Human Health and Diseases 1. Health, a Itis a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, Health increases the longevity of people and reduces infant and maternal mortality rate. = Good health is maintained by balanced diet, personal hygiene, regular exercise, yoga, vaccination against infectious diseases, proper disposal of wastes, control of vectors and maintenance of hygienic food and water resources. a Health is affected by @ Genetic disorders (defects inherited from parents from birth) © Infections © Life-style: (a) food and water we take in (b) rest (¢) exercise (d) habits 2. Disease. Any condition which interferes with the normal functioning of the body and causes disorder of the mind or body is called a disease. & The disease causing organisms are called pathogens. All parasites are pathogens as they cause harm to the host by living in/on them. They enter our body, multiply and interfere with vital activities, causing morphological and functional damage. So pathogens adapt to life within environment of host. For example, pathogen living in gut must survive at low pH and resist digestive juices. Diseases Types Infectious Non-infectious Table 7.1: Differences between infectious and non-infectious diseases S.No. Infectious diseases Non-infectious diseases () | These are easily transmitted from one| These are not transmitted from one person to the infected person to the other. other. (i)_| Such diseases are due to extrinsic factors, | Extrinsic as well as intrinsic factors, like deficiencies ie, pathogens. and hereditary factors, can cause these diseases. (ii) | Public health and personal hygiene| Public health and personal hygiene are ineffective. reduces the probability of disease. (i) | For example, HIV, tetanus, hepatitis-B. For example, cancer. Human Health and Diseases 327Classification of infectious diseases based on pathogens Infectious Diseases | ‘Types, Viral Diseases Protozoa! Fungal | Bacterial Disomses— Yigcommon ——_—lsease Diseases | pneumonia, diphtheria, 01d, polio. e.g, Malaria, e.g.,Ringworm — 8.9.,Accaragg Bacteria dysentery, amoebiasis Alaris aeniag plague 3. Bacterial Diseases___—————<—_—_$_$ (i) Typhoid © Itis caused by pathogenic bacterium Salmonella typhi. © Itis spread by contaminated food and water. @ It generally enters the small intestine and then migrates to other organs through blood. Symptoms (@) Constant high fever (39°C to 40°C) (#) Weakness (©) Stomach pain (@ Loss of appetite (© Constipation (f) Headache (g) Intestinal perforation and death may occur in severe cases. © Typhoid fever can be confirmed by Widal test. © Mary Mallon, called Typhoid Mary, was a cook and a typhoid carrier who continued to spread the disease for several years through the food prepared by her, before it was discovered. (ii) Pneumonia © It is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. © They infect alveoli (air-filled sacs) of the lungs where the alveoli get filled with a fluid resulting in the decrease of respiratory efficiency of the lungs. © Itis spread by inhaling droplets /aerosol from infected persons and sharing glasses and utensils with an infected person. Symptoms (a) Fever (®) Chills (€) Cough (@ Headache (©) In severe cases, lips and finger nails turn grey to bluish in colour. 4. Viral Diseases. (i) Common cold © It is caused by a group of viruses called rhino viruses. ‘© These viruses infect the nasal epithelium and respiratory passage but not the lungs. © Their attack lasts for about 3-7 days, © Itspreads by (a) contaminated objects like pens, books, cups, etc,, (b) cough and sneeze droplets from an infected person. Symptoms (a) Nasal congestion and discharge (®) Sore throat (0) Hoarseness (@) Cough () Headache (f) Tiredness 328 Xam idea Biology-xil(i Dengue fever @ Itis caused by virus Flavivirus, @ Dengue is transmitted by the bite of a mosquito infected with one of the four dengue virus serotypes. @ Itaffects infants, young children and adults with symptoms appearing 3-14 days after the infective bite. There is no vaccine or any specific medicine to treat d ds free should rest and drink plenty of fluids. tg symptoms (@ High fever (b) Severe headache (c) Pain behind the eyes (@ Muscle and joint pain (@) Rash (iii) Chikungunya It is caused by an alphavirus called Chikungunya virus. _Itis generally spread through bites from A. aegypti mosquitoes. © The best means of prevention is overall mosquito control and the avoidance of bites by any infected mosquitoes. ‘© No specific treatment is