CE-III COMPONENT

NCRB Data Analysis

Submitted towards the partial fulfilment of continuous evaluation

course of

CRIMINOLOGY
2BAL233

SUBMITTED TO:
Dr. Varsha Ganguly
&
Ms. Gauri Tiwari

Submitted as per the guidelines given in the Course Conduct Module

22BAL153 Khushboo Sharma

22BAL171 Pranav Kashyap
22BAL191 Tanya Aithani
22BAL216 Khushboo
Ghorawat
22BAL220 Saanvi Kaplish
INTRODUCTION
The National Crime Records Bureau is known as NCRB. The task of gathering,
examining, and disseminating crime data and statistics across India falls on this
government organisation. The NCRB is the nation's main repository for crime-
related data and is a department of the Ministry of Home Affairs in the Indian
government. As a national repository for all crime-related data, including
information on crimes recorded, crimes investigated, and offenders arrested
and convicted, the NCRB was founded in 1986. The bureau gathers information
from several state and union territory police forces as well as other law
enforcement organisations, combines it, and then releases yearly reports on
crime statistics, trends, and patterns across India. The creation of policies,
resource allocation, and planning for crime prevention and law enforcement
are all crucially influenced by the NCRB. Additionally, it carries out research
and analysis on numerous criminal justice and crime-related topics and offers
help and support to law enforcement organisations in the areas of technology,
capacity-building, and training.

NATIONAL LEVEL - MURDER (SEC. 302 IPC)

The nation is home to thousands of pending or unsolved murder cases.

Inadequate police resources, a lack of forensic facilities, delays in the judicial
process, and corruption are to be blamed for the large number of unsolved
cases. Many murder cases remain unsolved as a result of these factors making
it difficult for law enforcement agencies to properly investigate and prosecute
them. It is essential to keep in mind that every open murder case is a tragedy
for the loved ones of the victim, and efforts ought to be made to ensure that
justice is served in each case.

An annual report on India's criminal activity, including murder cases under

Section 300 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), is published by the National Crime
Records Bureau (NCRB). The most recent report for 2019 says that 42,480
murders were reported in India. This denotes a decline of 2.3% contrasted with
the earlier year. There were 30,293 "Indian Penal Code SLL (Special and Local
Laws) crimes" and 12,187 "Indian Penal Code (IPC) crimes" recorded among
these. It's vital to take note of that this is the authority number detailed by the
public authority, and there might be a disparity due to underreporting or
unreported cases. In addition, the murder rate in India can vary greatly from
region to region and state to state.

Additionally, the NCRB reports, the murder rate was 2.9 per one thousand
people in 2019, which was slightly lower than the previous year.

Furthermore, information on the circumstances surrounding the murder is

provided in the report. Personal animosity, mostly in the form of open murders
accounted for 32.2% of murders, followed by property disputes (18.4%) and
family disputes (9.5%). Illicit relationships, retribution, and witchcraft were
additional causes of murder.

SLL CRIME AT NATIONAL LEVEL:

2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

CRIME Case Crim Case Crim Case Crim Case Crim Case Crim
HEAD s e s e s e s e s e
rate rate rate rate rate
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11]
The 3260 7.3 3982 8.9 4732 10.6 4722 10.6 5387 12.1
Protectio 8 7 4 1 4
n of
Children
from
Sexual
Offences
Act
(POCSO)

Under Children related crimes the SLL crime chosen is violation of protection
of children from sexual offences act at national level.
TABLE ANALYSIS:
The above table represents the data from 2017-2021 available data from NCRB
(National crime reports bureau) of recent crime committed under the
Protection of children from sexual offences act, commonly known as POCSO act
at national level.
The incidence of crime reported under charges of POCSO were 32608 in 2017
which amounted to total of 7.3 % of the total number of crimes committed in
the same year.
The incidence of crime reported under charges of POCSO were 39827 in 2018
which amounted to 8.9 percent of the total crime committed in 2018. This clearly
shows that there has been clearly an increase of crime by 7,219 cases and by 1.6
% against children.
The incidence of crime reported under charges of POCSO were 47324 in 2019
which amounted to 10.6 % of the total crime committed in 2019 against children.
These statistics states that there has been an increase in total crime from 2018-
2019 by 7,497 cases within a span of a year and the crime rate increased by
overall 1.7 % from 2018 to 2019 in relation to crime against children.
The incidence of crime reported under charges of POCSO were 47221 in 2020
which amounted to 10.6 % of the total crime committed in 2020 against children.
These statistics states that there has been a decrease in total crime from 2019-
2020 by 103 cases within a span of a year and the crime rate decreased or a dip
by overall 2.4 % from 2019 to 2020 in relation to crime against children.
The incidence of crime reported under charges of POCSO were 53874 in 2021
which amounted to 12.1 % of the total or overall crime rate committed in 2021.
These statistics states that there has been an increase in total crime from 2020-
2021 by 6,653 cases within a span of a year and the crime rate increased by
overall 1.5 % from 2020 to 2021 in relation to crime against children.
If data from 2017 to 2021 has been compared there has been overall increase in
crime reported under protection of children under sexual acts by 21,266 cases.
Only in 2020 there has been a reduction of cases seen by 103 cases from previous
year i.e., 2019.

