Objectives
The aim of the experiment is to
• Introduce the newbie students to the effect properties of cloth
• to get the knowledge of mechanical homes and the way they're measured
• Show how a knowledge of mechanical houses will assist within the selection
and design of substances
• Understand the operation of common business impact trying out machines
• Correctly define and describe the mechanical homes which can be
determined by way of performing the Charpy Test
• Understand the effect of temperature on impact values
• Able to Perform Charpy Tests
Introduction
*
Theory
Some materials, such as cast iron, glass, and hard polymers, have a high
resistance to continuous loads, yet they are quickly broken by impacts. Impact
testing is performed to calculate the amount of energy that a specimen
absorbs after being broken by a hammer. It reveals the material's brittleness.
Impact resistance is the ability of a material to withstand abrupt loading. very
fragile
Materials lack impact resistance. The impact strength of may also be affected
by temperature materials. Additionally, the transition temperature for ductile-
to-brittle behaviour may be found via an impact test.
There are several techniques to apply the impact load. In the Charpy test, one
of the specimen's faces has a notch cut out of the centre. It is set up as a
straightforwardly supported beam, and a blow from a swinging pendulum
hammer is used to strike the face immediately below the notch. The impact
testing device determines the absorbed energy, which is then translated to
impact strength using the equation:
*
*
Procedure
I Measure the specimen's measurements with vernier callipers and identify the
region of the specimen where the notch is located.
ii) Raise the pendulum to an initial dial reading of R1 and release it without a
specimen on the anvil.
it. Take note of the dial's R2 reading. The energy is corresponding to the
difference between R1 and R2.
loss brought caused by friction.
iii) Carefully set the specimen in the anvil's centre using the tongs
iv) Lift the pendulum to a height equal to R1, then let go. The fulcrum will pivot
to
the specimen on its opposite side.
v) Write down and tabulate the dial reading.
Observations:
(a) dimensions of the specimen − 55 mm × 10 mm × 10 mm (b) notch width − 2 mm (c) area under
the notch − 80 mm2 (d) maximum possible energy value − 406 J (obtained from machine) (e) energy
loss due to friction − 2.0975 J (obtained from machine)
*
The Charpy Impact test is used to assess the amount of energy
absorbed by a notched material when assessing the ductility or
brittleness. By doing so, it is possible to measure the materials
ability to withstand plastic deformation without fracture
occurring. The above testis a destructive test involving a
hammer pendulum which collides with the material. The energy
is passed through the highest stress point, which occurs at the
tip of the notch. This test was performed on six samples which
include, three longitudinal grain samples at -196 C,25 C and
100 C, while also performing the test on a sample with
transverse steel grain structure, Brass and Aluminium all of
which were at room temperature. By analysing the fracture
pattern, the observer will be able to identify the type of fracture
the material has undergone, and the approximate the fibrosis
of the material
The following equipment will be required for the experiment:
➢Charpy V-Notch Testing apparatus ➢Hot Plate ➢Tongs
➢Gloves and Safety Goggle
Materials:➢Steel (Transverse grain structure) at room
temperature. ➢Steel (Longitudinal grain structure) at -196 C ,
25 C and 100 C➢Brass ➢Aluminium ➢Liquid Nitrogen.
Processure
. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 2.1 Machine and devices used in impact test a) Charpy impact test machine
This machine provides a maximum striking energy of 294 joules Figure 1 b). Electric heater used to heat
the specimens to 100o C ( boiling point) c) Thermometer used to measure the temperature of specimen
and room temperature d) Thermos flask, which serves as a containing ice for cooling the specimen 2.2
Specimen The specimen used is V-notch mild steel specimens (DNI 50115)
The Charpy impact test is performed to evaluate the resistance of
the metal to breakage by flexural shock or impact load according to
standard test method ASTM D6110.