known, but medications can be used to reduce symptoms. symptoms (@) Fever up to 104°F —(b) Severejoint pain _(c) Muscle pain (@ Headache (© Nausea (f) Fatigue (g) Rash 5. Protozoan Diseases. (i) Malaria © It is caused by a protozoan Plasmodium (P. vivax, P. malaria and P. falciparum). © P. falciparum causes the most serious and fatal malignant malaria. © The vector of Plasmodium is female Anopheles mosquito which transfers the sporozoites (infectious form). © Treatment is by antimalarial drugs like quinine, chloroquine. @ Malaria can be prevented by killing mosquitoes by spraying DDT, BHC, etc., and using insect repellents, mosquito nets, etc. Life cycle of Plasmodium © Plasmodium requires two hosts to complete its life cycle—human and mosquito. © The infected female Anopheles mosquito transfers the infectious form of Plasmodium, ic., sporozoites to the human body by biting. © The sporozoites reach the liver cells, where they multiply. This is followed by their attack on red blood cells resulting in their rupture. © The ruptured RBCs release a toxin called haemozoin, which is responsible for high recurring fever, chills and shivering. © Sexual stages (gametocytes) develop in red blood cells, from where these parasites enter the female Anopheles mosquitoes when they bite an infected person. © In the body of mosquitoes, they fertilise and multiply in the stomach wall. © Sporozoites are now stored in the salivary gland of mosquito till it is again transferred to human body by a mosquito bite. After entering the human body, all the events are repeated. Human Health and Diseases 329When the mosquito bites another human, jorozoites are injected with bite Mature infective stages (sporozoites) escape from intestine and migrate to the mosquito salvary glands Parasites (sporozoites) reach the liver through blood Mosquito Fertlsation and development take place o% N i Fine parasite reproduces asexually in iver calls bursting the call and releasing into the blood Ge Female mosquito yn vanced meal Fo, Parasites reproduce with blood meal Reg? “@ Aconuallyinea blood Seabee Parasites infect new red blood cells Human ‘Sexual stages (gametocytes) develop in red blood cells (ii) Amoebic dysentery (Amoebiasis) © Itis caused by a protozoan endoparasite, Entamoeba histolytica, found in large intestine of humans. @ Housefly acts as mechanical carrier and transmits the parasite from faeces of infected person to the food. © Infection takes place through food and water contaminated by faecal matter. Symptoms (@) Abdominal pain (®) Constipation (©) Cramps (@ Stool with excess mucous and blood clots. 4 tis caused by fungi of genera Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton. = Human infection occurs either through contact with an infected person or from soil It also spre48 through towels, clothes, combs, etc,, ofthe infected persons, = Heat and moisture help these fungi to grow that makes them thrive in skinfolds like in groin between toes, 330 Xam idea Biology-Xilsymptoms (@) Dry and scaly lesions on skin, nails and scalp. (@) Lesions are accompanied by intense itching. 7.Helminthic Diseases (i) Ascariasis @ It is caused by an intestinal endoparasite of human, Ascaris lumbricoides, commonly called roundworm. @ Eggs of parasite are excreted along with faeces of infected person, which contaminates water, soil. and plants. : @ Infection takes place through contaminated. vegetables, fruits and water. symptoms (a) Abdominal pain (0) Indigestion (©) Internal bleeding (@ Muscular pain (© Fever (f) Anaemia (g) Nausea and headache _(h) Blockage of the intestinal passage. (li) Filariasis/Elephantiasis © Itis caused by filarial worms, Wuchereria bancrofti and Wuchereria malayi. © Female Culex mosquito is the vector. Symptoms (@) Inflammation of organs in which they live. (® Blockage of lymph vessels of lower limbs resulting in swelling. Lower limbs appear like legs of elephant, thus the name. (0) Genital organs may also be affected, leading to deformation. 8. Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases. = The following measures can prevent/control the infectious diseases: A. For diseases transmitted through food and water liké typhoid, amoebiasis, ascariasis. () Maintenance of personal hygiene: By keeping the body clean, consuming clean drinking water, food, vegetables and fruits. (i) Maintenance of public hygiene: Proper disposal of wastes and excreta, periodic cleaning and disinfection of water reservoirs and pools, tanks, standard practice of hygiene in public catering. B. For Air-borne diseases like pneumenia, common cold: (@ Maintain personal hygiene. (i) Maintain public hygiene. i) Close contact with infected persons or their belongings should be avoided. C. For vector-borne diseases like malaria, filariasis, dengue, chikunguniya to above measures, close contact with infected persons or their belongings should be avoided. ( Eradication of vectors and their breeding places. (ii) Use of mosquito nets. (iii) Avoid stagnation of water. Human Health and Diseases 331fishes like Gambusia in ponds that feed pein larvas, ae ides in ditches drainage areas, swat ate an 1 @) Spray Loan aac and windows to prevent entry of aed “arene ‘ (i) nee immunisation programmes for caine polio, diphtheria, tna = a of anti and drugs to treat the infected person. 9, Immunity, — ; : is and itself from the development of a disease, ‘ iit rganism to resist or defen¢ 1 Itis the ability of an org: basi Acquired immunity Innate immunity (adapt immunity) (Inborn immunity) Active immunity Passive immunity = @ Innate immunity © Itis present from the birth and is inherited from parents. > @ Itisnon-specific type of defence. © Itis accomplished by provid ling different types of barriers to entry of foreign agents 4 types q barriers are: (@) Physical barriers i These barriers do not allow pathogens and foreign agents to enter the body, e.g, skin, mucou membranes of digestive, respiratory and utinogesital fracts trapping microorganisms, piratory: genit pping 8 4 (b) Physiological barriers ‘Sweat, tears from eyes, acid in the stomach and saliva in mouth prevent microbial growth. (© Cellular barriers WBCs (polymorphonuclear leukocytes PMNL-neutrophils), and Monocytes (natural kilet lymphocytes) and macrophages phagocytose and destroy microbes, q (@) Cytokine barriers 4 vena interferons produced by virus-infected cells protect non-infected cells from furte Gi) Acquired immunity © Itis not present from the birth and develo, i fet »PS during an indi ‘ ate '6 an individual's lifetime, © Ithas the ability to distinguish diverse '¥Pes of foreign molecules or antigens (specificity). ‘© When the immune system encounters a Pathogen for the first time, a primary response § | ae is of low intensity, The te norY OF this encounter with the come pathogen is is produced haere very heat With the same pathogen» Secondary or anamnestic respo"®? is intensit a une responses are proce = tensity because of memory of first encounter. by two f (@) Elymphocytes or B-cells pro coer ee of mphocy called antibodies in blood, in resp! ©) T-lymphocytes of Teells help B-cells to Produce antibodi ies. 352 Xam idea Biology-xi. Piet immune responses or immunities develop in the body: (a) Humoral immune response or antibody 1 : fo els antibodies in the blood and lymph (a Lie immunity (AMD: It is mediated by wo ae ung tesponse or cell-mediated immunity (CMD: It is mediated by a pais ‘c 3s responsible for graft rejection in organ transplant because of its ability tp lferentate baterem a oa ‘non-self’. Tissue matching, blood group matching are any graft/tra aed re : Sppesuralier ines nsplant and even after this, patients are given immune Table 7.2: Differences between active and passive immunity ‘S.No. Active immunity __ Passive immunity i) (@ | Ik is developed due to’contact with pathogen | It (dead or living) or its antigen, that lead production of antibodies in te host body. Ithas no or only few side effects. ‘developed when readymade antibodies are injected into the body to protect body against foreign agents. Itmay cause a reaction. (ii) | Itis slow but long lasting. (jo) | Ittakes time to develop its response. It is fast but lasts only for few days. It is used when the immune response has to be faster. For example, administration of tetanus antitoxins, antibodies in colostrum, ete. Foetus receives some antibodies from their mother through placenta during pregnancya| which induce passive immunity. oe = Anantibody has a Y-shaped structure. = Each antibody molecule consists of four polypeptide chains, two are long called heavy Ugh (8) chains while the: other two are short called light (L) chains. Hence, an antibody is represented as HyL2. IgG is the most prevalent antibody in the blood followed by IgA and IgM. m1 IgAis present in breast milk (colostrum). (®) | For example, vaccination for polio, ete. (vi) | Injecting microbes deliberately during immunisation or infections organisms enteri body induce active immunity. me 10. Antibodies, m Antibodies