THIS IS A TRADITIONAL & OPTIONAL ASSIGNMENT… IT MUST BE PRINTED AND COMPLETED IN INK!

Name: Diego Renzo______________________________ Class Period:_4__ Due Date:_8_/30___/24___

Guided Reading & Analysis: 13 Colonies

Chapter 2- The Thirteen Colonies and the British Empire, 1607-1754, pp 23-38
Reading Assignment:
Ch. 2 AMSCO or other resource for content corresponding to Period 2.

Purpose:
This guide is not only a place to record notes as you read, but also to provide a place and structure for
reflections and analysis using higher level thinking skills with new knowledge gained from the reading.

Basic Directions:
1. Pre-Read: Read the prompts/questions within this guide before you read the chapter.
2. Skim: Flip through the chapter and note the titles and subtitles. Look at images and their
read captions. Get a feel for the content you are about to read.
3. Read/Analyze: Read the chapter. Remember, the goal is not to “fish” for a specific answer(s) to
reading guide questions, but to consider questions in order
to critically understand what you read!
4. Write Write your notes and analysis in the spaces provided.

Can you
Key Concepts FOR PERIOD 2: identify the
13 colonies?
Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration
patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North
American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and
American Indians for resources.
Key Concept 2.2: The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that
encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain’s control.

SECTION 1 - Period Overview, p.23

Consider the data in the chart at right as well as page 1 of
the text when completing this section.

1. Period 2 begins with 1607 and ends in 1754. As the colonies increased
in number, size, and power during this Colonial Era, the population of
the eastern seaboard changed. Based on your knowledge of history
and the data in the graph at right, explain three reasons for the
demographic shift in the Chesapeake. (Chesapeake colonies include
Virginia and Maryland)

The increase in white population was because of greater number of

Immigrants who moved to new towns and territory. The increase in black
population happened by a increase in need of labor for all the new land.
The Native American population went down because of diseases.
SECTION 2 Guided Reading, pp 24-38
As you read the chapter, jot down your notes in the middle column. Consider your notes to be elaborations on the Objectives and Main Ideas presented in the left
column. When you finish the section, analyze what you read by answering the question in the right hand column.

2. Early English Settlements pp 24-26

Key Concepts &

Main Ideas Notes Analysis
Compare and contrast the English model of
Seventeenth-century Spanish, colonization to that of the French and Spanish.
French, Dutch, and British The English Model, 3 types of colonial charters… Both the French and Spanish aimed to convert
colonizers embraced different Native Americans to Christianity, while the English
social and economic goals, The royal: had to follow the king’s laws. were more religiously tolerant. Unlike the French
cultural assumptions, and The corporate: owned by different companies and Spanish, the English brought a tradition of
folkways, resulting in varied The proprietary: were ruled by people who had permission by representative government. Additionally, English
models of colonization. king. colonists did not explore inland like the Spanish,
Spain sought to establish tight Problems with religion and politics while the colonists were who sought precious goods. Most English colonists
control over the process of wanting independence, which led to more problems with the were Protestant, whereas the Spanish and French
colonization in the Western king. colonists were Catholic.
Hemisphere and to convert
and/or exploit the native
population.