This test determines the amount of energy absorbed by a material
during fracture. This absorbed energy is a measure of a given
material’s notch toughness and acts as a tool to study temperature-
dependent ductile-brittle transition.
Objective
To determine the material resistance to impact from a swinging
pendulum.
Apparatus Required
Charpy testing machine, a rod of mild steel and a rod of carbonate
steel.
Charpy Test Specimens
Charpy test specimens normally measure 55x10x10mm and have a
notch machined across one of the larger faces. The notches may
be :
1. V-notch – A V-shaped notch, 2mm deep, with 45° angle and 0.25mm
radius along the base.
2. U-notch or keyhole notch – A 5mm deep notch with 1mm radius at the
base of the notch.
Test Procedure
1. A Charpy V-notch specimen is placed across parallel jaws in the impact-
testing machine.
2. The pointer is set up to its maximum value(300 J).
3. The hammer is released from the initial height downward towards the
sample.
4. Observations and the energy absorbed are recorded and tabulated.
5. Steps 1-3 are repeated for another specimen.
THEORY
Toughness is the ability of the material to withstand crack
i.e., to prevent the transfer or propagation of the cracks
across its section hence causing failure. Impact testing
machine consists of a pendulum suspended from a short
shaft that rotates in ball bearing and swings midway between
two rigid upright stands supported on a rigid base. According
to Indian Standard the speed of pendulum at the instant of
striking shall be 4.5 - 7 m/s and the plane of swing of the
striker shall be vertical and within 0.5 mm of the plane
midway between the supports. The pendulum can be raised
to any desired height and rested at that position. It is
supported in the starting position by a catch and can be
released by a trigger. The mechanism is so designed that the
pendulum is not disturbed when the catch is released. The
striking energy of the testing machine should be 300±10J for
standard testing.
In impact test a specially prepared notched specimen is
fractured by a single blow from a hammer and energy
required being a measure of resistance to impact. Impact
load is produced by a swinging of an hammer weight W from
a height h, release of the hammer from the height h swings
the hammer through the arc of a circle, which strikes the
specimen to fracture at the notch (Kinetic energy of the
hammer at the time of impact is mv2/2), which is equal to
the relative potential energy of the hammer before its
release is mgh, Where, m is the mass of the hammer and v is
its tangential velocity at impact=2gh, g is gravitational
acceleration (9.806 m/s2) and h is the height through which
hammer falls.
The difference between potential energies is the
fracture energy.
Fracture Energy = mgh(h0 - hf)
This value is called impact toughness or impact value,
which will be measured per unit area at the notch. The test
consists of measuring the energy absorbed in breaking a
notched specimen supported at each end by one blow from a
swinging hammer under prescribed conditions.
Discussion
Impacted specimens with small fracture or with a very little plastic
deformation are said to be in a brittle manner whereas fracture of
metal after extensive plastic deformation is said to be in a ductile
manner. Brittle fracture looks clear, shiny with surfaces while ductile
fracture looks greyish and fibrous.
Ductile to Brittle Transition
Some materials such as carbon steels undergo what is known as a
‘ductile to brittle transition’. This behaviour is obvious when impact
energy is plotted as a function of temperature. The resultant curve
will show a rapid dropping off of impact energy as the temperature
decreases. If the impact energy drops off very sharply, a transition
temperature can be determined.
REFERENCES
Introduction to Charpy Test
www.charpy Impact Test - YouTube
IS 1499 (1977): Method for Charpy Impact Test (U-Notch) for
Metals, Third Reprint, March 1992.
Beer and Johnston E.R., Mechanics of Material, 3rd Edition,
Tata McGraw Hill, New-Delhi, 2007.
G.E. Dieter, Mechanical Metallurgy, SI Metric Edition, McGraw
– Hill
John M. Holt, Charpy Impact Test: Factors and Variables, Issue
1072, ASTM International, 1990.
Hearn E,J., Mechanics of Material, Pergaman Press, England,
1972.
