Ql. Define Python? Ans : Python is a general purpose interpreted, in- teractive, object - oriented and high level pro- gramming language. Itwas created by Guldo Van Rossum during 1985 - 1990, Q2. What is the advantage of python? Ans : Advantages of python are as follows * Very simple language to learn * tis portable, expandable and embeddable. * Ithas huge community which provides a lot ipport and libraries for the language. . What are the library support in python? Ans : a) Sockets b) Mysqldb c) Numpy d) Pandas e) Open CV {) Thinter ) Requests What are the features of Python lan- guage? + Features of python language are as follows Easy .. Expressive . Free and open source |. High level Portable Interpreted Object oriented etc., Q5. Write the syntax for creating a in python? ; ‘Ans : 'n Python a function is defined using d word. Syntax: def my_function ( ): print (“Hello from a function”) Q6. parameter value in python? 2 The following example shows the usag default parameters value in python. def my function (County= “Norway’ Prinit(“1 am from “ + County) my function ("Sweden") my_function (“India”) my_funetion ( ) my_function (“Brazil”) What are the basic data types of, ‘The basic data types of python are . Integers Ans Q7. Ans : . Floating point numbers Complex numbers Strings . Boolean type DOR were Built - in functions Q8. What is data structure in Python? Ans :terme a ———— what are the built in data structures of of OQ ython? = The built - in data structures of python are 1, List Tuple Dictionary _ Program to add two number in python as follows, numl = 15 num2 = 63 # Add two numbers Sum=float (numl) + float (num2) 2 Display the sum Print (“The sum of {0} and {1} is {2}; format (num1, num2, sum) Qi. What is the use of JSON in python? Ans: Python has a JSON module that will help converting data structure to JSON strings. It is mainly used to convert the python dictio- nary above into a JSON string that can be uritten into a file.3.30 SS Qu 3-1 Lancuace FEA Qi. Ans: TURES OF PYTHON What is Pyt thon? Explain brie Python: oe Python is a ive cb 2l- Purpose interpreted, in- (eractive, object-oriented, wat high level bro gramming langua, ge. It was van Rossum during 1936: ated by Guido Basic Syntax of Python . #Python Baise syntax-exam Print (“Hello tax") History of ‘Python language : Python, languages is, derived from many other Popular languages, Som: 7 of the are given in following ist °° andueges + ABC -¢ + C++ + Algol-68, + Modula 3 + SmallTalk, + Unix shell + other scripting languages ——atherscripting languages. Q2._ Explain the language features of python? Ans: Language features of Python : Python features include the following 1. Easy-to-leamm : Python has few keywords, simple structure, and a clearly defined syn. tax. This allows the student to pick up the lan- guage quickly. ‘a 2. Easy-to-read : Python code is more clearly defined and visible to the eyes. 3. Easy-to-maintain : Python's source code is fairly easy-to-maintain. 4. Interactive Mode : Python has support for an interactive mode which allows interactive testing and debugging of snippets of code 5. Portable : Python can run on a wide variety ” Gf hardware platforms and has the same in- terface on all platforms. ple program Python, Iam python Basic syn- ee Bo Seka fee Hlevel : can add low- mod, ete Se Then ules enable Preto be more eicent. se 7. Boater commercial data hte : Python provides a better strc. ‘8. Scalable j port for large Programs than she ture and sui _ see plications of Python? Q3. Explain the aPI : ‘Ans: Application of Python = ‘There are a iot of applications that are wrt. ten in python language. ‘Types of python application : 2) Sciences and education applications wveiop the applications 1on you can develop . mar athe for scientific an:i educational purposes. Here are some popular python science and ‘education applications. + Metapath + Pychem + ACQ4 b) Console based application: Here are list of popular console based appli- cation in python. + SQL python + Ipython ¢) Image applications : * img seek + Vpthon: * Gogh The above are sonic ;opular Image applica- tions. 