French and Dutch colonial efforts

involved relatively few Early English Settlements…
Europeans and used trade England gained more power when they defeated the Spanish
Armada in 1588. This led to England getting a reputation for
alliances and intermarriage with
having a strong naval force. The population started to grow To what extent was the defeat of the Spanish
American Indians to acquire furs and the economy started to become a issue. Many people Armada a turning point in American history?
and other products for export to started to like colonization, which then made the Joint-Stock As they became a major naval power, the
Europe. method, which is when investors savings were joined together. population grew rapidly, leading to an increase in
poor and landless people. This growth contributed
Unlike their European to an economic depression.
competitors, the English
eventually sought to establish
colonies based on agriculture,
sending relatively large numbers Jamestown…
of men and women to acquire The first permanent English colony. In 1607, King James I Explain one political and one economic cause for
land and populate their gave a charter to the Virginia Company to start Jamestown. Jamestown early struggles for survival.
The people faced many issues. They chose a swampy Jamestown faced early struggles due to political
settlements, while having
location, which caused diseases like malaria and dysentery. conflicts between colonists and Native Americans,
relatively hostile relationships
Many men didn’t want to work, and those looking for gold which halted trade. Economically, Virginia was in
with American Indians. didn’t hunt or farm. This led to starvation, made worse by debt and unable to support the colony, leading to
conflicts with Native Americans that stopped trade. John Smith bankruptcy.
Along with other factors, helped keep Jamestown alive for five years. Later, John Rolfe
environmental and geographical and his wife Pocahontas introduced tobacco farming. This
variations, including climate and became a cash crop and became popular in Europe. But, by
natural resources, contributed to 1624, the colony was still struggling, with only 2,000 of the
regional differences in what 6,000 original settlers left. Because of bad decisions and debt,
would become the British the Virginia Company lost its charter. King James I took
colonies. control, turning Jamestown into Virginia, England’s first royal
colony.
Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay
The purpose of the two colonies was religion, not money.
They were set up by Protestants who wanted to leave the
Church of England led by the king. This church had separated
from the Catholic Church but kept many of its practices.
Dissenters, influenced by this, accepted Calvin's idea of Compare and contrast Jamestown and Plymouth
predestination. King James I (1603-1605) saw these colonies.
dissenters as a problem and wanted to arrest them. The Both Jamestown and Plymouth grew tobacco for
Plymouth Colony began when Separatists wanted to form their profit and traded with Native Americans at times.
own church. Many Pilgrims left England for Holland. They Many colonists from both settlements died in the
sailed on the Mayflower, traveling for 65 days, and landed in early months.
Massachusetts, even though it wasn't their planned spot. They Pilgrims came to Plymouth seeking religious
decided to stay. The first winter was tough, and many people freedom from the Church of England, while
died, but Native Americans helped them. They celebrated their Jamestown settlers sought wealth and power.
first good harvest with a Thanksgiving feast. Some important Eventually, Jamestown became a Royal Colony
leaders include Miles Standish and Governor William because the Virginia Company made poor
Bradford. The colony was small but grew slowly, relying on decisions and fell into debt, prompting the King to
fish, furs, and lumber. The Massachusetts Bay Colony was intervene and save the colony.
started by Puritans who wanted to improve the Church of Plymouth maintained good relations with Native
England. After King Charles I became king in 1625, Americans, whereas Jamestown's relationship
persecution against Puritans got worse. They sought religious quickly deteriorated.
freedom and got a charter for the Massachusetts Bay
 Company in 1629. In 1630, thousands, led by John Winthrop,
sailed to found Boston. A civil war in England brought 15,000
more settlers, known as the Great Migration.

3. Early Political Institutions, p 27

Key Concepts &

Main Ideas Notes Analysis

From the very Representative Government in Virginia Compare and contrast the political development of
beginning, the The Virginia Company promoted settlement in Jamestown by saying that Virginia to that of New England. Are they more
colonies began colonists would have the same rights as people in England, including the similar or different?
taking steps right to make laws. In 1619, colonists created the first representative Both colonies had a mix of democratic and
toward self-rule. assembly in America, called the House of Burgesses. antidemocratic practices. Governors held unlimited
The development power, and only property-owning males could vote.
of colonial political Virginia guaranteed its colonists the same rights as
systems Representative Government in New England English citizens, while New England created the
contributed to the On the Mayflower, the Pilgrims created the Mayflower Compact, which Mayflower Compact, which stated that decisions
stated that they would make decisions based on majority rule. This was an would be made by majority vote.
development of
example of self-government and a simple written constitution. In
American identity
Massachusetts Bay, only male members of the Puritan church, called
and would later freemen, could vote in elections for the governor, their assistants, and a
cause conflict with representative assembly.
Great Britain. Limits to Colonial Democracy
Only male property owners could vote, while women and landless people
had few rights. Slaves and servants had no rights. Colonial governors
answered only to the King and had unlimited power. This made a mix of
democratic ideas and undemocratic actions, including slavery and
mistreatment of Native Americans.

