices on a network

 Each IP address is unique in the network

 Allows device to send data to the correct destination

 IPv4 (9608 w20p13 Q4a.iii)

 Uses 4 Bytes

 4 groups denary or hexadecimal integers

 (value of) Number in each group must between 0 to 255 or 0 to FF

 Each group is stored in I byte (8 bits)

 Separate by full stops (.)

 E.g. 192.168.2.10

 IPv6 (9608 w20p13 Q4a.iii)

 Definition

 Uses 16 bytes

 8 groups of denary or hexadecimal integers

 (value of) Number in each group must between 0 to 65535 or 0 to FFFF

 Each group is stored in 2 Byte (16 bits)

 Separate by colon (:)

 Zero compression

 Only one sequence groups of 0 can be replaced by double colon (::)

 E.g. 1234:1145:1419:1981:0FA1::

 Purpose (9608 s19p12 Q1a.ii)

 The demand for IP address needed is larger than the maximum number IP

addresses that IPv4 can have.

 Private IP (9608 w21p13 Q3a)

 How to use?

 Private is assigned by ISP

 Private IP is cannot be access by anyone using the internet

 Private IP is used to get communicate within the network

 Private IP address are unique within the LAN, it can be duplicated in different

networks
  Why computers and routers have private IP? (9608 w20p11 Q8a, 9608 w20p13
Q4a.i)
 So computers can be identified in LAN (e.g. home network) and allows

router (or other devices in LAN) to know where to send the data to (the
computer)
 So routers can be identify in LAN (e.g. home network)

 Routers have both public IP and private IP so it can route (transmit) data

between to networks
 Public IP (9608 w21p13 Q3a)

 How to use?

 Public IP is assigned by router

 Public IP is used to get internet service

 Private must be unique throughout the internet

 Public IP can be access by anyone using the internet

 Why computers don't have public IP but routers have? (9608 s20p13 Q1c, 9608

w20p11 Q8a)
 Reduce the number of public IP needed

 Computers don't connect to the internet directly

 Computers will be more secured, since the public IP address is visible

throughout the internet, so computers hide from the internet without public
IP
 Only router needs a public IP, because only router needs to be identified on

the internet
 All data from the internet must transmitted to the router first

 Router has both public IP and private IP so it can route (transmit) data

between to networks
 Difference between private IP address and public IP address (9608 s21p11 Q9a)

 Private IP address is only known within LAN || Public IP address is known

outside LAN / on internet

 Private IP address is allocated by router || Public IP address is allocated by ISP

 Public IP address are unique throughout the internet, private IP address are

unique only within LAN

 Private IP address are more secure than public IP address

 Static IP

 Definition (9618 s21p12 Q5d)

 Static IP does not change each time a device connects to a the internet

 Why static IP? (9608 w20p12 Q7b)

 The DNS does not need updating

 Might be delay causing "address not found"

 Web server may be access directly using just the IP address

 Dynamic IP

 Definition (9618 s21p12 Q5d)

 Dynamic IP is reallocated (changes) each time a device connects the internet

 Uniform resource locator (URL)

 Definition (9608 w15p12 Q9b)
 Reference website address on the internet

 Includes protocol and domain name

 Protocol

 E.g. https, http

 Domain name //这里书上写的就是个寄吧，考试里和现实当中 domain name 的范围就

是书上所讲的 website address

 Definition (9608 s21p13 Q6b)

 Domain name is a memorable form of IP address

 Each domain name is linked to an IP address

 Domain host*

 E.g. www

 Website name*

 e.g. Cambridge

 Domain type*

 E.g. .com, .org, .co, .net, .gov

 Country code*

 E.g. .uk, .cn

 File name*

 E.g. page1.html

 E.g. Protocol://domain name/path/file name

 E.g. https://www.Cambridgeinternational.org/6908.html

 Domain name service (DNS) server

 Definition

 Used to translate domain name into corresponding IP address

 How to use DNS (9608 w15p12 Q9b, 9608 s17p11 Q7b, 9608 s19p11 Q1b)

 Web browser parses（分析）the entered URL to obtain the domain name

 Web browser sends the domain name to nearest DNS

 DNS stores a database/list of domain name with matching IP address

 If a DNS finds the matching IP address, it returns the IP address to the web browser

 If a DNS can't find the domain name, It send the request to a higher level DNS

 DNS adds returned (from the higher level DNS) IP and URL into is its database/list

将上级发回的 IP 和 URL（也是以前没有的）加到自己的 database 里

 DNS server returns the IP address to the web browser

 DNS may return error message if the domain name is invalid or doesn't exist

 DNS has hierarchy

Chapter 3
 Laser printer (9608 s20p13 Q2a)
 The drum is initially given an electrical (negative) charge
 The laser beam (bounces off moving mirror) scans back and forth and discharge all the

point/area that does not includes the 'shapes' or 'text' (will be print out) of the drum
 (Only the area of the 'shapes' or 'texts' of) The drum is then coated with (positive) charged

toner（鼓粉）
 The drum is rolled over a (negative) charged paper

 (All the positive charged toner of) The 'shape' or 'text' is transferred to the paper

 The paper passes through the fuser to seal the image

 All electric charged is removed from the drum

 3D printer (9608 s20p11 Q2b.i)

 Object is designed using CAD (computer aided design) software
 The software split the object into slices

 The data about each slice is sent to the printer

 The solid plastic is melted and transferred to the nozzle

 A motor moves the nozzle into position

 The nozzle extrudes（挤出）the molten plastic

 This repeats (step 5 and 6) until the layer is complete

 A fan cools the layer

 This process (step 4 to 8) repeats for each layer

 Microphone (9618 w21p12 Q3a)