4) Enterprise applications : The following are list of some common en- terprise applications + Picalo +. Tryton Fag 7 KeroePRotoconying oF tls book & CRNINAL At Ayo foun pally BURGE i acs LEGA mae NeWeming : Xero: Internet of Things m ¢) Official applications ; + Pyspread + Calibre ‘The above are list of official applications f) Mobile applications : Mobile applications ean also di python, a. * Pyroute + AppBackup g) Internet or Webbased application + Bit torrent + SpamBayers * Mnet + Netusage The above are list of some popular web based applications. 3.2 PyTHON Datatypes ADN Data sTRUC- TURES Q4. Explain Datatypes of python language briefly with examples? Ans: Data types of python : The following are five standard data type of python. + Numbers type + String type «List type * Tuple type * Dictionary type a) Python number: Number data types are used to store numeric values in python program. Changing the val- ues of a number data type results in a newly allocated object. Example : #python NumberDatatyoe - Example pro- gram num1 = 10 num2 = 20 Print ‘num1=", num1," and num2 num2) B34 Delete the reference to a number object in python, To delete reference to a number object in python, use the keyword del del vari, var2[, var3{....-varN]]] Examples : #Python Number Datatype_example pro- ‘gram. num = 10 num] = 20 Print (“num num2) b) Python Strings are contiguous set of characters in between quotation marks. num, _ Example str] = ‘Hello Python’ str = "This is Python Strings Tutorial” Repeating string in python : String in python can be repeated using * Operator as shown in example given below Example = # String Repeating example in python Print (“This is string repeat in python"); Print (“Below code will repeat the string re- peat 10 times\n’); Print (“StrongRepeat” *10); Print( “Below code will repeat the string re- peat 10 times with space\n”) Print (“StringRepeat” *10); ¢) Python strings Lists in python are also a type of sequence just like tuples, Unlike tuples lists are mutable, that is, list can be modified. Creating list in python : List 1 = [‘computer’, ‘programming’, 1957, 2070, 3242") List 2 = [1,2,3,4.5); List 3 a ew CRIMINAL ck. Anyone Tounsd Guy Io LIABLE fave LEGAL proceedings erwet gh Things A f item in tuple inting each item in tuph Print ("wn Now Pri "» Finding length of tuple in python : ‘The fen () funciton in python is used to tt length of tuple as shown in following example Example oe tuple in python “Two" “on length_of_tuple = ten (my_tuple); Print (“Length of tuple, my_tuple is :*, length_of _tuple}s ict same as real life dic- tionary book, as in dictionary, you can store your information in form of key value pair, Using dictionary in python, you can organize your information. Create Dictionary in Python : Dictionaries are enclosed with in the curly braces { } ee my_dictionary = {‘Name’; Devraj”, ‘Id’ 9388, ‘Branch’ : ‘CSE"}; es Access dictionary values in python : One can access dictionary values using the 9g square braces [ ] as shown in following ex- ample. my_dictionary{name] Example for python dictionary : dictionary 1 = { } dictionary 1 one’ = “This is one” dictionary 1 [2] = “This is two" small dictionary = {‘name’: ‘Devraj’, ‘id’ : 9388, ‘branch’ : ‘CS’ Print (dictionary 1(2}) Print (dictionary 1[*One’}) Print (small dictionary) Print (small dictionary key ( )) Print (small dictionary.values Q)Int 3.3 CONTROL oF FLOW, Q5. Explain the con: An ternet of Thing Eo trol of flow in python bri- ns: Control of flow : i The following are fix a) Python if, b) Python for loop ©) Python while loop ive standard data type of else d) Python break & continue e) Python pass a) Python if... Syntax : - else if test expression Body of if else body of else Flow chart of if else : The following figure shows the flow chart of if, else reve ody oft Body otese Example : : # program checks if number is positive or negative. num = 3 # num 5 # num =0 if num > =0; Print (“Positive or Zero”) else Print (“Negative number”) b) Python for loop is used to iterate over a sequence or other