Big Picture Focus: ULOc. Know the corporate governance code in the Philippines.

Metalanguage

• Board of Directors – the governing body elected by the stockholders that exercises the corporate
powers of a corporation, conducts all its business and controls its properties.
• Management – a group of executives given the authority by the Board of Directors to implement
the policies it has laid down in the conduct of the business of the corporation.
• Independent director – a person who is independent of management and the controlling
shareholder, and is free from any business or other relationship which could, or could reasonably
be perceived to, materially interfere with his exercise of independent judgment in carrying out
his responsibilities as a director.
• Executive director – a director who has executive responsibility of day-to-day operations of a
part or the whole of the organization.
• Non-executive director – a director who has no executive responsibility and does not perform
any work related to the operations of the corporation.
• Conglomerate – a group of corporations that has diversified business activities in varied
industries, whereby the operations of such businesses are controlled and managed by a parent
corporate entity.
• Internal control – a process designed and effected by the board of directors, senior
management, and all levels of personnel to provide reasonable assurance on the achievement
of objectives through efficient and effective operations; reliable, complete and timely financial
and management information; and compliance with applicable laws, regulations, and the
organization’s policies and procedures.

• Enterprise Risk Management – a process, effected by an entity’s Board of Directors,

management and other personnel, applied in strategy setting and across the enterprise that is
designed to identify potential events that may affect the entity, manage risks to be within its risk
appetite, and provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of entity objectives.2
• Related Party – shall cover the company’s subsidiaries, as well as affiliates and any party
(including their subsidiaries, affiliates and special purpose entities), that the company exerts
direct or indirect control over or that exerts direct or indirect control over the company; the
company’s directors; officers; shareholders and related interests (DOSRI), and their close family
members, as well as corresponding persons in affiliated companies. This shall also include such
other person or juridical entity whose interest may pose a potential conflict with the interest of
the company.
• Related Party Transactions – a transfer of resources, services or obligations between a reporting
entity and a related party, regardless of whether a price is charged. It should be interpreted
broadly to include not only transactions that are entered into with related parties, but also
outstanding transactions that are entered into with an unrelated party that subsequently
becomes a related party.
• Stakeholders – any individual, organization or society at large who can either affect and/or be
affected by the company’s strategies, policies, business decisions and operations, in general.
This includes, among others, customers, creditors, employees,

Essential Knowledge
A. Principles of Corporate Governance

The Board’s Governance Responsibility

Principle 1: The company should be headed by a competent, working board to foster the long-
term success of the corporation, and to sustain its competitiveness and profitability in a manner
consistent with its corporate objectives and the long-term best interests of its shareholders and
other stakeholders.

Principle 2: The fiduciary roles, responsibilities and accountabilities of the Board as provided
under the law, the company’s articles and by-laws, and other legal pronouncements and
guidelines should be clearly made known to all directors as well as to stockholders and other
stakeholders.

Principle 3: Board committees should be set up to the extent possible to support the effective
performance of the Board’s functions, particularly with respect to audit, risk management, related
party transactions, and other key corporate governance concerns, such as nomination and
remuneration. The composition, functions and responsibilities of all committees established
should be contained in a publicly available Committee Charter.

Principle 4: To show full commitment to the company, the directors should devote the time and
attention necessary to properly and effectively perform their duties and responsibilities, including
sufficient time to be familiar with the corporation’s business.

Principle 5: The Board should endeavor to exercise objective and independent judgment on all
corporate affairs.

Principle 6: The best measure of the Board’s effectiveness is through an assessment process. The
Board should regularly carry out evaluations to appraise its performance as a body, and assess
whether it possesses the right mix of backgrounds and competencies.

Principle 7: Members of the Board are duty-bound to apply high ethical standards, taking into
account the interests of all stakeholders.

Disclosure and Transparency

Principle 8: The company should establish corporate disclosure policies and procedures that are
practical and in accordance with best practices and regulatory expectations.

Principle 9: The company should establish standards for the appropriate selection of an external
auditor, and exercise effective oversight of the same to strengthen the external auditor’s
independence and enhance audit quality.

Principle10: The company should ensure that material and reportable non-financial and
sustainability issues are disclosed.
 Principle 11: The company should maintain a comprehensive and cost-efficient communication
channel for disseminating relevant information. This channel is crucial for informed decision-
making by investors, stakeholders and other interested users.

