هندسة الطرق
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING I
General Introduction &
Omer Khider Route Selection
Course Content
• Introduction & Route selection
• Geometric Design
• Cross section elements
• Stopping sight distance
• Overtaking sight distance
• Super-elevation
• Introduction in Highway materials
• Introduction in traffic Engineering
• Introduction in Highway Maintenance
• Introduction in pavement design
2
1. ROUTE SELECTION: HIGHWAY SURVEYS
AND LOCATIONS
3
ROUTE SELECTION: HIGHWAY SURVEYS
AND LOCATIONS
• First step in the design
• Decision to select the route is based on:
• Topography
• Ground (soil) conditions
• Surrounding land use
• Environmental
• Economic factors
• The basic principle for locating highways is that roadway elements such as curvature and grade must
blend with each other to provide the easy flow of traffic, while meeting design criteria. The highway
should also cause a minimal disruption to historic and archeological sites and to other land-use
activities.
4
Highway location process :four phases:
1. Office study of existing information
2. Reconnaissance survey
3. Preliminary location survey
4. Final location survey
1. Office study of existing information (desk top)
• Carried out in the office prior to any field
• Data can be obtained from existing engineering reports, maps, aerial
photographs, and charts, which are usually available in departments of
transportation, agriculture, geology, hydrology, and mining.
• Data should be obtained on the following characteristics of the area:
A. Engineering, including topography, geology, climate, and traffic volumes
B. Social and demographic, including land use and zoning patterns
5
Cont’d : (desk top)
C. Environmental, including types of wildlife; location of recreational, historic,
and archeological sites; and the possible effects of air, noise, and water
pollution
D. • Economic, including unit costs for construction and the trend of agricultural,
commercial, and industrial activities
6
Highway location process :four phases:
2. Reconnaissance Survey
• identifying several feasible routes.
• Factors to be considered, such as:
A. Terrain and soil conditions
B. Serviceability of route to industrial and
population areas
C. Crossing of other transportation facilities
D. Directness of route
Feasible routes identified and plotted on map
7
Highway location process :four phases:
3. Preliminary location survey
The positions of the feasible routes are set as closely as possible by
establishing all the control points and determining preliminary vertical and
horizontal alignments for each. Preliminary alignments are used to evaluate
the economic and environmental feasibility of the alternative routes.
• Economic Evaluation:
o To determine the future effect of investing the resources necessary to
construct the highway.
o Factors to be considered:
Road user cost
Construction cost
Maintenance cost
Any dis-benefits , relocation of services land aquision
8
CONT’ d: Preliminary location survey
• Environmental Evaluation
local environment must be considered as such:plant, animal, and human
communities , physical, natural, and man-made variables.
Environmental impact studies are required considering :
o Detailed description of alternatives
o Assessment of positive and negative effects
o Any secondary effects, which may be in the form of changes in the
patterns of social and economic activities
o adverse environmental effects that cannot be avoided if the project is
constructed.
9
Highway location process :four phases:
4. Final location survey
• The final location survey is a detailed layout of the selected route. The
horizontal and vertical alignments are determined, and the positions of
structures and drainage channels are located.
• The availability of computer-based techniques has significantly enhanced
this process since a proposed highway can be displayed on a monitor,
enabling the designer to have a driver’s eye view of both the horizontal
and vertical alignments of the road (Civil 3D)
• detailed design of the vertical and horizontal alignments is then carried
out to obtain both the deflection angles for horizontal curves and the cuts
or fills for vertical curves and straight sections of the highway.
10
Location of Highways in Urban Areas
• In addition to factors discussed under office study and
reconnaissance survey, other factors that significantly influence the
location of highways in urban areas include:
o Connection to local streets
o Right-of-way acquisition
o Coordination of the highway system with other transportation
systems
o Adequate provisions for pedestrians
11
HIGHWAY SURVEY METHODS
• Ground surveys Digital Survey
Advancements
• Remote sensing
• Computer graphics
(combination of
photogrammetry and
computer techniques)
12
HIGHWAY EARTHWORK AND FINAL PLANS
• The final element in the location process is to establish the horizontal and
vertical alignments of the highway project and to prepare highway plans and
specifications for estimating project costs and preparation of bids .
• Highway Grades and Terrain
13
Questions