erable objects, erating over a sequence is called traversal. Syntax : for val in sequence Body of far for each tam imeequence Body of or Exttloop Examples : # Program to find sum of all numbers sotred_ ina list number = [6,5,4;3,4,2,5,4,11] # variable to store sum sum = 0 for val in numbers ; sum = sum+val Print (“The sum is”, sum) Example for loop with else digits = (0,1,5] for i indigits print (i) else: Print (“No item left.”) c) Python while loop Itis used to iterate over a a block of code as Jong as the test expression is true Syntax : While test_expression Body of white Flow chart : is book is @ CRIMINAL Act. Anyone found guilty Is LIABLE to face LEGAL proceedings is book Is & CRIMINAL/Act. Anyone found guilty le LIABLE to face LEGAL bsBody of white Eaton Example : # program to add natural numbers n=10 sum = 0 1 while i < = n; sum = sum +i isi+d Print (“The sum is”, sum) Example for while loop with else : Counter = 0 while counter < 3: Print (“Inside loop") Counter = counter +1 else : Print (“Inside else”) 4) Python break & continue : + Break and continue statements can alter the flow of a normal loop. ; Python break : ‘i Syntax fenerice Remaining body often ‘Wiarsina * Keren] Phatacnnvinn af th TAS Internet of Things Example : for val in “Strings”, ifval = = break Print (val) Print (“The end”) Python continue : Syntax, Continue Flow chart Remaining body of loop Ext loop Example : for val in “Strings”; if val continue Print (val) Print ("The end”) “e) Python Pass : Pass is a null statement. Difference between comment and pass statement in python is while interpreter ignores a comment entirely, ass is not ignored. Syntax of pass : Pass, Example : a Sequence = ['p',‘a', 's''s] int val in sequence pass - def fun () : passInternet of Things Print (*Uhave called function”) fun () 3.4 Functions : Q6. Explain python functions briefly? Aus: Functions in python : * Functions are the most important aspect of an application. A function can be defined as the organized block of reusable code which can be called whenever required, * Python allows us to divide a large program into the basic building blocks known as func- tion. The function contains the set of program- ming statements enclosed by { } * A function can be called multiple times to pro- vide reusability and modularity of python program, * In other words, we can say that the collection of functions creates a program. The function is also known as procedure ot subroutine in other programming languages. Advantages of functions in python : * By using functions, we can avoid rewriting same logic/code again and again in a program, * We can call python functions any number of ‘times in a program and from any place in a Program. * Reusability is the main achievement of py- thon functions However, Function calling is always overhead in a python program, Creating a function The syntax to define a function in python is given below. def my_function( ): function-suite return Function calling : In python, a function must be defined before the function calling otherwise the python in: tempreter gives an error * A simple function that prints the message "Hello Word" is given below, Warning : Xerox/Photocopying of this book is @ GRIMINAL Aa. Anyone found guilty is LIABLE to face LEGAL proceed Ans: Call by reference : dat ello_world } print(thello world") hello_world() Parameters in function : i functio ( + The information into the ca ee as the parameters. The parameter 3 specified in the parentheses. ‘ + The following example which contains a tion thatacceptsa string as the parameter any prints it lef func (name}: print("Hi",name); func("Ayush") Example program : # python function to calculate the variables, def sum (a,b): return a+b; Sum of tp @ = int(input("Enter a: ")) b = int{input("Enter b: ")) print(’Sum =", sum(a,b)) plain briefly? erence inside the function revert back to original value referred by the reference Example : Passing immutable objec (List def change_listlist1): list append(20); ; list] append(30); ‘2s Print("list i si List = (10,30,40,50] a Change list (lst 