are protein molecules called immunoglobulins (Ig) and are of 4 types— IgA, IgM, IgE and IgG. ‘Antigen binding ste L Light chain Disulfide bonds Heavy chains 11. Vaccination and Immunisation WY" . ‘Vaccination is the process of introduction of weakened or inactivated pathogens or proteins (vaccine) | into a person to provide protection against a disease. a Vaccines are weakened or inactivated pathogens or proteins introduced into a person to provide protection against a disease. = Immunisation is the process by response) and develops the ability to neutralise: = Vaccination provides immunisation after a time gap. which the body produces antibodies against the vaccine (primary pathogens during actual infection (secondary response). Human Health and Diseases 333 oo io) z 4 rm cl (e) ES) fa KS mi KS wo mm aPOINTS TO REMEMBER The vaccine gene! . te, s . erate 7 we Ifa quick immune response i tient. This type of immunisation is calleq aSSivg 5 a i mw By re based on the property called “Memory: oft d T-cells that recognise the Pathogen a why nse. immune response : ‘i needed, as in tetanus infection or snake bit Vaccination and i ce an intense i as and produ Pref, ce ‘iis injected into the pat \ antitoxin is injected ccines have been produced on Mn combinant DNA technology, Va "erge bi - it. x Veeeine is produced from yeas hy 12. I ei man etn ni pile, a . ion of the immune system t i ia The exaggerated or hypersensitive reaction ©! Tern o cetan antign, Pg environment is called allergy. : vue which produce an immune response in an individu, zl aie imal dander, dust, feathers, drugs like penicillin, etc, al are on IgE antibodies are produced in response to allergens. Cause: Chemicals like histamine and serotonin released from the mast cells, Symptoms: () Sneezing (i) Watery eyes (i) Running nose (ie) Difficulty in breathing Drugs like anti-histamine, adrenaline and steroids quickly reduce the symptom, To determine cause of allergy, patients injected with very small doses of suspected a reactions are studied. = Modern day lifestyle has lowered immunity and increased sensitivity to allergens, IS of 13. Auto Immunity. = [Rigan abnormal immune response in which the immune system of the body starts gain body cells or ‘self cells and molecules, hence bo oe nage oe dy attacks self cells thus damaging the = For example, rheumatoid arthritis, Addison's disease. ie) 14. Immune System 2 ee ee | ™ Components of immune system: Lymphoid organs Immune cells Soluble molecules like antibodies Lymphoid tissues Lymphoid organs Primary lymphoid. organs ‘Secondary lymphoid organs (a) Bone marrow © Itis the prima i ty lymphoid or ° reat igit Bone marrow provides Where all blood cells including lymphocytes original ; a “environment for the development and mati‘Vaccination and immunisation are based on the property called ‘Memory’ of the immune fas mn Poste nm The vaccine generates memory B- and T-cells that recognise the pathogen on subsequent and produce an intense immune response. : Ifa quick immune response is needed, as in tetanus infection ot snake ite preformed ang a ttboin is injected into the patient This type of immunisatio® called passive immunisageu® By recombinant DNA technology, vaccines have been produced on large scale, eg, hepsi, vaccine is produced from yeast. a 2. 12. Allergy. nm The exaggerated or hypersensitive reaction of the environment is called allergy. m1 The substances /agents which produce an immune eg., pollen grains, animal dander, dust, feathers, dru IgE antibodies are produced in response to allergens Causet Chemicals ike histamine and serotonin released from the mast cell, Symptoms: (i) Sneezing (ii) Watery eyes (ii) Running nose (iv) Difficulty in breathing. Drugs like anti-histamine, adrenaline and steroids quickly reduce the symptoms of allergy. To determine cause of allergy, patient is injected with very small doses of suspected allergens and the reactions are studied. Modern day lifestyle has lowered immunity and increase’ immune system t0 certain antigens presen, a response in an individual are called allege ns, gs like penicillin, ete. .d sensitivity to allergens. 13. Auto Immunity__——————————<$£_-_--—__ tr Ttis an abnormal immune response in which the immune system of the body starts rejectingitsowm body cells or ‘self’ cells and molecules, hence body attacks self cells thus damaging the body. m For example, rheumatoid arthritis, Addison’s disease. 