 Microphone has a diaphragm
 Incoming sound waves cause the vibration of the diaphragm

 Causing a coil to move past a magnet

 Electrical signal is produced

 Speaker (9608 w17p11 Q5a.ii)

 Takes an electrical signal and translate it into physical vibrations to create sound waves
 An electrical current in the coil create electric magnetic field

 Changes in audio signal (sent from computer) will cause changes in direction of the electrical

current
 Changes in electrical current in the coil changes the direction of polarity of electro magnet

 Electro magnet is attached to a parament magnet

 The coil to vibrates

 Movement in the coil causes the diaphragm to vibrate

 Sound waves is produce and transmitted in air from the diaphragm

 Primary storage
 (main) Memory
  RAM (random access memory)
 Purpose (9608 s20p11 Q2.b.ii, p13 Q2b)

 Stores currently running parts of (something e.g. 3D printer, laser printer)

software/program
 Stores currently process (of something e.g. washing, printing)

 Stores data about (e.g. washing machine, printer) such as (e.g. plastic level (for 3D

printers), temperature (for washing machines))

 Static RAM (SRAM) (9608 w19p13 Q1b.ii)

 Often used as cache

 Made from flip-flop

 Dynamic RAM (DRAM) (9608 w19p13 Q1b.ii)

 Requires refreshing (recharging)

 Difference

 SRAM is more expensive than DRAM

 SRAM has faster access time than DRAM

 SRAM has more complex circuitry than DRAM

 DRAM has to be refreshed, SRAM does not required to refresh

 DRAM often used in main memory, SRAM often used in cache memory

 ROM (read only memory)

 Types of ROM

 ROM (read only memory) 不能修改

 PROM (programmable ROM) 只能修改一次

 EPROM (Erasable PROM) 可以修改多次

 EEPROM (electrically EPROM) 更方便修改多次

 Purpose

 Stores start-up instructions (of something e.g. printer, washing machine)

 Stores OS (of something e.g. printer, washing machine)

 Difference between RAM and ROM

 RAM is in volatile (容易失去的) || ROM is non-volatile (不容易失去)

 RAM can change regularly || ROM usually do not change

 RAM is read/write || ROM is read only

 Secondary storage
 Uses of secondary storage (9608 w17p11 Q5)
 Purpose (9608 w19p12 Q6b.i)

 To store files in long term

 Hard disk drive (HDD) / Magnetic hard disk (9608 s21p12 Q8g)

 How to use?

 The disks has one or more platters made of aluminum or glass

 The surface of the platters has ferrous oxide which can be magnetised

 Platters are mounted（堆在）on a spindle

 The platters are rotated at high speed

 There are read-write heads mounted on an (actuator) arm above each surface of the

platters
  Electronic circuits control the movement of the arm and then the heads
 The surface of the platters are divided into concentric tracks and sectors

 When writing the disks, a variation（变动）in the current through the head produces a

variation in magnetic field on the disk

 When reading the disks, a variation in the magnetic field on the disk produces a variation

in current though the head

 Advantage (9608 s18p13 Q7c)

 Less expensive per unit of storage (compare to SSD)

 Cost is low even if large amount of HDD is purchased

 Larger storage capacity（上限）

 To store video, sound, image file with large file size

 Slower degradation（损坏）of data

 So will last longer under heavy use

 Solid state drive (SSD)

 Definition

 No moving parts

 SSD state memory is volatile (容易失去) 寿命短

 Make use of blocks of integrated circuits（集成电路）

 Advantage (9608 s18p13 Q7c)

 No moving parts so no noise

 Faster read and write speed (time)

 Do not need to wait to load the (video, image, sound) file (for a long time)

 CD/DVD drive/writer

 Optical disk drive

 USB flash drive

 Buffer

 A temporary storage area

 External (removeable) secondary storage (9608 w17p11 Q5b)

 Purpose
 Additional secondary file storage

 Backup of files

 Transfer files to another computer

 External HDD 注意这里有区别一般都是 internal HDD (9608 s17p12 Q2c.i)

 External SSD 注意这里有区别一般都是 internal SSD (9608 s17p12 Q2c.i)

 Touchscreen
 Resistive touchscreen (9608 s20p12 Q1a, 9608 s18p13m Q7a)
 Resistive touchscreen has two charged layers/plates with a gap/air between the layers
 When finger touches the screen, pressure causes the upper layer to touch the bottom layer, and

completes a circuit
 Point of contact is (created and) registered

 Coordinates (horizontal and vertical position) of the point (of contact) is calculated

 Capacitive touchscreen (9608 s18p13m Q7a)

  Capacitive touchscreen is made of materials that store electronic charge
 When finger touches the screen, electronic charges transfer to the finger

 Sensor at the screen corners detects the changes (in electronic charge)

 Point of contact is registered

 Coordinates (horizontal and vertical position) of the point (of contact) is calculated

 Virtual reality (VR) headset

 An output device worn on the head that gives the user a 'virtual reality experience'
 Used in gaming software to simulate od someone in world experience
 VR will have stereo sound（立体声）, embedded head movement sensors, separate image

projection for each eye

 VR headset must respond very fast with rendered（渲染的）in respond to various input, the