1) Print ("list ‘outside function =' g Example 2 : Passing ‘mutable object (String): def change_string (sr): ; str = str +" Hows. you"; Print(‘printing the string inside functionsringl = "Hil am there” change_string(string]) print(‘printing the string outside function :*, stringl) 5, Explain types of arguments briefly? \s ‘Types of arguments : | There may be several types of arguments uihich can be passed at the time of function caling. a) Required arguments ) Keyword arguments ) Default arguments 4) Variable-length arguments 1, Required Arguments ‘These are the arguments which are required to be passed at the time of function calling with the exact match of their positions in the function call and function definition. Examples, def simple_interest(p,t.r) return (p*t*r)/100 P= float{input("Enter the principle amount? ")) float{input("Enter the rate of interest? *)) t float{input("Enter the time in years? *)) Prin'Simple Interest: ° simple_interest(p.74)) 2. Keyword arguments : Python allows us to call the function with the Keyword arguments. This kind of function call will enable us to pass the arguments in the random order. Examples def simple _interest(p.t.r): tetum (p*t*1)/100 Prin (‘simple Interest”, simple_interest (t=10, =10, p=1900) . Default arguments Python allows us to initialize the arguments at | the function definition. If the value of any of | the argument is not provided at the time of function call, then that argument can be ini- tialized with the value given in the definition |__€ven if the argument is not specified ating XeroxiPhotocopying of this book is a CRIMINAL Ac Anyor MW Internet of Things Example def printme(name,age=22) print("My name is".name,"and age is".age) printme(name = "john’) Printme(age = 10,name="David") 4. Variable length arguments : In this we define variable with * (star) as * Example : def printme(*names) print("type of passed argument is “type (names) print(‘printing the passed arguments...) for name in names: print(name) printme("john","David’,"smith* ‘nick”) 3.5 PytHon Moputes Q9. Explain python modules briefly? Ans: Python modules : A python module can be defined as a py- thon program file which contains a python code including python functions, classes, or variables. Modules in Python provides us the flexibility to organize the code in a logical view. Example : #displayMsg prints a message to the name being passed. def displayMsa(name) Print("Hi "+name); Loading the module in our python code: We need to load the module in our python code to use its functionality. Python provides two types of statements as defined below. a) The import statement b) The from-import statement a) The import statement : The import statement is used to import all the functionality of one module into another. ‘The syntax to use the import statement is given ne found guilty is LIABLE to face LEGAL procesding®Internet of Things import module 1,module2,........ module n Example import fite pame = input("Enter the name?") file displayMsa(name) b) The from _import statement : *+ Instead of importing the whole module into the namespace, python provides the flexibil- tty to import only the specific attributes of a module. This can be done by using from? import statement, * The syntax to use the from-import statement is given below. from < module-name> import , -hame n> Example : Consider the following module named as cal- culation which contains three functions as summation, multiplication, and divide. calculation. py: def summation(a,b) retum a+b def multiplication(a,b): retum a*b; def divide(a,b) return afb; Main.py: from calculation import summation a = int(input("Enter the first number") b = intlinput("Enter the second number")) = "summation(a,b)) Renaming a module 4 Python provides us the flexibility to import some module with a specific name so that we can use this name to use that module in our python source file, + The syntax to rename a module is given be- low. import as Example import calculation as cal; a = int{input(Enter 2?