THE EFFECTIVENESS OF POLICE VISIBILITY AND SURVEILLANCE

STRATEGIES IN MUNICIPALITY OF BRAULIO E. DUJALI

 Introduction

The effect of Police Visibility and Surveillance Strategies with police-

community contacts on responses to crimes including rioting, theft, assault, and

killings that take place inside urban neighborhoods has received a lot of attention

in recent years. Academic research has long been drawn to the issue of police

community relations because to the substantial influence it has on community

operations. Positive and negative police-community interactions have been the

subject of much research. When there is good communication between the police

and the people they serve, it helps bring people together in a community and

makes people trust the police more. According to Psaki et al. (2022), when

people have negative views of law enforcement, it may lead to a divided society

with different goals and perspectives, which makes it harder for police to do their

jobs.

The Washington Post stated that deadly police shootings, especially of

persons of color, have been on the rise (Puckett et al., 2018). Nearly one-quarter

of the people killed by police officers in the US this year had been Black,

according to data collected as of December 1st, 2019 (Balik et al. 2020). Cops

have milliseconds to decide if someone's life is in danger or not (Lwamba, et al.

2022). Most of the time, officers' biases and preconceptions influence these

decisions, and the public has no idea that they are seldom decided on the spot. It

is possible for training and experience to change police officers' biases (Kelkay,

2022).
 Essential components of public service are assuring public happiness and

preserving order. Thanks to their combined and committed efforts, the local

government entities and the Philippine National Police (PNP) area XI have

successfully maintained order in the region, guaranteeing the safety and security

of its citizens. The National Security Policy (NSP) 2017–2023, which formulates

the government’s plans for national security based on an impartial assessment of

the dynamic and ever-changing security environment, is in keeping with the

statement noted earlier. Achieving national security aims and objectives is

outlined in the text. Another goal is to promote an open, coordinated, and fair

allocation of funds so that the 12-point National Security Agenda may be carried

out to the best of our abilities. The agenda covers a wide range of security

concerns, including those pertaining to people and politics, finances, healthcare,

food and water, borders and the military, society and culture, the environment

and natural disasters, energy, the seas and airspace, computers and the internet,

international relations, transportation, and ports.

Increasing police visibility and presence, strengthening intelligence and

detection capabilities, and guaranteeing operational readiness are effective

measures to prevent crimes and mitigate different types of criminal activity,

according to the National Economic and Development Authority's (NEDA)

Regional Development Plan 2017–2022, Midterm Update. In order to achieve

this goal, it is necessary to create and sustain an atmosphere that is safe,

secure, and well-organized.

 Police departments may improve their connection with the community by

Police Visibility and Surveillance Strategies, also studying the many factors that

impact the public's perception of law enforcement and then making strategic

changes and implementations. The widespread upsurge of community-oriented

police preventative programs that began in the 1980s is a prime example of this

trend. By making police officers more visible and creating conditions that

encourage positive encounters between the public and officers, community

policing aims to improve the public's perception of law enforcement.

This study aims to determine the level of satisfaction of residents of brgy.

Dujali, Braulio E. Dujali, Davao Del Norte. Specifically, the researchers seek to

find out the answer of the following questions:

To determine the level of public satisfaction on police officer in brgy. Dujali,

Braulio E. Dujali, Davao Del Norte.

1.1 Fairness

1.2 Manners

1.3 Accessibility

1.4 Competence

1.5 Responsiveness
1.6Reliability
1.To expertise an intervention program.
 The capacity to perceive and comprehend the real community situation is

the foundation of responsiveness, which is defined as "the ability to respond and

adopt time-effectively" (Akash, 2018). The police mandate changed significantly

over the last hundred years, first during the reform/professional period and again

with the rise of community policing. Time to response, number of arrests, and

clearance rates are three metrics that have been embedded in police research

and practice due to the efforts of professional model proponents (Robbins et al,

2012). But for police managers who are interested in atypical or "softer" outcome

measures, such those described in (Salgado, et, al., 2002) in Policing as Though

People Matter and in Policing for People, these standard metrics may not be very

useful. Both writers stress that police should provide "service" to the public

beyond just maintaining order and enforcing the law. There is usually a lot of

popular pleasure with stories of police brutality. Public distrust of the particular

police department affected by an incident of misconduct has a domino effect on

public opinion of law enforcement agencies generally (Weitzer, 2019). Any

number of circumstances, from little violations to major offenses, might be

considered instances of police misconduct. Bribery, extortion, administrative

violations, abuse of authority, sexual impropriety, and the use of excessive force

are all possible types of misconduct that might be included in this setting (Kane,

2002; Lopez, et. al, 2017).