GPU (graphic process unit) is responsible for it

 Sensors
 Temperature
 Pressure

 Infrared

 Sound

 Logic gate (9618 s21p11/13 Q8, 9618 s21p12 Q3, 9618 w21p11/13 Q3)
 OR
 AND

 NOT

 NOR

 NAND

 XOR
Chapter 4
 Fetch execute cycle
 System clock (9618 s21p12 Q5a)
 System clock sends timing signals (to CU and ALU)

 System clock synchronises the all component on the motherboard 其实 system clock 只

控制 CU 和 ALU（发 clock pulses（时间信号）给它们）而 CU 收到时间信号就会发

control signal 给主板上的 components 所以书和考试上才会认为是 system clock 控制所
有 components
 Control unit (CU)

 Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) (9618 s21p12 Q5a)

 Is part of the processor that carries out arithmetic operations, logic operations and logic

comparisons
 Registers 考试填空题最好写全称 (9618 s21p11/13 Q3a, ???9608 w21p12 Q4b)

 Program Counter (PC)

 Stores the address of the next instruction to be fetched

 The address is transferred to MAR

 Memory Access Register (MAR)

 Holds the next address to be fetch held in the PC

 Sends the address to (main) memory to fetch the matching data

 Memory Data (buffer) Register (MDR)

 Holds the data received from memory or CIR

 The instruction (data) is copied to CIR or to memory (for storage)

 Current Instruction Register (CIR)

 Holds the instruction received from MDR

 Sends a signal to PC ready for the next instruction

 Decode and execute the instruction

 Index Register (IX)

 Status Register (SR) (9608 s21p11 Q3d)

 Carry flag

 Negative flag

 Overflow

 Zero flag

 Accumulator (ACC)

 Interrupt Register

 Buses (9618 s21p12 Q5a)

 Address bus

 Data bus

 Control bus

 Stages of fetch execute cycle

 Words

 PC stores the address of the next instruction to be fetched

 The address is transfer to MAR using address bus

 The MAR holds and transfer the address to (main) memory using address bus
 The data of the matching address in memory is copied to MDR using data bus

 MDR holds the data from the memory, if the data is an instruction, the instruction

is copied to CIR using data bus

 CIR holds the instruction, before decoding, CIR sends a data signal to tell PC ready

for the next instruction

 PC is incremented (usually by 1)

 CIR decodes the instruction

 The decoded instruction in CIR is executed by the processor

 Register transfer notation (9618 w21p11/13 Q6a)

 MAR  [PC]

 The data is stored in the Program Counter is passed to Memory Access

Register
 MDR  [[MAR]]

 The data in address pointed to by the Memory Address Register

 CIR  MDR

 PC  [PC]+1

 The Program Counter is incremented

 Computer port（外界设备）
 Purpose (9608 s20p13 Q2c.i)
 To provide connections to peripheral devices

 To provide interface between computer and other devices

 USB (universal serial bus) port (9608 s20p12 Q2c.iii)

 Faster data transfer

 Useful when transferring large files such as video files

 Automatic connection

 Usually no need to install separate device drivers

 USB ports is a standard used by many products/manufactures（产品）

 Which means all new computers will equip/have with USB ports

 Device can be charged/powered through USB ports

 External devices may be charged while working at the computer

 HDMI

 HDMI ports are standard used by many modern devices

 Fast data transfer rate

 Improves security

 VGA

 Old technology

 Interrupts
 Definition (9608 w18p13 Q6b)
 Signal from a source/device

 Telling the processor its attention is needed

 How interrupts works

  At the end of each cycle for current instruction, processor checks if there's an interrupt
 If interrupt flag is set, the register content are saved, the address of the interrupt service router

(ISR) is loaded to the program counter (PC)

 When ISR competes the processor restores the content of the processor

 Assembly language (9618 s21p11/13 Q3b/c, 9618 s21p12 Q4, 9618 w21p11/13 Q6b)
 Addressing modes (9618 w21p12 Q8b.iii)
 Direct addressing

 Indirect addressing

 Index addressing

 Immediate addressing

 Relative addressing

 Absolute addressing

 Use of opcode and operand code for instruction

 Symbolic addressing

 Use of symbols for instruction

 Trace table

 Two-pass assembler
 How assembler made entries to the symbol table? (9608 w17p11 Q4c)
 Assembler reads the assembly language instructions in sequence

 It checks if the instruction meets a symbolic address, if yes then...

 If the symbolic address is not on the symbol table, it adds it to symbol table

 If it is already on the symbol table, it checks to see if the absolute address is known

 If it is known, it is entered

 If it is not known, it is marked as unknown

 First pass (9608 s15p13 Q2)

 Read the assembly language one line at a time

 Create a symbolic table

 Expansion of macros 展开一个宏指令（一个大型很多步骤的指令）

 Adds symbol address

 Remove all comments

 Any directive are act upon

 Second pass (9608 w17p11 Q4d.i)

 Read the assembly language one line at a time

 Any symbolic address is replaced by the absolute address

 Instruction table is needed

 Generate（产生）object codes (using the symbol table in the first pass)

 Save or execute the program

 Improving computer performance

 Cores (9618 s21p12 Q5b)
 Each core process one instruction per clock pulse
  Multiple/more cores means that sequence of instruction can be split between them
 More sequence of instruction can be run in the same time

 More cores decrease the time taken to complete task, therefore improves the computer

performance
 Clock speed (9618 s21p12 Q5b)

 Each instruction is executed on a clock purse

 Clock speed dictates（规定）the number of instructions that can be run per second

 The faster the clock speed, the more instructions can be run per second, therefore

improves the computer performances

 Bus width

 The width of the buses shows the number of bits that ca be transfer at the same time

 Increasing in bus width increases the number of bits of data that can be transferred at the

same time
 This improves the processing speed since fewer transfers are needed, so this improve the

computer performance
 Double the bus width will transfers double amount (bit) of the data per clock pulse

 Cache memory

 Instruction grouped (9608 w21p13 Q3c)

 Data movement
 Arithmetic operations

 Compare instruction

 Unconditional and conditional jump

 Input and output data

Chapter 5
 Operating system (OS)
 Why using OS? (9608 s17p12 Q4a.i)
 The hardware is unusable without an OS

 Acts as an interface / controls communications between user and hardware.