°)): b = int(input("Enter b?")): cal summation(a,b}) print("Sum Using dir()) function . ic ted list of The dir( ) function returns a sor a ames defined in the passed module. This contains all the sub-modules, variables ang functions defined in this module. Example import json List = dir(json) ——brint(List) Q10. Write an example of python modules? Ans: Module student : Sum = sum + students [Key] [grade] « average = Sum/len (Students) return average def Print records (Student): Print “There are %d students”%(Len stu- dents) t=1 for key in students : Print “Studen -%d:"%(i) Print “Name :”+students [key][‘name’] itl Using module student : >>> import student >>> students = ‘1’; ‘name’ : ‘Bob’, ‘grade’ ‘Many’, ‘grade’; 3.5, ‘David’, ‘grade’; 4.2, John’, ‘grade’; 4.1, 2 Alex’, ‘grade’; 3.8, >> >Student.printRecords(students) ‘There are 5 students Student-1 : Name: Bob Grade: 2,5 ‘5’ ‘name’ Warning : Xerox/Photocopying of this Look Is @ GRIMINAL Act. Anyone found gully le LABLE fo Taco LEGAL proceedingsinternet of Things Student -2 ; Name : David Grade : 4.2 Student-3. Name: Marry Grade : 3.5 Student-4 Name: Alex Grade : 3.8 ‘Sjudent-5 : Name: John * Grade : 4.1 >>>avg = student.average student(Student) 0.21" %lAvg) 3.62 Importing a specific function from a module : >>>print “The average grade is : >>> from student import average grade ‘name’: ‘bob’, ‘grade’ :2.5, “Manry’, ‘grade’; 3.5, ‘David’, ‘grade’; 4.2, John’, ‘grade’, 4.1, ‘9: ‘name’ : ‘Alex’, ‘grade’; 3.8, >>>avg = averageGrade (students) >>>Print “The average grade is :%0.2 £"% (avg) 3.62 3.6 PACKAGES QI1. Discuss about python package briefly. Ans: Python Package : + Python package is hierarchical file allow better organization of modules related to a single application nt environment by providing a hierarchica! ges, modules and sub modules. structure that consists of modules and subpackages. Packages environment, * It facilate the developer with application developme directory struture where a package contains sub packay Example : Let's create a package named Employees in your directory. Cor 1. Create a directory with name employees on path / home. 2. Create a python source file with name IT employeers.py on pathvhome/employees. sider the following steps. IT employees.py def getITNames( List = ["John", "David", "Nick", Martin") return List; , 2 ABLE to face LEGAL proceedings Warang DKerantbncrecapying of ns book Tea GRIMINAL At: Anyone found gully s UABLE 1 52Internet of Things jes.py and create a functioy 3. Similarly, create one more python file with name BPOEmployees.py m getBPONames(), —init_py from ITEmplovees import get! TNames from BPOEmployees import get8PONames 4. Test.py import Employees print(Employees.getNames()) : ication Lit t system * The following image shows the directory structure of an application Library management v which contains three sub-packages as Admin, Librarian, and Student, The sub-packages contain the python modules. Ls package Ls sub-package module 2 3.7 FILEHANDLING Q12. Explain file handling in python briefly? _ Ans: Python Packag. : * Python allows reading and writing to file using file object. The open (filename, mode) function is u sed to geta file objects. * fhe mode can read (r), write (w), append (a), read and wtite (r+ oF ut) read binary (0b), write binary (Wb) etc., = * The following example shows reading on entire file with read function, Example : 1. Reading an entire file >>>fp = open(file.txt’. '’) >>>content = fp.read| ) >>>print content Python is an interpreted language and does not require explicit compilation step. >> >fp.close() 2, Reading line by line >>>fp.close () >>>fp = open(tile.txt’, ) >>>print "Line-1: "+fp.readline( ) Line-1: Python supports more than one programming paradigms, Warning : Kerox/Photocopying of tis book is @ CRIMINAL Adt. Anyone found gully S LABLE We face LEGAL procoodnas 73.13 >>>print "Line-2 "+ fp.readline( ) Line-2: Python is an interpreted language. >>>fp.close( ) Reading line in a loop : v) fp.readlines( ) >>>fp = openttile.ts >> olin >>>for line in lines: print line Python supports more than paradigms includ ing Python is an interpreted language. Reading