 The general public is worried about the lack of adequate safety

measures, then the presence of a visible and active police force is essential.

There have been positive results from police efforts to increase police visibility

and accessibility, which in turn encourages cooperation between the public and

law enforcement, decreases criminal and antisocial activity, boosts public safety,

and allays fears about crime (Fleissner & Heinzelmann, 2019).

There has been a lack of well-defined research on how police visibility

and surveillance strategies levels may affect crime fear (Salmi & Keskinen,

2020). Although only a small percentage of the population interacts directly with

law enforcement, public perception of their behavior is shaped by factors other

than personal experience.

"Bobbies on the beat" and other forms of police visibility have long been

central to the public's conception of law enforcement (Crawford et al. 2005). One

reason why uniformed foot patrol is highly esteemed by the public is that it

represents "the presence of protection, and the capacity, albeit limited, to

manage risks and threats to security" (Innes, 2005, p.160). Evaluations of foot

patrol have supported the idea that having police officers or police vehicles visible

nearby might provide a "reassurance function," or the sense of safety and

security that civilians may feel (Bahn, 1974). Citizens report less fear of crime

and more sense of personal safety when police are more visible (Police
Foundation, 1981; Trojanowicz, 1982). Improving public trust in law enforcement

requires more than just sending more officers on patrol; the actions of those

officers while on duty are crucial as well (Innes and Fielding, 2002; Skogan and

Harnett, 1997). This highlights the importance of police "symbolic communication

[and] impression management" while on patrol (Innes and Fielding, 2002, Para.

8.4); quality of interaction between police and the public is more important than

the number of patrols (Innes, 2004a, p.161). It has become apparent in public

perceptions of policing that the semiotic qualities of police visibility are being

redirected to examine the interaction between the police and the people.

As one of the most basic human needs, providing a secure environment is

the primary responsibility of law enforcement agencies worldwide (Maslow,

1970). But in doing so, police organizations use a wide range of methods and

ideas in their quest to find the best solutions to the problems that the public has

put on the police. As a departure from conventional enforcement, community-

oriented policing aims to build democracies by protecting the human rights of all

community members, especially the most vulnerable. In other words, it causes

shifts in how the police operate, so that the force now serves not just to maintain

order but also to safeguard the public.

While numerous studies have looked at how police visibility and

surveillance strategies with police affects crime rates, very little is known about

how the community and public perceive various aspects of police work, or how

to influence community safety measures. Due to a lack of studies, we don't

know much about the impact that public satisfaction has on police officers and

the community at large. Consequently, the purpose of this research is to find

out what the brgy residents have to say about the police officers who work for

the community. From Davao del Norte, there is Dujali, Braulio E.

Since, it deals with a critical issue of police visibility and surveillance

strategies with police personnel, the researcher argues that the study is

important. In light of the high crime rate in our nation, this might be a useful

guide for improving police officers' accessibility, competence, fairness,

manners, reliability, and responsiveness.

The purpose of this study is to determine if and to what degree

community members' perceptions of crime and incivility affect police officers'

perceptions of criminal activity, and whether and to what degree these variables

affect residents' perceptions of safety and of police officers themselves. As a

theoretical foundation, the research will use Agnew's General Strain Theory.

The social environment is negatively affected by both criminal acts and

incivilities in all its forms. Singer et al. (2019) asserts that when crimes happen,

individuals are anxious and insecure, which makes them lose faith in the
government and its ability to keep them safe. However, public trust in law

enforcement does not rise in tandem with falling crime rates.