 Provides software platform/environment that programs can be run.

 Management tasks of OS (9618 s21p11/13 Q2b, ???9608 s17p12 Q4a.ii, p11 Q6a, 9608 w17p12

Q1)
 Provides Human Computer Interface (HCI)

 Controls communications between user and hardware.

 Processor management

 Allocation of processing time

 multitasking

 Memory management (9608 w21p11 Q7a.i)

 Allocation of processing application in the memory

 Provides memory protection, ensure two or more data do not use or store in the

same memory location

 Provides the use of virtual memory 虚拟内存

 Organise memory e.g. paging, segmentation

 Releases memory when a process stops

 Reads/writes data to/from memory

 Open and close program

 File/ secondary storage management

 Provide file naming convections

 Maintain directory structures 保持文件储存位置不变

 Controls access

 Preform specific task on files e.g. create and delete, open, close files

 Hardware/input/output/device/peripheral management (9608 w21p11 Q7a.ii, 9608

s20p12 Q2c.ii)
 Managing communications between devices

 Installation of appropriate driver software

 Control access to hardware

 Sends commands to device

 Receives signals from device

 Security management

 Ensures data privacy

 Prevents unauthorised access

 Automatic backup

 Login password is used for different users

 Interrupt Handling

 Stops execution of current process when there's an interrupt

 Use of priority to handle interrupts at the same time

 Saves the data when there's a power cut


 Embedded system (9618 s21p11/13 Q5)

 Definition

 Microprocessor performs one specific task

 E.g. embedded system in a washing machine only controls the programs for

the washing cycle

 Control system

 The system uses feedback

 System produces an action (e.g. causing temperature to change)

 Monitoring system

 The system send signal but do not produce an action and feedback

 RAM and ROM in embedded system

 RAM store start-up instructions

 ROM store choices that the user entered

 ROM store data read from the sensor

 Utility of software (9618 s21p11/13 Q2a, ???9608 s17p11 Q6b, p12 Q4b, 9608 w16p11

Q7a, 9608 w21p13 Q6, 9608 s20p11 Q1b)

 Hard disk formatter 格式化
 Prepares hard disk to allow data to be stored

 Initialies a disk for first use

 Reformat a previously used disk

 Anti virus software / virus checker 杀毒软件

 Checks for virus and then quarantines（隔离）or remove any virus found

 Disk defragmentation software 碎片化整理 (9608 s21p12 Q7.ii)

 Finds the file that are split across the disk.

 Rearrange fragmented/discrete files into contiguous locations, to bring empty space

together.
 To improve the time it takes to access the files

 Disk contents analysis software 硬盘修复软件，这里书上写的就是个寄吧，这个软件只有以下

功能，删除 temp 文件是底下的 disk/system clean up (software)

 (Areas of disk can become corrupt)

 Identify and prevents the bad sectors from being use

 Disk repair software

 Attempts（尝试）to fix the errors (bad sectors)

 File compression software 压缩软件

 Reduce file size

 Using algorithms to change remove (change) the redundant data

 Can be lossy or lossless

 Backup software 备份软件

 Makes copy of files on another location / specific folder in case of data loss /corruption

 Flies (images 如题) can be restored (9608 s21p12 Q7a.ii)

 Firewall
  Prevents unauthorised access to computer systems from external source
 Improving computer performance (???9618 s21p11/13 Q7c)

 Defragmentation

 Less time is taken to access files because each one is contiguous（连续的）so there is

less head movement

 Virus checker

 Makes more RAM available for programs to run, because it removes unnecessary

software that is taking up the memory

 Disk repair

 Identify and prevents the bad sectors from being use

 Reduces access times by optimising（充分利用）storage

 Disk/system clean up

 Releases storage by removing unwanted/temporary files

 Program library
 How program library is used (9618 s21p12 Q7a)
 Use of pre-written tested subroutine

 Library program can be referenced/imported

 A program stored in a program library manufactures

 Advantage

 Don't have to write every code for the same routine every time.

 Leads to modular programming, several programmers can work on the same program at

the same time. 一个很大的 program 分成很多模块就可以一起做

 Saving development time

 No error, since library program is already tested by people

 Types of library program

 Static

 Software being developed is linked to executable code in the library at the time of

compilation
 Dynamic link library file (DLL)

 Definition

 Software being developed is not linked to the library routine until run time.

 Library routines are stored in DLL which are stand-alone files.