14. Immune System. = Components of immune system: © Lymphoid organs © Immune cells © Soluble molecules like antibodies ° Lymphoid tissues Lymphoid organs Primary lymphoid organs Secondary iymphoid organs (W Primary lymphoid organs 9. The organe where pte conte and maine to become, aniigerecnst ef, differentiate into antigen sensitive ae ee organs where immature lymphocytes (@) Bone marrow : ee eee here all blood cells including lymphocytes originate. B-lymphocytes. @ microenvironment for the Scene ‘and maturation of 334 Xam idea Biology-Xll aA ee(b) Thymus ‘@ Thymus is a lobed organ located nym near the h © Itis quite large at the time of birth but Ee — It provides the micro-envi . e Itp micto-environment for the development and maturation of T-lymphocytes. ii) Secondary lymphoid organs @ After maturation, lymphocytes migrate to secondary lymphoid organs. @ The organs where } ‘ i 8 lymphocytes interact with the antigen and proliferate to become effector cells, eg., spleen, lymph nodes, tonsil spaaay inephsia me Is, Peyer's patches of small intestine and appendix are called (a) Spleen @ It isa large bean-shaped organ and contains lymphocytes and phagocytes. © Itacts as a filter of the blood by trapping blood-borne microorganisms. © Ithas a large reservoir of erythrocytes. 7 : (b) Lymph nodes © These are small solid structures present at different points along the lymphatic system. @ They trap the microorganisms or other antigens that enter the lymph and tissue fluid. © Antigens trapped in the lymph nodes activate the lymphocytes and produce an immune response, (©) Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) © Itis formed of masses of lymphoid tissue lining the mucosa of respiratory, digestive and urinogenital tracts. @ 50 per cent of the lymphoid tissue in human body is formed by MALT. 15. Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Tt was first reported in U.S.A. in 1981 and in last 25 years, it has killed more than 25 million people. um Itis caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). © HIV belongs to the group retrovirus. © thas RNA genome enclosed in an envelope. Transmission of HIV occurs through following ways: . ( By sexual contact with the infected person. (ji) By transfusion of contaminated blood and blood products. (iii) By sharing infected needles. (jo) From infected mother to her child through placenta. 1 It is not spread by more touch or physical contact. It only spreads through body fluids. Hence the infected persons should not be isolated from family and society. High risk individuals ( Those having multiple sexual partners. (ii) Drug addicts taking the drugs intravenously. (ii) Individuals who require repeated blood transfusions. (iv) Children born to an HIV infected mother. Diagnosis is done by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). & Incubation Period: Time gap between infection and appearance of AIDS symptoms is called the incubation period. It may vary from few months to 5-10 years. Human Health and Diseases 335Life cycle of HIV © After getting into the body of a person, the virus enters the macrophages. Here, RNA is replicated to form viral DNA by enzymé reverse transcriptase ‘¢-The viral DNA now gets incorporated into the host cell's DNA and directs the infected cas, ‘viruses. ° eae continue to and hence act like HIV factory, fe. The virus particles enter helper ells) in the blood, where they continue produce virus particle T-lymphocytes (Tit replicate and produce viral progenies. ‘ 3 © Thus, the number of helper T-lymphocytes progressively decreases 1" the body of the infect persons. Mra RNA core rain wea nara el Ptosma wmemrane Animal el | Viral RNA Is introduced into cell “ oytopiasm ial DNAS ot reduced ee i by reverse Viral DNA incorporates ; ‘transcriptase into host genome | sete ey | ra Now val RNA i spruces by i ao i New vses sre produced uci Sin DNA SoS New viruses can infect other cells igi 74 Replication ofretovius Fi .0 decreases. The person is unable 0 © With the decrease in number of T-cells, the immunity als parasites lle produce any immune response even against common bacteria like Mycobacterium, Toxoplasma, viruses and fungi. © Infected cells can survive while viruses are being replicated and released. ; Treatment m There is no permanent cure for HIV. 1 Anti-retroviral drugs: They can only prolong life of patient but cannot prevent death. Preventive measures m Asno cure is there so prevention i 3 ion i ‘ ; re) prevention is easy. is the best option. As it spreads due to conscious behaviow! 