4. The Chesapeake Colonies, pp 27-29

Key Notes Analysis

Concepts &
Main Ideas
Explain how cultural interactions between
Along with Religious issues in Maryland… colonizing groups, Africans, and American
other factors, The King initially believed that the new colonists, known as proprietors, would obey Indians in the colonial era impacted the
environmental him and allow him to control the colony. The first Lord Baltimore died before he development of American colonial identity.
and
geographical could gain wealth and establish a refuge for Catholics. After his death, the colony Interactions between Native Americans and
variations, passed to his son, Cecil Calvert, who became the second Lord Baltimore and aimed English settlers created racial tensions, nearly
including to continue his father's plan in 1634. leading to war and resulting in harsh judgments
climate and against all Natives. The relationship between
natural Act of Toleration… Africans and Englishmen was primarily based on
resources, To escape persecution, many wealthy English Catholics moved to Maryland and slavery, reinforcing the notion that Africans were
contributed to created large plantations. However, they were outnumbered by Protestant farmers, inferior to whites. This mindset contributed to the
regional giving Protestants a majority in the government. In 1649, Calvert convinced the slave trade becoming a significant economic
differences in
what would assembly to pass the Act of Toleration, the first colonial law granting freedom to all factor. Both interactions fostered extreme
become the Christians but imposing death on anyone who denied Jesus. judgment and racism among Englishmen towards
British anyone different from themselves.
colonies.
Protestant Revolt…
The British– In the late 1600s, conflicts between Protestants and Catholics led to a Civil War.
American The Protestants won and repealed the Act of Toleration. As a result, Catholics lost
system of the right to vote in 18th-century elections. While Maryland and Virginia had many
slavery similarities, Maryland was more tolerant of different Protestant groups.
developed out
of the
Labor Shortages…
economic, In both Maryland and Virginia, landowners could get land by trading or taking it from
demographic, Native Americans to grow tobacco. However, there weren't enough laborers
and available. For example, Virginia faced high death rates, food shortages, and
geographic conflicts with Native Americans, which caused slow population growth. They looked
characteristics at various solutions to this problem.
 of the British- Indentured Servants…
controlled Indentured servants paid for their passage by working for a master for a set period, Identify the major causes for the establishment of
regions of the in exchange for room and board. They were under contract until their time was up, slavery in the Western Atlantic World? Which of
New World.
after which they could gain their freedom, buy land, or work for wages. those was the most significant, why?
The demand for labor increased due to several
Headright System… factors: racism, the need for workers on tobacco
The policy granted 50 acres of land to each immigrant who paid for their own farms, and the perception that Africans were
passage and any plantation owner who paid for an immigrant's passage. better workers than Native Americans.
Slavery… The most significant cause was the need for
The first slaves appeared in 1619, but they were more like indentured servants, labor, as tobacco was crucial to the economy of
working for a set time. Early colonists were poor and couldn't afford to buy slaves. the colonies. More enslaved people meant
By 1650, there were 400 laborers in Virginia. However, by the 1660s, laws were greater production of this profitable crop.
created that discriminated against blacks and whites, leading to Africans and their
children being kept in permanent bondage.
Economic Problems…
Tobacco prices went down due to overproduction, causing difficulties in both
Maryland and Virginia. The House of Burgesses tried to raise tobacco prices, but
this led London merchants to increase the prices of goods exported to Virginia.

Conflict in Virginia…
Governor William Berkeley used his dictatorial powers to govern in favor of large
planters. This angered small farmers on the western frontier because he did not
protect them from Indian attacks.

Bacon’s Rebellion…
Nathaniel Bacon led a rebellion against Governor Berkeley's government due to
resentment over their economic and political control. He formed a volunteer army
and, in 1676, launched raids and massacres against Indian villages. Berkeley
accused Bacon of defying the royal crown. Bacon defeated the governor's army and
burned Jamestown. After Bacon's death, his army fell apart, and Berkeley executed
23 rebels and removed the remaining supporters.