 Advantage (9608 s20p13 Q4a.i)

 DLL file is separate from the main program is only loaded into memory when

required, it also makes the (file size of the) executable file of the program
smaller
 Changes/improvement in the DLL file are independent of the main program,

so the program (e.g. game program) will not be recompiled

 The main program will get benefits from the changes/updates (in the DLL

file) automatically
 Same DLL file can be used in several programs at the same time

 DLL routines are prewritten, which saves developers time

 DLL routines are pretested which should be reliable

  Disadvantage (9608 s20p13 Q4a.i)
 Program (e.g. game program) will not work if DLL is corrupted

 Change in DLL file may stops the game from working, or change the way it

works
 DLL must be present at run-time otherwise there is an error

 IDE (integrated development environment)

 (program) writing tools (9618 w21p11/13 Q4b.ii)
 Colour coding || pretty printing

 Auto complete

 Auto correct

 Expand and collapse code blocks

 Context sensitive prompts 比如说你打 Syst 他低下会弹出 System.out.ln()

 Debugging tools (9618 s21p12 Q7b.ii)

 Report windows

 Break points 程序自己 debug 然后预测问题出在第几行

 Single stepping 每次只 debug 一行，用户自己看 report window (trace table)

 Language translator (9618 w21p11/13 Q4d)

 Assembler


Used to translate assembly code (low level code) into binary (machine code)
 Compiler

 Definition (9608 w21p12 Q5)

 Converts high level code to low level code (assembly code)

 Translates the whole program before running it

 Create an executable file if there is no errors

 Report all errors if found

 How to use it? (9618 s21p12 Q7b.i)

 Use the compiler after the program is complete

 Create an executable file

 Use the compiler to repeatedly test the same completed section

 Compiler is not needed at runtime

 Advantage (9608 s21p11 Q8a.ii)

 Compiler is not required to run the program

 The program can be distributed without the source code

 Compilers produces code that executes/runs faster than the equivalent for

interpreters
 Disadvantage

 Program won't run if there are errors

 Part program cannot be tested

 Program cant correct errors in real time

 Interpreter

 Definition (9608 w21p12 Q5)

  Converts high level code to low level code (assembly code)
 Translate and runs one line at one time

 Stops when an error occurs

 Allow errors to be corrected at real time || errors can be continue and translation

continues from the point

 How to use it? (9618 s21p12 Q7b.i, 9608 w20p13 Q3a)

 Use an interpreter while writing the program

 Test/debug the partially completed program

 Errors are found when interpreter stops (before the finish translating)

 Errors can be corrected in real time || errors can be identified one at a time

 Advantage (9608 w21p11 Q10a)

 Easier to debug

 Errors can be corrected in real time

 Parts of the program can be tested before the program is finished

 Errors are reported as the interpreter finds them

 Disadvantage (9608 w21p11 Q10b)

 Source code is needed at run time

 Translation software is needed every time the program runs

 Execution time increased

 Partially compiled and partially interpreted program (9608 w20p13 Q3b)

 Advantage

 Program may be interpreted on different platforms

 Disadvantage

 Intermediate code still needs to be interpreted on the user's computer which may

run slowly
 Extra CPU resources may be required

 Machine independent (9608 w17p13 Q2b.i)

 The program code can be translated to run on any processor/platform 因为不同平台的

cpu 有不同平台的 machine code 所以 assembler 不是 machine independent，compiler

和 interpreter 是，因为他们在任意平台都能编辑，底下一个点是一个解释也能拿一分可
记可不记
 Source code is translated into machine independent intermediate code not machine

dependent code
Chapter 6
 Data integrity
 Validation (9608 w21p13 Q7, 9608 w20p12 Q5c.iv)
 Why validation? (9618 w21p11/13 Q2b.i, 9608 s21p13 Q1a)

 Checks the data is sensible/reasonable

 E.g. format check, checks the data is the right data type

 Types of validation checks (9618 s21p11/13 Q6)

 Range check 范围检测

 Format check 检测 data type

 Length check 长度检测

 Presence check 检测是不是 NULL

 Existence check 检查以前有没有出现过

 Limit check 数值有没有超过最大值或最小值

 Type check 检测数字选项有没有填非数字的数据 e.g. name 选项你填 114514

 Checks weather non numeric data has been input a numeric only field

 Consistency check 检测两个数据是不是对应的 e.g. 上一个选项填“未成年”下一个

选项填 24 岁
 Checks weather two or more fields match up correctly

 Uniqueness check 检测数据是不是唯一的 e.g. studentID

 Checks that enter value is unique

 Check digit 检测数字里的几位数 e.g. 对比身份证的最后几位数

 Verification (9608 w21p13 Q7)

 Why verification? (9618 w21p11/13 Q2b.ii)

 Checks the data is the same as the original

 E.g. double entry, visual check

 During data entry (9608 w20p11 Q2d.i)

 Visual check

 Checks the data manually

 Double entry

 Checks the data twice and automatically compared

 During data transfer

 Parity check

 Definition (9608 w21p12 Q3c)

 Counts if the number of 1s and 0s in each bit is even or odd

 Add a bit to make a number odd (for odd parity check) or even (for

even parity check)

 Parity is recalculated at receiving end, change in parity (bits) indicates

corruption.
 Even parity check 那个 parity bit 显示的是 odd 的数字，因为 odd 加一个

parity bit 等于 even

 Odd parity check 那个 parity bit 显示的是 odd 的数字，因为 odd 加一个

parity bit 等于 even

  Checksum

 Data security
 Threats to computer that is posed from networks and the internet (9618 s21p12 Q8c)
 Malware

 Virus (9618 w21p11/13 Q2c)

 Similarity compares to other malware

 Is a malicious software

 Download/ install/run without user knowledge

 Runs in background

 Try to avoid firewall when download || Can be embedded（捆绑）with

other legitimate（正常的）/normal software when download

 Difference compares to other malware

 Virus can damage computer data

 Virus replicates（复制）itself

 Virus does not send data out of the computer (compare with spyware)