336 XamideaPz i IDS Control Organisati 5 National AU nt ‘Banisation: (N, ji rganisations (NGOs) educate people a in 1991 and other non-governmental WHO has started a number of progra ( making blood from blood siete Las the spreading of HIV infection that includes: (i) ensuring the use of only disposabl (i) free distribution of cota To a ayn (jo) controlling drug abuse. advocating safe : . ig safe sex and promoting regular check-ups for HIV susceptible populations. 46. Cancer. fa Cancer is defined as an uncontrolled division iferatic : fi : eee pl saleriyrrinti: or proliferation of cells without any differentiation. () The cells divide repeatedly with uncontrolled cell division. (ii) The cancer cells do not require extracellular growth factors. (ii) Cancer cells have lost the property of contact inhibition. (io) Due to repeated division, cells form a large mass of tissue called tumour. (e) The cells pass out from the tumour to new sites for forming secondary tumours (c) Tae invasion of cancerous cells from onepar tothe other partsby body fuidis called metastasis. (vi) Tumours are of two types—benign and malignant. ‘Table 7.3: Differences between benign and malignant tumours YsagWiaway OL SINIOd S.No. ‘Benign tumour Thu Malignant amour ( | Itisa non-cancerous tumour. Ttis a cancerous tumour. | Benign tumour does not show metastasis| It shows metastasis and thus invades other body and is non-invasive. parts. i | ttstops growth after reaching a certain size. | Malignant tumour shows, indefinite growth as proliferating cells, called Neoplastic or tumor cells, grow rapidly, invade and damage other tissues. ‘There is no adherence amongst cells. They tend to slip past one another. Itis more fatal to the body. (jv) | Limited adherence occurs amongst cells of benign tumour. (0) | Itis less fatal to the body. Oncogenic viruses have cancer-causing viral oncogenes. Normal cells have genes called cellular oncogenes (c-on¢) or proto-oncogenes; which are present in inactivated state but under certain conditions (like mutation) get transformed to cancer-causing oncogenes. ( Causes of cancer @ The cancer-causing agents are (a) Chemical agents: Aniline dyes, smoke. ( Physical agents: Io damage DNA causing (©) Biological agents: Oncogenic viruses, called carcinogens. These are of following types: N-nitrosodimethylamine, benzopyrene, chemicals in cigarette ising radiations like X-rays and y-rays, non-ionising radiations like UV-rays, neoplastic transformation. some parasites. (ii) Cancer detection (a) Blood and bone marrow tests are done for increased cell count in case of leukemia. () Histopathological study or biopsy: In biopsy, a piece of the suspected tissue cut into thin sections is stained and examined under microscope Py a pathologist. Human Health and Diseases 337ed to detect cancer of the internal organs, are us enerate a three-dimensional image OF eng (o) Radiography: rE ny: It uses X-rays to B rap! 5 Oconee ionising radiation and stron, : ject. : Non-ionising radiatic NS Magnetic «| 2) an aie Resonance a aed and physiological changes in the fiyine f#ld (o) Pe see . Bt * used in MRI to ee is against cancer-specific antigens are also used n° ~ Monoclonal antibodies: of certain cancers. Used to detect genes in individuals with inherited (g Teetniques in molecular biology: Used 0 ee nse prevention by te A tification sents avg, to cles Identif jogen to which they are susceptible like tobacco smoke for lung cag expost icular carcin 4 iii) Cancer treatment | _ © The common approaches for treatment 7 aed oe (a) Surgery: The tumour cells are removed wit gery cancer lls. . i ® faa therapy: A lethal irradiation of tumour cell is done, taking proper care Of he nom issues surrounding the tumour mass. ; (OF eae case cells are killed by several chemotherapeutic drugs. These drugs exhibit side-effects like hair loss, anaemia. : ee @ Immunotherapy: In this method, biological modifiers like a-interferons are used why activate the immune system and help in destroying the tumour as tumor cells avoid detection and destruction by immune system. Majority of treatments require combination of surge, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. 