STATE ANALYSIS OF SLL CRIME – THE SC/ST (PREVENTION OF

ATROCITIES) ACT AGAINST SCs IN UTTAR PRADESH

The SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act against SCs – Special Law

Year 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

Incidents 2309 2369 2378 2576 3654

Victims 2358 2399 2397 2965 3739

Crime Rate per Lakh
Population 5.6 5.7 5.7 6.2 8.8
The SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act against SCs is a category under the
Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act which was
enacted in the year of 1989. The above-mentioned data shows the number of
incidents, number of victims and crime rate per lakh population, particularly
in the state of Uttar Pradesh. The data encompasses the total data of five years
from 2017-21
From the above given data, it is evident that the number of incidents has been
increases from 2309 in 2017 to 3654 in 2021, which is around 58 percentage
increase in five years. Similarly, the crime rate per lakh population has also
been increased from 5.6 in 2017 to 8.8 in 2021. Similar trends can be seen in
number of victims in the state of Uttar Pradesh. This suggests that the
marginalized communities in the state continue to face discrimination and
violence despite legal protections in place. It is also important to recognize that
such discrimination and violence is not limited to Uttar Pradesh but is a
pervasive issue across the country.

STATE PROFILE - UTTAR PRADESH

Indian Penal Code – Murder (Section 300 and 302)
According to Section 307 of IPC, ‘Whoever does any act with such intention or
knowledge, and under such circumstances that, if he by that act caused death, he
would be guilty of murder.’
The below-mentioned data showcases the murder cases registered in the state
of Uttar Pradesh from 2017 to 2021. The table also showcases the Percentage
State Share to All India, Mid-Year Projected Population (in lakhs), Rate of
Murder, and Charge Sheeting Rate. According to the data, number of murder
cases have been on a steady decline in the last five years. Murder cases were
4324 in 2017 and they dipped down to 3717 in 2021. This goes against the general
stereotype that Uttar Pradesh is a state more prone to having cases of violence.
The media also constantly reports the growing number of crimes in Uttar
Pradesh, especially the murders committed, but the data in NCRB’s report
showcases a more positive picture, as we see the decline of murder cases in the
state. The rate of murder has also been on a decline, though the decrease is
marginal and in years 2019 and 2020, it was the same, before again dipping in
2021.
 2017
Murder Cases Percentage Mid-Year Rate of
State Share Projected Murder
to All-India Population
(in Lakhs)
4324 15.1 2226.1 1.9
UTTAR
2018
PRADES
H Murder Cases Percentage Mid-Year Rate of
State Share Projected Murder
to All-India Population
(in Lakhs)
4018 13.8 2230 1.8
 2019
Murder Cases Percentage Mid-Year Rate of
State Share Projected Murder
to All-India Population
(in Lakhs)
3806 13.2 2259.7 1.7

2020

UTTAR Murder Cases Charge Mid-Year Rate of

Sheeting Rate
PRADESH Projected Murder
Population
(in Lakhs)
3779 86.4 2289.3 1.7

2021
Murder Cases Charge Mid-Year Rate of
Sheeting Rate
Projected Murder
Population
(in Lakhs)
3717 84.6 2317.0 1.6

The percentage state share had also decreased which points to the fact that
Uttar Pradesh has been contributing lesser to the total proportion of murders
committed across the territory of India, which again is a positive news.
Another important factor to note is that the charge sheeting rate has dipped
from 86.4 to 84.6 which is something that needs to be worked upon because
formal filing of the cases is the first essential step in disposing the cases as
well. Lastly, personal vendetta and dowry had been the two biggest motives
behind commission of murders in Uttar Pradesh in 2021 so the government
needs to make suitable policies and take appropriate stringent actions to
ensure systematic solving of these root causes of murder.