 Spyware (9618 w21p11/13 Q2c)

 Similarity compare to other malware

 Is a malicious software

 Download/ install/run without user knowledge

 Runs in background

 Try to avoid firewall when download || Can be embedded with other

legitimate/normal software when download

 Difference compare to other malware

 Spyware only records/access data

 Spyware sends recorded data to third party

 Spyware does not replicate itself

 Hacking

 Phishing

 Pharming

 Difference between data integrity, security, privacy (9618 s21p12 Q8a, 9618 w21p11/13

Q2a)
 Data integrity
 Ensuring data consistency/accuracy

 Data security

 Protects data from loss

 Data privacy

 Protects data from unauthorised access

 Security measures (to protect computer systems) (9618 s21p12 Q8b, 9608 s21p11 Q2d,

p12 Q3d)
 Authentication
 Username and password

 Biometrics e.g. fingerprint scan, retina scan, face recognition, voice recognition

 Access rights

 Firewall (9608 s20p12 Q7d)

 Prevents unauthorised access to data

 Blocks access of data that does not confirm to set rules

 Maintains a blacklist and whitelist of IP address

 Blocks unauthorised transmissions from unauthorised source/website/port

 Monitors（监控）incoming and outgoing traffic

 Two step authentication 双重认证 e.g. 使用手机令牌来登录 steam

 Physical access measures e.g. security guards

 Swipe cards

 Digital signature (9608 s21p12 Q8b)

 Encrypted data

 Attached to electronically transmitted document

 To verify（核实）its content that it comes from a trusted source

 Encryption (9608 s20p11 Q1b, p13 Q5a)

 Contents (e.g. files, source code) are scrambled by using encryption key /algorithm

 The file will be meaningless (is not understandable) before decryption after the

encryption.
 Decryption key /algorithm is needed for decryption (of the file) to unscramble the

content
 Backup

 A copy of the data is copied and stored in another location

Chapter 7
 W21p11/13 Q4

 Copyright (9618 s21p11/13 Q1d, 9608 w21p12 Q5c)

 Definition
 Formal and legal rights to ownership

 Protect from unauthorised reproduction of work

 Formal and legal restrictions to the use of program

 Provides for legal rights of redress（退款）

 Software (9618 s21p12 Q2c)

 Open source (9608 s21p13 Q7b)
 Source code is distribute (赠送）with the software

 Free to cost

 Users can modify/edit the source code

 Users can redistribute（分享）the software

 Free software

 Users can edit the source software/code

 Users can redistribute the software

 Freeware e.g. 微信

 Users can redistribute the software

 Shareware e.g. Adobe 软件，爱奇艺

 Has a trial period

 Advantage

 For customers

 Can experience the software temporary without getting charged

 Check if the software meet their requirement without getting charge

 Commercial software

 Definition

 Commercial software owner（作者）retains the copyright, so software cannot be

redistribute
 Software need to be purchase (for cost) before using

 The source code is not distribute || user can not change or copy the code

 Advantage

 For software owners

 Software owners can charge fee for the software/program

 Software owners retains（保留）the copyright, so the game cannot be

redistributed without her permission

 For customers

 Potentially（潜在地） better support to the software owner

 Redress available if the game does not function correctly

 Likely to have fewer bugs if distributed under other licences e.g. open source
  Why software engineer do not want to release software as open source or free software? (9608
s19p12 Q4d.ii)
 Because software engineer do not want to release the source code

 Does not want anyone to copy and edit the program code

 Wants to make profit (money) from the software/program

 Professional code of conduct 就是 ieee 那些玩意

 Why code of conduct? (9608 s21p13 Q7c)
 Identify what employees can do

 Identify what employees can not do

 Identify employee's and company's responsibility

 Identify company's value

 Identify what behaviour can be measure against

 Why sign a code of conduct? (9608 s20p12 Q4b)

 To make sure the software engineer confirms that he understands the code of conduct

 To make sure the software engineer knows what behaviour is expected

 To make sure the software engineer understands the consequences of some actions

 To make sure the all employees (software engineer) adhere/follows（遵循）to the same

standard

 Professional ethical body (9618 w21p11/13 Q4a)

 Advantage for joining professional ethical body
 Has ethical guidelines to follow, so software engineer dong have to decide what is ethical,

it's written down

 Provide help and support to software engineers. For example, provide legal advise

 Run training courses for software engineers to keep their skills up-to-date

 Ethical action (9618 w21p11/13 Q4c)

 Why it is important to act ethically in relation with colleagues? (9618 s21p12 Q2a)

 To make sure the team members feel valued

 To produce the highest standard product for the client

 To work well together with colleagues

 Ethical actions to make software engineer to feel more confident (9608 s20p12 Q4a.i)

 For software engineer

 Read about the language she will be using

 Visits the office before starting to get used to the environment

 Speaks to her manager about concerns（担心的事）

 For manager

 Invite software engineer in before starting

 Introduce software engineer to the team

 Give software engineer a mentor（导师）

 Prepare induction（就职仪式）

 For colleagues

 Prepare an introduction

 Provide structure support

  Invite software engineer to social event before starting to work
 Ethical actions to solve bad relationship (between software engineer and colleagues) problems

(9608 w20p12 Q6c)

 For manager

 Organise social event, external activities, and team building exercises

 Discuss problems with software engineer

 Discuss problems with colleagues

 Assign software engineer a mentor to console the software engineer

 Ethical actions to get familiar with IDE or programing language (9618 w21p11/13 Q4b.i)