17. Drugs and Alcohol Abuse. m= When drugs and alcohol are taken for purposes other than medicinal or taken in amounts o frequencies that impairs physical, physiological or psychological functions, it is called drug abuse and alcohol abuse, respectively. = Drugs belong to different categories which are as follows. HO. G@) Opioids © Heroin is a depressant and slows down body functions © Source: Morphine is extracted from the latex of poppy plant Papaver somniferum. Heroin is obtained by acetylation of morphine, is a white, odourless, bitter, crystalline compound; H commonly called smack, © Mode of intake: By snorting and injection. "" © Mode of action: They bind to specific opioid receptors in the HO Fire eevous system (CNS) and gastrointestinal tract. ESSESTC SSE TTTSRS © Effects: Heroin is a depressant and slows down body functions. Morphine is an effective sedative and painkiller useful in patients who have undergone surgery, Gi) Cannabinoids © Source: Obtained from inflorescence of the plant Cannabis sativa. Flower tops, leaves and resins S of C.sativa in various combinations produce hashish, charas, marijuana and ganja. § Mode of intake: By inhalation and oral ingestion, ] e Mode ofaction: They interact with thecannebinoid receptors present in the ‘brain, ° *ifets Effect the cardiovascular system of thebodly. Ca Sai ae aE 338 Xam idea Biology-xir [ag i (aa) = i a i [ng (e) EF n | eae = ie) a a{ai Coca alkaloid or cocaine @ Source: Derived from the leaves : and you coca (coca plant). Cocaine is commonly eh eri of South American plant called Erythroxylum © or crack. @ Mode of intake: By sniffing and snorting, @ Mode of action: It has a potent atin ty ind interferes with stimulatis i eerie Dae ting action on central nervous system and interf itt © Effect: It is a strong stimulant of ; id increased energy. 1s fant of CNS and produces sense of euphoria and increas a When taken in excess it " auses he : ; cardiovascular or repirstony es headache, convulsions, hallucinations and even death due to (iv) Hallucinogens e@ Source: Obtained a foo) i derived ae ee like Atropa belladona and Datura sps. Lysergic acid diethyl amide oA bean eed the fungus Claviceps purperea. Plants with hallucinogenic properties have eg eat in religious ceremonies and rituals. @ Mode of action: These di a aoe ee cema oe Srugsare called poychedeli drugs ecauseof their effects onthe cerebrum y ms ree Fs ae oe effect thoughts, feelings and perceptions of an individual. Medically these are given to patients to cope with mental illnesses like depression and insomnia. (v) Tobacco @ Source: Tobacco plant. © Mode of intake: It is smoked, chewed or used as a snuff. © Mode of action: It has nicotine, an alkaloid, which stimulates the adrenal gland to release adrenaline and noradrenaline which in turn increases the blood pressure and heart rate. © Effects: (a) Smoking increases the chances of lung cancer, bronchitis, emphysema, coronary heart disease, cancer of throat, gastric ulcer, cancer of urinary bladder, etc. () Smoking leads to increase in carbon monoxide content of blood and reduces concentration ‘as a result of which oxygen deficiency in the body is created. of haem-bound oxygen, er which becomes fatal in extreme conditions. (©) Chewing of tobacco causes oral canc (vi) Alcohol © Mode of intake: Oral intake. © Mode of action: Alcohol has an anaes cerebellum and other parts. : © Effect: It may cause euphoria, peptic ulcer, gastric carcinoma, hepatitis, liver failure, liver cell carcinoma. thetic effect on nervous system affecting cerebrum, 18, Addiction and Dependence___________—__—_——___ The psychological attachment to certain effects such as euphoria and temporary feeling of well-being, associated with drugs and alcohol is called addiction. 1 ; People take drugs/alcohol when not needed, but with repeated use, tolerance level of receptions in body iricreases; receptors thus respond to higher doses, leading to greater intake and addition. Reasons for alcohol abuse in adolescents: (i) Social pressure. j : (i) Curiosity and need for adventure, excitement and experiment. (iif) To escape from stress, depression and frustration. Human Health and Diseases 339hardships of daily life. ' (iv) To overcome hi eres i beneficial for relieving stress. (0) Unstable or unsupportive ive to smoke and consume alcohol. TV, movies (vi) Effects might be perceived as (vif) Perception that it is cool or progress newspapers promote this perception. ii) Pressure to excel in academics or exams. ji eee .cy of the body to manifest characteristic and unpleasant withdrawal syndx Ome on The tendenc is id 7 discontinuation of regular dose of drugs/alcohol is called dependence. Characteristics of withdrawal symptoms: : (ii) Shakiness (i Anxiety (i n (iii) Nausea (iv) Sweating (@) Vomiting (vi) Diarrhoea (viii) Muscular and abdominal cramps (vii) Insomnia (x) Depressed mood (ix) Restlessness (xi) lnvitability Withdrawal symptoms are at peak after 1-2 days of stopping the intake and slowly fade away. Thy mostly disappear 3-4 weeks after abstinence. 