 Method

This chapter presents the research participant, research instrument, and

research design and procedure in this research.

Research Design

The researchers will use descriptive studies grounded in quantitative

methods to supplement their non-experimental research. The goal of descriptive

study is to describe a subject's behavior as it occurs naturally without

intervening (Macdonald et al., 2008, p. 9). The goal of this approach is to

generalize findings from a subset of a larger population by quantifying data. The

data is collected in a systematic manner and is then presented numerically.

Additionally, quantitative research employs statistical methods for objective

analysis (Shuttleworth, 2008).

Quantitative information on the aforementioned occurrence was the focus

of this descriptive study. The numerical component is a well-thought-out plan for

collecting data in a way that the intended responders can answer the questions.

The data collection procedure will center on the administration of questionnaires.

Finding out how police visibility and surveillance strategies in municipality of

Braulio E. Dujali is the main focus of this study.

Participants
Participants in the research were residents of Brauli E. Dujali, Brgy. Dujali,

Davao del Norte. This region is inhabited by Davao del Norte's friendliest

municipality. A researcher is also one who chooses brgy. The location of the

respondents in this sample was Brauli E. Dujali in Davao Del Norte, Philippines.

The 150 people who took part in the survey to find out how satisfied the people of

brgy., Davao del Norte are with the police tactics used there. Participants in this

research project will involve both the person and other relevant parties. The

participants in this research will be chosen at random. Researchers will apply

certain criteria to a randomly selected subset of survey respondents in order to

include them in the study.

Distribution of Respondents

Gender Population

Male 100

Female 50

Total 150

Table 1 shows the distribution of those who responded as follows: 100 Male and

50 Female from Brgy. Dujali Brauli E. Dujali.

Materials/instruments

Maguire and Johnson's (2010) Police Visibility and Surveillance Strategies

of the Police served as the basis for the instrument that would be used for one
variable: The capacity to evaluate one's own degree of in Brgy. Dujali, Braulio E.

Dujali Davao del Norte, and to modify one's thoughts and actions accordingly is

measured by this inventory. It is a questionnaire that has been adjusted to fit the

specifics of the research.

Part one of the survey measures the quality of teaching using six criteria:

responsiveness, fairness, accessibility, competence, and manners. A measure of

internal consistency known as Cronbach's alpha: Maintaining a consistent

performance level from paragraph to paragraph is crucial to this strategy. The

alpha Cronbach coefficient of internal consistency, which Cronbach determined

from the stability coefficient equation, has an acceptable value of .902. The

questionnaire is designed to be easy to understand and complete in a short

amount of time. That is why the surveys used a Likert scale with six possible

answers. The responder may indicate a statement's degree of strongly disagree

or strongly agree using a Likert scale, which is a rating system. The data needed

for the distribution of responders is included in the questionnaire.

Range of Mean Descriptive Equivalent Interpretation

4.30 - 5.00 Very Much Evident This means that effectiveness of

police visibility and surveillance is

very much evident.

3.50 - 4.20 Much Evident this means that effectiveness of

 Police visibility and surveillance

is much evident.

2.70 - 3.40 moderately Evident This means that effectiveness of

Police visibility and surveillance

is moderately evident.

1.90 - 2.60 Less Evident this means that effectiveness of

Police visibility and surveillance is

less evident.

1.00 - 1.80 Not Evident This means that effectiveness of

Police visibility and surveillance

is not evident.

The instrument to be used in the dependent variable is adopted and

modified from Maguire and Johnson's (2010) Police Visibility and Surveillance

Strategies of the Police. ). It is modified questionnaire to suit in the context of the

study. The questionnaire structure is such that respondents are able to answer it

quickly. Thus, the set of questionnaires structure using the Likert format

with a five-point response scale. A Likert scale is a rating scale that allows the

respondent to signify a statement with his or her level of approval or disapproval.