 Own research on how to use it

 Tell manager that additional training is needed

 Ask for a mentor

 Practice at home

 Artificial Intelligence (AI) (9618 s21p12 Q2b)

 The rules / past moves / decision making algorithms of the game will be stored
 AI program is trained by playing many times

 AI will look (ahead) at possible moves and choose the move most likely to be successful

 Computer could learn how to improve from previous mistakes by storing positive or negative

result for each choice, and changing its future choices

Chapter 8
 Database (same as Database management system (DBMS))
 Entity 其实就是 table (9618 s21p12 Q1a, 9608 s20p12 Q6b)
 Anything that data can be stored about e.g. HOUSE, COSTOMER Field

 A column, attribute in a table e.g. CustomerID in CUSTOMER table

 Candidate key

 An attribute or set of attributes that can be a primary key

 Primary key (9618 w21p11/13 Q5a)

 An attribute or set of attributes that uniquely identifies each tuple/record

 Secondary key

 An attribute that is a candidate key but not a primary key

 Foreign key (9618 w21p11/13 Q5a, 9618 s21p12 rQ1a, 9608 s20p12 Q6b)

 A field linked to primary key in another table e.g. CustomerID in RENTAL table

 Relationship (9618 s21p11/13 Q7b.i)

 One to one

 One to many

 Many to many

 Referential integrity (9608 s21p11 Q5b)

 Each foreign key value must have a matching value in the primary key

 E.g. each value store in CustomerID (foreign key) field in BOOKING table (table1) must

have a corresponding/matching value in CustomerID (primary key) field in CUSTOMER

table (table2) 如题，考试的时候会告诉你各种 table 和 primary
 Logical schema

 Overview of a database structure

 Data modelling

 Query processor

 Part of DBMS that allows user to search for data

 Allows user to enter requirement

 Search the data which meets the requirement

 Organise the result to be display to the user

 DBMS developer interface

 Task that DBMS developer interface preforms (9608 s20p13 Q6b)

 Create a table

 Create relationships between tables

 Design and create a query

 Design and create a report

 Design and create a form

 Data dictionary (9618 w21p12 Q6b, 9608 w20p12 Q5b.ii)

 Stores metadata (information) about the database

 E.g. (9618 s21p11/13 Q7c, 9608 w21p13 Q9c)

 Field name

 Identify the fields in each table, so the cannot be repeated

 Data types


 To prevent wrong data enter in a field

 Primary key

 To uniquely identify each record in a table

 Foreign key

 To link tables || to create relationships between tables

 Relationships (between tables)

 Table names

 To identify the tables

 Validation rules

 To ensure that data entered is sensible

 Password

 To allow access only to authorised personnel

 DDL (9618 s21p12 Q1c.i)

 Use to create the structure of database

 Items can be created using DDL in database (9608 s21p11 Q5b)

 Database

 Table

 Field

 Relationships

 Primary key

 Foreign key

 Views

 Users

 DML (9618 s21p12 Q1c.ii, 9618 w21p11/13 Q5c/d)

 注意事项

 Finding future date  [date field name] > ########## "##########"代表现在

的日期 (9608 s20p11 Q7e)

 date 也用的是'' e.g. '02/03/2005'

 How primary keys and foreign keys is linked in tables in database? (9608 s21p13 Q8b)

 [primary key name] is the primary key in table [table 1] is linked to [primary key name]

which is the foreign key in table [table 2]

 E.g. EmployeeID is the primary key in table EMPLOYEE is linked to EmployeeID which is

the foreign key in table PROJECT_TEAM

 Normalization (9618 w21p12 Q6a.i, 9608 w20p12 Q5c.ii)

 1NF
 There are no repeating groups of attributes. 其实就是 primary key 不要有重复，不过写
的时候就死记硬背这个句子就行了，不要什么 primary key
 Why not 1NF? (9608 s21p12 Q4b)

 There are repeating groups of attributes

 Must have a unique primary

 Field must be atomic || field can be split into field1 and field2

 2NF
  Entities are in 1NF and there are no partial key dependency.
 3NF (9618 s21p12 Q1b)

 Entities are in 2NF there are no (partial) non-key dependency. 写的时候别加 partial，这

里加是因为和上面做对比好理解

 How access rights protect database from unauthorised access (9618 w21p11 Q5b)
 Access rights
 Gives manager/himself access to different elements, by having different account/logins, which

have different access rights e.g. read only, read and write, no access
 Using views

 Specific views can assign to people

 People can only see certain fields or table

 E.g. manager can only see their data for their own shop

 Comparison of file-based approach and relational database

 Why not file-based approach? (9618 s21p11/13 Q7a, 9608 s21p12 Q4a)
 More data redundancy

 Because same data need to be entered and stored multiple times

 Lack of data consistency/integrity || More data inconsistency

 Because duplicate (same) data might be stored as different values

 Lack of privacy

 User view cannot easily be implemented

 Not easy to preform complex researches/queries

 A new program has to be written each time

 Why relational database? (9608 w20p11 Q2a, 9608 w20p12 Q5a)

 Reduce data redundancy

 User (e.g. teacher) usually only need to enter and store each data once

 Improve data integrity (consistency or accuracy)

 If searching an item (e.g. student's mark) all the result for the item should return

 Improve data privacy

 Prevent unauthorised (e.g. students) access to data using views

 More complex researches and queries can be execute

 User (e.g. teacher) can set up a query to search all the data that meet his

requirement (e.g. search all student that is below a certain mark)