19, Effects of Drug and Alcohol Abuse_______ | Alcohol has an anaesthetic effect on nervous system, affecting cerebrum followed by cerebellum and other parts. & Itaffects the nervous system in following ways: () Loss of judgement, will power and self control. (i) Loss of emotional control. (ii) Loss of moral sense. (2) Visual problem. (2) Staggering and incoherent speech. (vi) Inflammation of axon of neuron leading to neuritis, 1 Side-etfects of drugs on males: Acne, aggressiveness, reduction in size of testicles, decreased sperm: production, Premature baldness, enlargement of prostate gland, mood Swings, depression, breast enlargement, potential for kidney and liver dysfunction, 1B Side-effects of drugs on females: Masculinisation, aggressiveness, mood swings, depression, abnormal Frantmual cycles, enlargement of clitoris and excessive facial and body hair, deepening of voice. = Warning signs of drug and alcohol abuse: ( Drop in academic performance. () Absence from school/college. (ii) Lack of interest in personal hygiene. (@) Isolation, depression, fatigue, aggressive and rebellious behaviour. (©) Deteriorating relationships with family and friends, n (vi) Fluctuation in weight, ete, (vii) Loss of interest in hobbies, | 340 Xam idea Biology-xiI Mac.Fr ‘The chronic use of drug and alcohol damages nerv iver (cirrhosi : i eae ea ts a 1B" ‘ous system and liver (cirrhosis) and the alcoholism. May tum to stealing to get money for buying drugs/ Alcohol. Becomes cause of mental and financial distress to one’s family. May manifest reckless behaviour, vandalism and violence. ‘ . s 20. Prevention and Control, (eee a ho adi aaa a Avoid undue pressure: Every child has his own choice and personality and hence should be respected and nurtured accordingly. They should not be forced to perform beyond their threshold limits, be in sports or studies, etc. a Educating and counselling: Children should be educated and counselled to face problems, stresses, to accept disappointments and features as part of life. We should put in efforts to channellise child’s energy into healthy pursuits like sports, reading, music, yoga etc. a Seeking help from parents and peers: Parents and friends can guide appropriately to sort out their problems and can thus help the youth to vent out their feelings of anxiety and guilt. Looking for danger signs: Parents and teachers should be careful enough to look for and identify the danger signs and if there, it should be brought to the notice of parents so that appropriate measures can be taken to diagnose the malody and underlying causes. This would help in initiating proper remedial steps and measures. Seeking professional and medical help whenever required. Help from psychologist, psychiatrists, deaddiction and rehabilitation programmes and with sufficient will power, one can get rid of problem completely. Q.1. What are the various public health measures which you would suggest as safeguard against infectious disease? ‘Ans. The common preventive measures are as follows: (@ Education: People should be educated about communicable diseases to protect themselves from such diseases. (ii) Isolation: The infected person should be isolated to minimise the spread of infection. (iii) Vaccination: People should get vaccination on time to avoid infection. (iv) Sanitation: The sanitation condition should be improved to avoid infection from polluted water, contaminated food, etc. (0) Eradication of vectors: The breeding places of vectors should be destroyed and adult vectors should be killed by suitable methods. (oi) Sterilisation: The patient's surroundings and articles of use should be completely sterilised so as to reduce the chances of infection. Q.2. Inwhich way has the study of biology helped us to control infectious diseases? Ans. Study of biology helps us to diagnose the pathogen in following ways: (i The life cycle of many pathogens is studied. (id) Alternate and reservoir hosts are known. (iii) The mechanisms of transmission of disease is known, (jv) The protective measures are suggested against disease and pathogen based on above studies. (v) Suitable medicines against infectious diseases are suggested. (ci) The preparation of vaccines against many pathogens also entitle the use of study of biology. Human Health and Diseases 341