The questionnaire contains the data of the respondents in order to use in

distribution of the respondents. The parameter limits use to measure the level of

instructional quality are as follows:

 Parameter limits Descriptive equivalent Interpretation
This means that effectiveness of
4.30 – 5.00 Strongly Agree
Police visibility and surveillance is
very much observed
This means that is much that
3.50 – 4.20 Agree
effectiveness of police visibility and
surveillance is observed

This means that effectiveness of

2.70 – 3.40 Moderate
police visibility and surveillance
is moderately observed

This means that effectiveness of

1.90 – 2.60 Disagree
police visibility and surveillance is
less observed

This means that effectiveness of

1.00 – 1.80 Strongly Disagree police visibility and surveillance is
not observed.

Mean. In order to determine the extent of assessing the level of police visibility

and surveillance strategies among police officers.

Pearson r. Statistical methods were used to figure out how strong the link

between the effectiveness of police visibility and surveillance strategies in

municipality of Braulio e. Dujali

Multiple Regression Analysis. A statistical procedures for determining the

connections among one more dependent variable and one or more independent

variables. This will be used to ascertain the effectiveness of police visibility and

surveillance strategies in municipality of Braulio e. Dujali

 .

References

Akash (2018). Importance of Nurturing Gender Sensitivity Through Education.

Digital Learning.
https://digitallearning.eletsonline.com/2018/06/importance-of-nurturing-
gender-sensitivity-through-education/
Bhandari, P. (2022). What Is Quantitative Research? | Definition, Uses &
Methods. https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/quantitative-research/

Checker, P. (2018, 08 10). How reference management software can keep you

organised. Retrieved from

Fleming, J., & Zegwaard, K. (2018). Methodologies, methods and ethical

considerations for conducting research in work-integrated learning.

International Journal of Work-Integrated Learning, Special Issue.

Fleissner, D., & Heinzelmann, F. (2019). Crime prevention through enviromental

design and community policing. National Institute of Justice: Research in

Action,

Kelkay, A. D. (2022). Gender Mainstreaming Challenges and Opportunities in

Government Agencies in Selected Government Offices in Fogera District,
Ethiopia. Journal of International Women's Studies, 24(5), 1-11.
https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/gender-mainstreaming-
challenges-opportunities/docview/2709977806/se-2
Korstjens, I. & Moser, A. (2018) Series: Practical guidance to qualitative

research. Part 4: Trustworthiness and publishing, European Journal

of General Practice, 24:1, 120-124, DOI:

10.1080/13814788.2017.1375092

Lindsay, S., Rezai, M., Kolne, K., & Osten, V. (2019). Outcomes of gender-
sensitivity educational interventions for healthcare providers: A systematic
review. Health Education Journal, 78(8), 958–976.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0017896919859908
Lwamba, E., Shisler, S., Ridlehoover, W., Kupfer, M., Tshabalala, N., Nduku, P.,
Langer, L., Grant, S., Sonnenfeld, A., Anda, D., Eyers, J., & Snilstveit, B.
(2022). Strengthening women's empowerment and gender equality in
fragile contexts towards peaceful and inclusive societies: A systematic
review and meta‐analysis. Campbell Systematic
Reviews, 18(1)https://doi.org/10.1002/cl2.1214
Macmillanihe. (2018, 08 06). Referencing and avoiding plagiarism. Retrieved

from PALGRAVE

Psaki, S., Haberland, N., Mensch, B., Woyczynski, L., & Chuang, E. (2022).
Policies and interventions to remove gender‐related barriers to girls' school
participation and learning in low‐ and middle‐income countries: A
systematic review of the evidence. Campbell Systematic
Reviews, 18(1)https://doi.org/10.1002/cl2.1207

Puckett, J.A., Cleary, P., Rossman, K., Mustanski, B., & Newcomb, M.E. (2018).
Barriers to gender-affirming care for transgender and gender
nonconforming individuals. Sex Research and Social Policy, 15, 48–59.
doi: 10.1007/s13178-017-0295-8 PMID: 29527241

Salmi, S., Grönroos, M., & Keskinen, E. (2020). The role of police visibility in fear

of crime in Finland. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies

& Managment, 27(4), 573–591.

Weitzer, R. (2019). Incidents of police misconduct and public opinion. Journal of

Criminal Justice 30.5, 397-408.