ACTUATING SYSTEM

Lab Manual

Semester 4TH

Submitted By MUHAMMAD TAQI FAZA

Roll No. 221752

Class BEMTS-F22

Section A

Checked By Engr. Mahnoor Zahid

 EXPERIMENT 02

Capacitor in AC Circuit

Capacitive Phase Shift and Capacitive Power

Objectives:
 To measure and demonstrate capacitive phase shift
 Observe the phenomenon of negative power associated with reactive power in ac
circuits

Capacitive Phase Shift and Reactive Power

Objectives:
 To measure and demonstrate capacitive phase shift
 Observe the phenomenon of negative power associated with reactive power in ac circuits

Equipment required:
 EMS Workstation
 Capacitive Load
 Power Supply
 Connection Leads and Accessories
 Data Acquisition Module

Discussion:
The voltages and currents in resistive ac circuits are in phase, and the power dissipated by resistors is active
power in the form of heat. Now however, unlike the case when only resistance is present in an ac circuit,
there will be a phase shift between the circuit voltage and current because of the presence of capacitance.
The phase shift is due to the fact that capacitors oppose changes in the voltage across their terminals.

The charging-discharging process associated with capacitors, hence the capacitive current flow, is related
to the fact that the applied voltage is changing. If we stop for a moment to consider what is happening when
an ac voltage goes through a minimum value (negative peak value), we realize that for that particular
moment the voltage is no longer changing. Hence, the capacitive current must be zero at that time, since the
rate of change in the voltage is zero. Then, when the ac voltage is going through zero amplitude, its rateof
change is maximum, and the current must therefore be maximum. As a result, the voltage lags the currentby
90E. In the case of an ideal capacitor the phase shift is 90o. The capacitive phase shift of 90E between
voltage and current is shown in Figure 4.
 Figure 4. Capacitive Phase Shift in an AC Circuit.
Reactive components like capacitors that cause a phase shift between circuit voltage and current will
produce an instantaneous power waveform having negative values as well as positive. The negative power
just means that power is being returned to the source. The instantaneous power waveform of a purely
capacitive ac circuit is shown in Figure 5. The waveform has equal areas of positive and negative power

and therefore the average power over a complete period is zero. The negative portion in the waveform
indicates the presence of reactive power, and the reactive power will equal apparent power when there is
no resistance present in the circuit. Note also that the instantaneous power waveform frequency is twice the
ac source frequency.

Figure 5. Instantaneous Power in a Capacitive AC Circuit

Procedure

CAUTION!
High voltages are present in this laboratory exercise! Do not make or modify any banana jack
connections with the power on unless otherwise specified!

1. Install the Power Supply, data acquisition module, and Capacitive Load module in the EMS
Workstation.

2. Make sure that the main switch of the Power Supply is set to the O (OFF) position, and the voltage
control knob is turned fully ccw. Ensure the Power Supply is connected to a three-phase wall receptacle.

Figure 6. Capacitive Phase Shift and Reactive Power in an AC Circuit

1. Set up the circuit shown in Figure 6, and connect inputs E1 and I1 to measure the circuit voltage and
current. Set the Capacitive Load module for the value of CMAX given in Figure 6.

2. Ensure that the POWER INPUT of the data acquisition module is connected to the main Power Supply,
and that the USB port cable from the computer is connected to the data acquisition module. Display the
Metering application.

Yes we ensure it .

3. Turn on the main Power Supply and set the 24 V - AC power switch to the I (ON) position. Adjust the
voltagecontrol to 100 % andverifythat thecircuit parameters are displayed on the Metering application.
4. Note the rms values of the voltage and current, and the apparent power (S) displayed by
the meters.
ES = 220V IS = 1.065A S (PQS1) = 234.2VA

5. Is the apparent power equal to the product of the rms values of voltage and current?
 Yes  No
6. Click on the Oscilloscope button and display E1, I1, and P1 on CH1, CH2, and CH3. Ensure that the
time base control is adjusted to show at least two complete cycles of the sine waves.
 7. Compare the current waveform with the voltage waveform. Are they both sine waves at the same
frequency?  Yes  No

8. What is the phase shift between the voltage and current? Phase shift = 90o

9. Does step 10 confirm that the current leads the voltage by about 90o?  Yes  No

10. Does the current waveform attain its maximum when the voltage is going through zero amplitude,
and become zero when the voltage is going through its maximum?  Yes  No

11. Determine the period and frequency of the instantaneous power waveform?
T = 9.94ms f = 1 / T = 100.57Hz

12. How does the frequency of the instantaneous power waveform compare with that of the ac source?

In the case of a capacitive load, the frequency of the instantaneous power waveform will be the same as
that of the AC source. This is because in a capacitive load, the current leads the voltage by 90 degrees,
resulting in a phase shift in the power waveform, but not a change in frequency. This means that the power
waveform will still fluctuate at the same frequency as the AC source, even though there may be a phase shift
between the voltage and current.