Lasting Problems…
Bacon's Rebellion revealed two ongoing conflicts in Virginia: (1) the class divide
between the wealthy and landless and (2) colonists' resistance to royal authority.
These issues persisted into the next century, even as the colony became more
stable and wealthier.

5. Development of New England, pp 29-31

Key Concepts &

Main Ideas Notes Analysis
Along with other Identify the causes of the sources of discord in
factors, Rhode Island early New England? Which ones were the most
environmental and Roger Williams was a Puritan minister in Boston in 1631. He believed that threatening and to what extent were they handled
geographical church authority should not control individual conscience. This belief caused correctly?
variations,
including climate conflict with Puritan leaders, leading to his banishment. He fled to Narragansett Early New England faced discord due to the failure
and natural Bay and founded Providence in 1636. His settlement was unique because (1) of the Halfway Covenant and King Philip's War.
resources, he recognized American Indians and paid them for their land and (2) he The weakening of the Puritans and declining
contributed to allowed Catholics, Quakers, and Jews to worship freely. He also started one of church membership contributed to the conflict, but
regional the first Baptist churches. Anne Hutchinson believed in antinomianism, the idea the war with Native Americans was the biggest
differences in what that faith alone is enough for salvation. She was banished from the Bay Colony threat.
would become the and founded Portsmouth in 1638 but was killed in an Indian uprising. In 1644, This battle resulted in thousands of deaths on both
British colonies. Williams was granted a charter to unite both settlements into Rhode Island, sides and ended when the colonists defeated and
which became a refuge for many due to its religious tolerance. killed King Philip.

Connecticut
The fertile Connecticut River Valley drew settlers from the Bay Colony. In
1636, Thomas Hooker led a group from Boston to establish Hartford. They
created America’s first written constitution, the Fundamental Orders of
Connecticut, which set up a representative government with a legislature and
an elected governor. In 1637, John Davenport founded New Haven south of
Hartford. By 1665, Hartford and New Haven merged to form Connecticut. The
Royal Charter granted the colony some self-government.

New Hampshire

New Hampshire was the last colony in New England and part of the Bay
Clashes between Colony, located north of Boston. In 1679, King Charles II wanted more control,
European and so he separated New Hampshire from Boston. It became a royal colony with
American Indian an appointed governor.
social and Halfway Covenant
economic values In the 1660s, a new generation of Puritans was in the colonies. To be a full
caused changes in church member, one needed a religious experience or conversion, but few
 both cultures. were having these experiences. To keep the church alive, the Halfway
Covenant was introduced, allowing people to become partial church members.
Many rejected this idea, but it was necessary as church practices weakened,
and they needed to maintain the church's influence.

New England Confederation

In the 1640s, New England faced threats from Indians, the Dutch, and the
French. England was in a civil war and could not provide help. In 1643, four
New England colonies—Plymouth, the Bay Colony, Connecticut, and New
Haven—formed the New England Confederation. This group had
representatives from each colony and limited powers to handle boundary
disputes, return runaway servants, and address related issues. The
Confederation lasted until 1684 when the English monarch regained interest,
but it demonstrated the colonies' ability to unite for a common purpose.

King Philip’s War

Before the Confederation ended, colonists faced significant threats. Metacom,
also known as King Philip, the chief of the Wampanoag Indians, united tribes
outside of New England to fight against the colonies. From 1675 to 1676, King
Philip's War resulted in thousands of deaths on both sides, and many towns
and villages were burned. The colonies ultimately won, and King Philip was
killed. This victory ended American Indian resistance against New England.