a certain number of bytes >>>fp = open(file.txt,'") >>>fp.read(10) "Python sup’ >>>fp.close( ) Getting the current position of read: >>>fp = opent(filetxt’, ') >>>{p.read(10) ‘Python sup! >>>currentpos = fp.tell >>>print currentpos >>>fp.closel ) ; Seeking to a certain position : >>>fp = open({ile.txt’,’) >>>{p.seek(10,0) >>>econtent = fp.read(10) >>,>print content ports more >>>fp.close( ) Writing to a file: >>>fo = open((filel txt'w’) >>>content = ‘This is an example of writ- ing toa file in python.” >>>fo.write (content) >>>fo.close () Interne! hinge 3.8 Datt/time Orcrations Q13. plain about Python Date and time op- erations? Ans: Python Date and Time ; In python, the date is not a data type, but we can work with the date objects by importing the module named with datetime, time, and calendar. Consider the following example. import time; # prints the number of ticks spent since 12 AM, 1" January 1970 print(time.time( )) How to get the current time? . ‘The localtime( ) functions of the time module _are used to get the current time tuple. Con- sider the following example. Example : import time; #retuims a time tuple print(time.localtime(time.time())) Ge The time can be formatted by using the asctime ( ) function of time module. g formatted time : Example : import time; #returns the formatted time print(time.asctime(time.localtime (time. time cm). Python sleep time: The sleep ( ) method of time module is used to stop the execution of the script for a given amount of time. The output will be delayed for the number of seconds given as float. Example : import time for | in range(0,5): print(i) #Each element will be printed after 1 second time.sleep time.sleep (1)Internet of Things m Datetime Module : + The datetime module enables us to create the custom date objects, perform various opera- tions on dates like the comparison, ete + Consider the following example to get the datetime object representation for the current time. Example : import datetime; print (datetime.datetime.now()) Creating data objects : + Consider the following example import datetime; # retums the datetime object for the speci- fied date print(datetime.datetime(2018,12,10) * Consider the example import datetime; # retus the datetime object for the speci- fied time print(datetime.datetime(2018,12,10,14,15, 10) 7 Comparision of two dates : * Two dates by using the comparison opera- tors like >, >=, <, and <= * Consider the following example. from datetime import datetime as dt if dt(dt.now().yeardt.now().month,dt.now(). day,8) continon>Bloodroot Sanguinaria canadensis 4 Mostly Shady 2.44 Columbine Aquilegia canadensis 3 Mostly Shady 9.37 Parsing on XML file in python : from xml.dom.minidom import parse dom = parse("test.xml") for node in dom.getElementsByTagName (plant): id=node.getAttribute(id’) print "Plant ID:", id ‘common=node.getElementsByTagName (common’){0} .childNodes{0].nodeValue print "Common:’ "common. botanical=node.getElementsByTagName (octanical’{0}.childNodes{0].nodeValue __W Internet of Things print "Botanical:", botanical zone=node.getElementsByTagName (zone) {0].childNodes{0]. nodeValue _—_Brint "Zone:", zone. print "Zone:”. zone. QI7. Explain about HTTL#b & URLLib brie- fly? ‘Ans: HTTPlib and URLLib2 are Python libraries used in network/intemet prograraming (111 121, HTTPLib2 is an HTTP dlient library and URLLIb2 is a library for fetching URLs. Examples : HTTP GET request using HTTPLib >>> import httplib2 >> >h=httplib2. Htp( ) >>> resp, content = h.request (“http:// example.com’, "GET") >>> resp {‘status’'200;, ‘content -length':'1270, ‘content = location’: ‘http://example.com’, 'x-cache': HIT, ‘accept-ranges’: ‘bytes’, ‘server’: ECS (cpmvF585)', ‘last -modified’: Thu,25 Apr 2013 16:13:23 GMT, ‘etag': ‘date’: Wed, 31 Jul 2013 12: 36: 05 GMT, ‘content-type’: text/html; charset = UTF8) >>> content \n\n\n \n\n \n HTTP request using URL Lib2 >>> import urllibS >>> >>> req = urllib2, Request (‘htttp:// example.com’) : >>> response = urllib2.urlopen (rea) >>> response_page = response.read| } >>> response_pege < ! doctype html>\ n\n\n