13. Does the instantaneous power waveform show that the areas of  Yes  No
positive and negative power are approximately equal?
Due to some distortion it can’t be equal

14. Calculate the apparent power (S) by multiplying of the rms values of the current and voltage displayed
on the oscilloscope and compare it with the active power P [average (AVG) power value of P1 given
in the waveform data box of the Oscilloscope screen].
Apparent power (S) = ES xIS = 234.2VA Active power (P) = 0.505W
15. Do the results of step 16 confirm that the apparent power and the active power are different,
due to the presence of reactive power (Q) in the circuit?

Yes the value of Active power and apparent power are different.

16. What is the total active power consumed by the circuit? PACTIVE= 0.533W
17. Is the instantaneous power null when the current or the voltage is zero?
 Yes  No

18. Change the circuit capacitance by opening the three switches on one section of the
Capacitive Loadmodule.

Yes we did it.

19. What effect does the change in capacitive reactance produce on the circuit
current, voltageand reactive power?
 The change in capacitive reactance in a circuit will have the following effects:

 Circuit Current:

As capacitive reactance decreases, the current in the circuit will increase. This is because
a lower capacitive reactance allows more current to flow through the capacitor without
impeding it as much.

 Circuit Voltage:

The voltage in the circuit will decrease with a decrease in capacitive reactance. This is
because the voltage drop across a capacitor is directly proportional to the capacitive
reactance, so a lower reactance will result in a lower voltage drop.

 Reactive Power:

The reactive power in the circuit will also decrease with a decrease in capacitive
reactance. This is because reactive power is directly proportional to the product of voltage
and current, and since both voltage and current will decrease with lower capacitive
reactance, the overall reactive power will also decrease.

20. Did the phase shift between the current and voltage change?
 Yes  No
21. Why is the instantaneous power waveform different in amplitude?

The instantaneous power waveform is different in amplitude in the case of a capacitive load due
to the fact that the load voltage and load current are out of phase with each other. This phase
difference between the voltage and current results in a varying amount of power being delivered
to the load at different points in time.

In the case of a capacitive load, the current leads the voltage, meaning that the power waveform
will have peaks and troughs that are shifted relative to each other. This results in a varying
amplitude of power being delivered to the load at different points in time, leading to a non-
uniform power waveform.

Additionally, the reactive nature of the capacitive load causes the power waveform to also have
reactive power components, which further contribute to the differences in amplitude of the
instantaneous power waveform.
22. Ensure that the Power Supply is turned off, the voltage control is fully ccw, and
remove all leads and cables.

Conclusion
• Acquired the skills to quantify and illustrate capacitive phase shift.

• Acquired an understanding of the concept of negative power linked to

reactive power in AC circuits.

• Acquired proficiency in computing voltage, current, and power values.

• Gained knowledge about various categories of power.

• Mastered the theoretical and software-based methods for calculating these

powers.
 Applications

1. Power factor correction:

Capacitors can be used in AC circuits to improve the power factor, which is a measure of
how efficiently electrical power is used in a circuit. By adding capacitors in parallel with
inductive loads, such as motors or transformers, the reactive power can be compensated
for, leading to a more efficient use of electrical power.

2. Tuning circuits:

Capacitors are commonly used in tuning circuits in radios, televisions, and other electronic
devices. By varying the capacitance value of the capacitor, the frequency of the circuit can
be adjusted, allowing for proper tuning and reception of different radio or television
stations.

3. Filtering circuits:

Capacitors are used in AC circuits for filtering out unwanted noise or signals. By placing
capacitors in series or parallel with a circuit, certain frequencies can be filtered out,
leading to a cleaner and more stable output signal.

4. Timing circuits:

Capacitors are also used in AC circuits for timing purposes. By charging and discharging a
capacitor at a certain rate, the timing of a circuit can be controlled. This is commonly used
in applications such as flashers, timers, and oscillators.