6. Restoration Colonies, pp 31-35

Key Concepts &

Main Ideas Notes Analysis
The Carolinas… To what extent did the English Civil War serve as a turning
Along with other Charles II granted large amounts of land to eight nobles who point for the colonies in America, what were the
factors, supported him in gaining the throne. In 1663, they became the characteristics before and after that time period?
environmental and The English Civil War marked a turning point by
geographical lord’s proprietors of the Carolinas. By 1729, North and South
variations, Carolina were established as two separate royal colonies. influencing the formation of the New England
including climate Confederation. This alliance arose from the lack of
and natural South Carolina… support in battles against the French, Dutch, and
resources, Native Americans. It demonstrated that the colonies
contributed to A small group of colonists from England and Barbados founded
regional a town called Charleston in 1670, named after their king. The were stronger when united. Events like King Philip’s
differences in what economy initially focused on trading furs and supplying food to War and the American Revolution caused significant
would become the the West Indies. By the 18th century, South Carolina's rice destruction and loss of life on both sides. Before this
British colonies. turning point, colonies fought Native Americans
plantations began to mirror the economy and culture of the
West Indies. independently and were ruled by the English
North Carolina… monarchy. Afterward, they began to support one
North Carolina developed differently from South Carolina. another in battles, becoming more independent rather
Farmers from Virginia and New England settled there and than dependent.
created small tobacco farms. With few harbors and poor
transportation, there were fewer plantations and less reliance
on slavery. This region gained a reputation for its democratic
views and a sense of autonomy from British control.

Continued on next page…

New York
Charles II wanted to connect New England and Chesapeake
colonies, so he forced the Dutch to give up New Amsterdam.
He gave his brother, the Duke of York, control of the land and
quickly took over the colony, renaming it New York.
In New York, people could practice their religion freely.
However, James imposed taxes without assembly approval,
causing discontent. In 1683, he allowed the governor to grant
political and civil rights to the residents.
Compare and contrast the Middle Colonies and
New Jersey Southern Colonies during the Restoration era.
In 1664, New York was split due to its size. James gave land Both the middle and southern colonies grew quickly
between the Hudson River and Delaware Bay to John Berkeley during the Restoration period under English rule.
and George Carteret, creating East and West New Jersey. Slavery was not common in the middle colonies,
where the economy relied heavily on trade. People in
 Both offered land, religious freedom, and assembly to attract the middle colonies were closely connected to church
settlers, including many Quakers. In 1702, East and West New and village communities, while the southern colonies
Jersey were combined into a Royal Colony named New Jersey. developed more rurally. Although both regions had
Pennsylvania and Delaware… fertile farmland, the middle colonies capitalized on this
for various trading opportunities.
Quakers…
Quakers, members of the Religious Society of Friends,
believed in gender equality, nonviolence, and resisting military
service. They felt that religious authority came from within, not
from the Bible or outside sources. These views challenged
traditional authority, resulting in the persecution and
imprisonment of many Quakers.

William Penn…
William Penn became a Quaker. His father, an admiral who
served the king, disagreed with his beliefs but respected him
and gave him his wealth. In 1681, to repay his father's debt, the
royal family gave William land in America, naming it
Pennsylvania, or Penn's Woods.

“Holy Experiment”…
William Penn aimed to make his colony a refuge for Quakers
and others, promoting liberal government ideas and wealth. He
established the “Frame of Government” from 1683 to 1863,
ensuring a representative assembly elected by landowners and
creating the Charter of Liberties in 1701. This constitution
guaranteed freedom of worship and unrestricted immigration.
Penn lived in Philadelphia, designed the grid-pattern streets
that later influenced other cities, and treated Native Americans
fairly. To attract settlers, he published notices throughout
Europe.

Delaware…
William Penn granted the three lower counties of Pennsylvania
their own assembly. Later, these counties became a separate
colony but shared the same governor with Pennsylvania until
the American Revolution in 1702.

Georgia: The Last Colony…

Georgia was the last English colony and the only one to receive
direct financial support. Britain established Georgia for two
reasons: (1) to create a defensive buffer to protect South
Carolina from the Spanish and (2) to send debtors, who were in
prison, to Georgia instead of keeping them in jail.

Special Regulations…
Philanthropist James Oglethorpe founded Savannah, Georgia's
first settlement, in 1733. As the first governor, he enforced strict
regulations, banning drinking and slavery. However, the colony
struggled to thrive due to the threat from the Spanish.