 Improve data dependency

 Adds data without changing data that had been stored

 Referential integrity can be enforced

 User (e.g. teacher) cannot enter a value for a foreign key (e.g. student result) if the

value in the primary key (e.g. student ID, student) (of the other table) does not exist
 Linked tables can be set up

 User (e.g. teacher) can set up tables for entity 1 (e.g. students information) and

entity 2 (e.g. students results) and link them by common attribute

Chapter 9
 Abstraction

 Decomposition
 Definition (9618 w21p22 Q1a)
 Breaking down problem/task into sub problems (smaller parts)

 Which make the problem easier to solve

 Assigning parts of the problem to (different) teams

Chapter 10
 Data structure (9618 s21p21 Q1c)
 Record
 Allows different data types

 To be stored under one identifier

 Two 1D arrays

 Same index links the [data1] with [data2]

 E.g. Same index links the name with the score

 One of [data type1], one of [data type 2]

 E.g. One of STRING, one of INTEGER

 Files
 How (text) files are used (9618 s21p21 Q3a.i)
 Data is copied and stored to the text file from the arrays before computer is switched off

|| program is terminated（结束）
 Data can be read and copied back to the arrays the next day

 No need to enter data manually || only need to enter the data once

 Characteristics (of saved files) (9618 s21p21 Q3a.ii)

 Data is retained after the program is terminated || computer is switched off

 How record (groups of data) is stored in text file (9618 s21p21 Q3a.iii)

 Data items are combined to form a single string and saved as a single line in the file

 Data items are separate by a special character || make each item a fixed length

 Advantage (9618 s21p22)z

 Fewer file operations

 Disadvantage

 Need algorithm to combine the data items

 Abstract Data type (ADT)

 Types of ADT (9608 w20p42 Q6e)
 Link list

 Record

 Stack

 Definition

 Last in first out structure

 Has top and base stack pointer

 Uses push to add item to top of the stack

 Uses pop to remove items from top of stack

 Linear data structure

 Queue

 Definition

 First in first out structure

 Has start and end queue pointer

  Can be circular
 When end pointer reaches the last position, it returns to the first

 Use enqueue to add item to the end of queue

 Use dequeue to remove item from start of queue

 Linear data structure

 How item is removed from the circular queue to be processed (9608 w19p42 Q2b)

 If the start pointer reaches the end of the queue. It becomes the index of the

first element in the queue

 Checks if circular queue is empty

 If empty it reports that it is empty

 If not empty return the value of the of the position of the start pointer

 Increment the start pointer

 Link list 注意！link list 里面的 start pointer 不是一个真正虚拟的 pointer 而是开始的 node

 Start pointer

 null pointer

 Indicates that there no further nodes in the list

 How link list is implemented using variables and arrays (9618 s21p21 Q6b)

 An (1D) array to store the data and a second (1D) array to store the pointers

 An (integer) variable to hold the start pointer and an (integer) variable to store the

next free pointer

 Node

 How node (contains a data value (e.g. B)) is added to a link list (between nodes)

(9618 s21p21 Q6a)

 Check for a free node in the free (node) list

 Search for correct insertion（插入）point

 Assign the data (e.g. B) to the first node in the free list / node pointed to by

start pointer of free list

 Pointer from (the data before the added data) (e.g. A) will be changed to

point to node containing (the added data) (e.g. B) instead of (the data after
the added data) (e.g. C)
 Pointer from (the added data)(e.g. B) will be changed to point to node

containing (the data after the added data) (e.g. C)

 Start pointer in free list moved to point to next free node 注意，free list 也

有 start pointer
 Stack

 新的东西加前面

 新的东西连旧的东西

 [new]  [old] 

 Remove 最前面的（最新的东西）

 Queue

 新的东西加后面

 旧的东西连新的东西

 [old]  [new] 

 Remove 最前面的（最旧的东西）
 Array
 REPEAT
Swap  FALSE
FOR i  1 TO top-1
IF array[i] > array[i+1] THEN
temp  array[i]
array[i]  array[i+1]
array[i+1]  temp
swap  TRUE
ENDIF
NEXT i
Top  top - 1
UNTIL (swap = FALSE) OR (top = 0)
Chapter 11
 Iterations 循环
 Count-controlled loop (FOR loop) 考试的时候一定不能写 FOR loop
 Why count-controlled loop? (9618 s21p21 Q4b)

 The number of iterations is known

 Conditional loop (9608 s21p23 Q1b.i)

 Why conditional loop?

 The number of iterations in not known

 Post-condition loop (REPEAT loop) 考试的时候一定不能写 REPEAT loop

 Pre-condition loop (WHILE loop) 考试的时候一定不能写 WHILE loop

 Selection

 Features that make pseudocode easier to read (9618 w21p22 Q4b)

 Meaningful carriable names
 Indentations

 Capitalized keyword
Chapter 12
 Program Development Life Cycle
 Stages in the life cycle
 Analysis 提需求

 Design 设计

 Define the data structure

 Design algorithms/flowcharts/pseudocode

 Design the user interface / web page layout

 Define testing method/plan

 Define the programming language

 Coding 写程序

 Testing 测试

 Maintenance 维持

 Types of Life cycle (9618 w21p22 Q2b.i)

 Waterfall

 Definition

 Liner 彻底完成 design 之类才能到下一步

 一开始用户接入提需求，最后在介入

 Why using waterfall

 Provide a working model/prototype（原型）at an early stage for review

 Iterative

 用户接入很大，对于一个小部分

 Why using Iterative

 Provide a working model/prototype（原型）at an early stage for review

 Rapid Application Development (RAD)