HIGHEST AND LOWEST CRIMES COMMITTED STATE-WISE

In 2017, Highest cases under POSCO has been registered in Maharashtra which
is equal to 5248 cases whereas the lowest cases are registered under POSCO act
in Goa and then J&K that is 0. Delhi had the highest number of cases in Union
territories which was 1623 in 2017 and lowest POSCO cases in Union territory
Chandigarh where only 3 cases were registered.

In 2018, Highest cases under POSCO has been registered in Maharashtra which
is equal to 6233 cases whereas the lowest cases are registered under POSCO act
in Goa that is 2. Delhi had the highest number of cases in Union territories
which was 1839 in 2018 and lowest POSCO cases in Union territory Chandigarh
where only 2 cases were registered.

In 2019, Highest cases under POSCO has been registered in Maharashtra which
is equal to 6558 cases whereas the lowest cases are registered under POSCO act
in Goa that is 0. Delhi had the highest number of cases in Union territories
which was 1719 in 2017 and lowest POSCO cases in Union territory Chandigarh
where only 5 cases were registered.

There has been a pattern seen of Maharashtra which has reported the highest
number of POCSO cases. This shows there has been no effective reforms to
protect the minors of harassment and therefore the most dangerous state for
minors is Maharashtra and least dangerous is Goa.

BRIEF NOTE

This project is a result of the undivided dedication and collaborative efforts of

all team members, as a result, members of this group were able to polish our
analytical side, efforts toward cooperation, communication, and team spirit
skills. though going that extra mile does mean that we had to encounter some
challenges, members had to make sure they derived logical conclusions and
presented an accurate synthesis of data- a laborious task.

Nevertheless, the project helped us realize the irreplaceability of data analysis

for research purposes and we came across various underlying facts and
figures. For example, at various points of the data analysis it is indicated that
the rate of crime that had been consistently showing an upward projection
suddenly stooped since the onset of 2020, it can be inferred that the projection
of crimes being committed may be on the same path as before but a reduction
in their filing and reports brought about by the restrictions and cautious
movement of the masses as the nation was under quarantine. this is just one of
the instances presented. the gaps revealed, this calls upon the need of a
roadmap that the law enforcement system needs. some recommendations are
as follows:

1) It is seen that some states perform better in the enforcement of protection,

security and investigation than others where the rate of crime may be the
same or higher. it calls upon for some centralized norms to be set to be implied
on all states yet other areas be left to the interpretation of the state
government. this will ensure greater efficiency in resolving and vigilance of
crimes and at the same time giving space to states to decide on punishments
and laws as they deem fit.

2) The up going trail of crimes has to be dealt with by reinforcing the

consequences of conviction in most prevalent crimes, this helps the citizens to
be aware of the laws and instill a fear in their minds against the commission.
Fear acts as a way of prevention of self in indulging in unlawful acts.

3) The example of Uttar Pradesh shows a steep rise in crimes, this largely
stems from conflicts in religious beliefs, The Ayodhya verdict, The CAA NRC
protests and the Delhi riots. all have emerged between 2019 and 2020 and thus
heightened the socio religious tensions in the state. Any case that involves any
matter of religion needs to be treated very delicately, mere imposition of rule
of law is not apt, decisions need to be backed up with solid reasonings that
must be made known to the public and citizens must at all times be reaffirmed
of possibility of communicative mediation between state and citizens and its
interest in promotion of protection of their rights.

CONTRIBUTIONS:

1) Pranav Kashyap: STATE ANALYSIS OF SLL CRIME – THE SC/ST

(PREVENTION OF ATROCITIES) ACT AGAINST SCs IN UTTAR PRADESH
2) Khushboo Sharma: National level - Murder (Sec. 302 IPC)
3) Tanya Aithani: STATE PROFILE - UTTAR PRADESH: Indian Penal Code –
Murder (Section 300 and 302) & compilation
4) Khushboo Ghorawat: SLL CRIME AT NATIONAL LEVEL & Highest and
lowest crimes committed state-wise
5) Saanvi Kaplish: Brief Note