Royal Colony…
Oglethorpe eventually returned the colony to the British
government, making it a Royal Colony. The restrictions on rum
and slavery were lifted, and Georgia grew slowly by adopting a
plantation system. By the American Revolution, Georgia was
the smallest and poorest colony.

7. Mercantilism and the Empire, pp 35-37

Key Concepts &

Main Ideas Notes Analysis

The increasing Mercantilism and the Empire… Identify the causes and motivations of the British
political, In the 17th century, Europeans embraced mercantilism, viewing mercantile system. Which one is most
economic, and trade and colonies as key to a nation's military and political strength. significant? Why?
cultural
This doctrine argued that governments should regulate trade and The British mercantile system aimed to enrich
 exchanges within production to achieve self-sufficiency. Colonies provided raw the mother country, increase wealth and political
the “Atlantic materials to help the parent country grow and profit, existing solely power, and establish England as the top trading
World” had a to enrich the parent nation. power while excluding other countries. The most
profound impact significant aspect was self-sufficiency, as
on the
development of
Acts of Trade and Navigation… England sought to use the colonies for its own
colonial societies There were 3 main rules: gain. The colonies existed to boost the parent
in North America. 1.Trade to and from the colonies could only be carried by English or country, especially since the English economy
colonial-built ships, operated by English or colonial crews. was in urgent need of support.
2.Most goods imported into the colonies, except for some
perishables, had to go through England's ports.
3.Certain goods from the colonies could only be exported to
England. Tobacco was the first specified good, but the list expanded
“Atlantic World” over time.
commercial,
religious,
philosophical, and Impact on the Colonies…
political The Navigation Acts had mixed effects. They boosted New England
interactions shipbuilding, helped Chesapeake tobacco monopolize the market,
among and provided English military protection for the colonies. However,
Europeans, these acts limited development, forcing Chesapeake farmers to
Africans, and accept low prices for their crops while colonists paid high prices for
American native goods from England. Since England was the primary trading
peoples partner, the mercantilist regulations seemed unnecessary. The Explain the political, economic, and cultural
stimulated
negative impacts outweighed the benefits, leading colonists, impact of the British mercantile system.
economic growth,
expanded social especially in New England, to resent and defy the laws. One major cultural impact was that the colonies
networks, and began to view themselves as separate entities,
reshaped labor Enforcement of the Acts… leading them to defy laws and engage in
systems. The British government did not strictly enforce the laws, and colonial smuggling. This also resulted in many cultural
agents were often corrupt. The King tried to counter colonists' exchanges. Politically, as the English grew
Britain’s desire to resistance to trade laws. In 1684, the crown revoked the richer, the government could build a larger
maintain a viable Massachusetts Bay Colony's charter because it was a hub for military. Economically, colonies had to sell their
North American smuggling activities. products at low prices while purchasing
empire in the face expensive manufactured goods from England,
of growing internal
challenges and The Dominion of New England… including a tobacco monopoly.
external James II became king in 1685 and aimed to increase royal control in
competition America. In 1686, he combined New York, New Jersey, and New
inspired efforts to England into the Dominion of New England. Edmund Andros was
strengthen its appointed governor but was unpopular due to high taxes, limited
imperial control, town meetings, and revoked land titles. James II's reign was short-
stimulating lived, as the Glorious Revolution led to his overthrow. This ended
increasing the Dominion of New England, and the colonies resumed operating
resistance from under their separate charters, with William and Mary taking power.
colonists who had
grown
accustomed to a Permanent Restrictions…
large measure of After the Revolution of 1688, mercantilist policies continued, with
autonomy. more English officials in the colonies. However, restrictions on
colonial trade were still poorly enforced and remained unpopular
among the colonists.

8. The Institution of Slavery p.37-38

Key Concepts &

Main Ideas Notes Analysis

The British– To what extent did African slavery differ regionally in

American Increased Demand for Slaves… eighteenth-century North America?
system of Reduced Migration: Higher wages in England led to fewer immigrants In New England, slaves had certain rights, while in the
slavery coming to the colonies. southern colonies, slavery was widespread, and Black
developed out of Dependable Workforce: Large plantation owners worried about the people faced significant discrimination, particularly in the
the economic, political demands from smaller farmers, especially after Bacon's 18th century. In the Chesapeake region, it became a slave
demographic, Rebellion. Slavery provided a stable labor force that they could control. society where enslaved individuals reproduced and formed
and geographic Cheap Labor: As tobacco prices fell, crops like rice and indigo became communities, even under harsh conditions.
characteristics of popular. These crops required large areas of land, and enslaved
the British- individuals served as inexpensive, unskilled field hands.
controlled
regions of the Slave Laws…
New World. As the number of enslaved people grew, white colonists created laws to
keep them in bondage permanently. In 1641, Massachusetts became
the first colony to recognize enslaved individuals as "lawful" captives.
Virginia followed in 1661, establishing that children of enslaved mothers
would also be enslaved for life. In 1644, Maryland declared that baptism
would not change a person's status as a slave and prohibited white
women from marrying Black men, reflecting the belief that Africans
were inferior. Thus, racism and slavery became entrenched in colonial
society.

Triangular Trade…
The Royal African Company controlled the English slave trade until
New England merchants joined in. Merchant ships followed a triangular
route:
They started in New England, carrying rum to Africa. There, they traded
the rum for enslaved people. The ships then traveled to the Middle
Passage, where many did not survive. Once in the Americas, the
enslaved individuals were traded for sugar cane. Finally, the ships
returned to New England, bringing profits to the slave trading
entrepreneurs.
9. Explain the HIPP of the primary sources below.

Source: Letter written by John Rolfe on his decision to marry Pocahontas, in a letter to Sir Thomas Dale,
governor of Virginia, 1614, Smithsonian

Let therefore this my well advised protestation . . . condemn me herein, if my chiefest intent and purpose be not, to strive
with all my power of body and mind, in the undertaking of so mighty a matter, no way led (so far forth as man’s weakness
may permit) with the unbridled desire of carnal affection: but for the good of this plantation, for the honour of our country,
for the glory of God, for my own salvation, and for the converting to the true knowledge of God and Jesus Christ, an
unbelieving creature, namely Pokahuntas. . . .

Shall I be of so untoward a disposition, as to refuse to lead the blind into the right way? Shall I be so unnatural, as not to give
bread to the hungry? or uncharitable, as not to cover the naked? Shall I despise to actuate these pious duties of a Christian?
Shall the base fears of displeasing the world, overpower and withhold me from revealing unto man these spiritual works of
the Lord, which in my meditations and prayers, I have daily made known unto him? God forbid. . . .
Now if the vulgar sort, who square all men’s actions by the base rule of their own filthiness, shall tax or taunt me in this my
godly labour: let them know, it is not any hungry appetite, to gorge my self with incontinency; sure (if I would, and were so
sensually inclined) I might satisfy such desire, though not without a seared conscience, yet with Christians more pleasing to
the eye, and less fearful in the offence unlawfully committed.

HIPP+:
Historical Context: Jamestown is struggling and needs an alliance with the natives.

Intended Audience: The governor of Virginia

Author’s Purpose: To inform Sir Thomas Dale that he is marrying Pocahontas.

Author’s Point of View: John thinks marrying Pocahontas is the right thing to do.

+Other Context (similar in kind, from a different time): Many countries are starting to explore the new world.

Source: Dutch missionary John Megapolensis on the Mohawks (Iroquois), 1644, Smithsonian

(John became the town’s first pastor at Fort Orange (near Albany). As pastor he was not allowed to farm or trade, but
received support from the town, while diligently performing his duties, which included teaching the Indians about Christ.)

The Women are obliged to prepare the Land, to mow, to plant, and do every Thing; the Men do nothing except hunting,
fishing, and going to War against their Enemies: they treat their Enemies with great Cruelty in Time of War, for they first bite
off the Nails of the Fingers of their Captives, and cut off some joints, and sometimes the whole of the Fingers; after that the
Captives are obliged to sing and dance before them . . ., and finally they roast them before a slow Fire for some Days, and
eat them. . . . Though they are very cruel to their Enemies, they are very friendly to us: we are under no Apprehensions from
them. . . .

They are entire Strangers to all Religion, but they have a Tharonhijouaagon, (which others also call Athzoockkuatoriaho) i.e.
a Genius which they put in the Place of God, but they do not worship or present Offerings to him: they worship and present
Offerings to the Devil whom they call Otskon or Airekuoni. . . . They have otherwise no Religion: when we pray they laugh at
us; some of them despise it entirely, and some when we tell them what we do when we pray, stand astonished. When we
have a Sermon, sometimes ten or twelve of them, more or less, will attend, each having a long Tobacco Pipe, made by
himself, in his Month, and will stand a while and look, and afterwards ask me what I was doing and what I wanted, that I
stood there alone and made so many Words, and none of the rest might speak? I tell them I admonished the Christians, that
they must not steal, . . . get drunk, or commit Murder, and that they too ought not to do these Things, and that I intend after
a while to preach to them. . . . They say I do well in teaching the Christians, but immediately add Diatennon jawij Assyreoni
hagiouisk, that is, why do so many Christians do these Things. They call us Assyreoni, that is, Cloth-Makers, or Charistooni,
that is, Iron-Workers, because our People first brought Cloth and Iron among them...

HIPP+:
Historical Context: England wanted to spread their religion

Intended Audience: The other members of the church

Author’s Purpose: To teach the Indians about Christianity

Author’s Point of View: The Indians mock and don’t understand their religion

+Other Context (similar in kind, from a different time): English men have been conquering land in the name of god.
10. Create a map of the 13 Colonies.
Recommendations: label colonies, use color to illustrate the three colonial regions, create a key, and write a caption
summarizing the significance of the map.

Massachusetts New Hampshire

Connecticut Rhode Island
New York New Jersey
Pennsylvania Delaware
Virginia Maryland
North Carolina South Carolina
Georgia New Spain
New France

Maine (part of Massachusetts – not a colony)

Vermont (part of New York and disputed with New
Hampshire

Key

NEW ENGLAND (Northern Colonies)

MIDDLE COLONIES
SOUTHERN COLONIES

Caption: done on paper.

Food for Thought:

Like the rest of us, you probably bought the ol’ Thirteen Colonies story, but it’s not an accurate depiction of colonial America for most of its history. In 1606 King
James I chartered just two companies to settle North America, the Virginia Company of London and the Plymouth Company. As settlements were founded,
each new city was recognized as its own colony: for example, Connecticut actually contained 500 distinct “colonies” (or “plantations”) before they were merged
into a single colony in 1661. Sometimes colonies were mashed together into mega-colonies, like the short-liked, super-unpopular Dominion of New England,
which incorporated Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Maine from 1686 to 1691, plus New York and New Jersey from 1688 to
1691 for good measure. Colonies also split, like Massachusetts, which spawned New Hampshire in 1679. And some colonies weren’t really colonies at all: while
it’s often listed as one of the Thirteen Colonies that rebelled in 1775, Delaware wasn’t technically a colony or a province. Designated “the Lower Counties on the
Delaware,” it had its own assembly but fell under the authority of the governor of Pennsylvania until it declared itself an independent state in August 1776. So
technically, there were just 12 colonies in 1775 and 13 states in 1776. (Source: The Mental Floss History of the United States, Erik Sass, 2010)

Reading Guide written by Rebecca Richardson, Allen High School

Sources include but are not limited to: 2015 edition of AMSCO’s United States History Preparing for the Advanced Placement Examination, Wikipedia.org, College Board Advanced Placement
United States History Framework, writing strategies developed by Mr. John P. Irish, Carroll High School, 12 th edition of American Pageant, USHistory.org, Britannica.com,
LatinAmericanHistory.about.com, and other sources as cited in document and collected/adapted over 20 years of teaching and collaborating..