Internal Control System and Risk Management

Principle 12: To ensure the integrity, transparency and proper governance in the conduct of its
affairs, the company should have a strong and effective internal control system and enterprise
risk management framework.

Cultivating a Synergetic Relationship with Stakeholders

Principle 13: The company should treat all shareholders fairly and equitably, and also recognize,
protect and facilitate the exercise of their rights.

Duties to Stakeholders

Principle 14: The rights of stakeholders established by law, by contractual relations and through
voluntary commitments must be respected. Where stakeholders’ rights and/or interests are at
stake, stakeholders should have the opportunity to obtain prompt effective redress for the
violation of their rights.

Principle 15: A mechanism for employee participation should be developed to create a symbiotic
environment, realize the company’s goals and participate in its corporate governance processes.

Principle 16: The company should be socially responsible in all its dealings with the communities
where it operates. It should ensure that its interactions serve its environment and stakeholders
in a positive and progressive manner that is fully supportive of its comprehensive and balanced
development.

B. Governance Principles – Explanations and Recommendations

Establishing a Competent Board

Principle: The company should be headed by a competent, working board to foster the long-term
success of the corporation, and to sustain its competitiveness and profitability in a manner
consistent with its corporate objectives and the long-term best interests of its shareholders and
other stakeholders.

Recommendation 1.1

The Board should be composed of directors with a collective working knowledge, experience or
expertise that is relevant to the company’s industry/sector. The Board should always ensure that
it has an appropriate mix of competence and expertise and that its members remain qualified for
their positions individually and collectively, to enable it to fulfill its roles and responsibilities and
respond to the needs of the organization based on the evolving business environment and
strategic direction.
Explanation: Competence can be determined from the collective knowledge, experience and
expertise of each director that is relevant to the industry/sector that the company is in. A Board
with the necessary knowledge, experience and expertise can properly perform its task of
overseeing management and governance of the corporation, formulating the corporation’s vision,
mission, strategic objectives, policies and procedures that would guide its activities, effectively
monitoring management’s performance and supervising the proper implementation of the same.
In this regard, the Board sets qualification standards for its members to facilitate the selection of
potential nominees for board seats, and to serve as a benchmark for the evaluation of its
performance.

Recommendation 1.2

The Board should be composed of a majority of non-executive directors who possess the
necessary qualifications to effectively participate and help secure objective, independent
judgment on corporate affairs and to substantiate proper checks and balances.

Explanation: The right combination of non-executive directors (NEDs), which include independent
directors (IDs) and executive directors (EDs), ensures that no director or small group of directors
can dominate the decision-making process. Further, a board composed of a majority of NEDs
assures protection of the company’s interest over the interest of the individual shareholders. The
company determines the qualifications of the NEDs that enable them to effectively participate in
the deliberations of the Board and carry out their roles and responsibilities.

Recommendation 1.3

The Company should provide in its Board Charter and Manual on Corporate Governance a policy
on the training of directors, including an orientation program for first-time directors and relevant
annual continuing training for all directors.

Explanation: The orientation program for first-time directors and relevant annual continuing
training for all directors aim to promote effective board performance and continuing qualification
of the directors in carrying-out their duties and responsibilities. It is suggested that the orientation
program for first-time directors, in any company, be for at least eight hours, while the annual
continuing training be for at least four hours. All directors should be properly oriented upon
joining the board. This ensures that new members are appropriately apprised of their duties and
responsibilities, before beginning their directorships. The orientation program covers SEC-
mandated topics on corporate governance and an introduction to the company’s business,
Articles of Incorporation, and Code of Conduct. It should be able to meet the specific needs of the
company and the individual directors and aid any new director in effectively performing his or her
functions. The annual continuing training program, on the other hand, makes certain that the
directors are continuously informed of the developments in the business and regulatory
environments, including emerging risks relevant to the company. It involves courses on corporate
governance matters relevant to the company, including audit, internal controls, risk management,
sustainability and strategy. It is encouraged that companies assess their own training and
development needs in determining the coverage of their continuing training program.
Recommendation 1.4

The Board should have a policy on board diversity.

Explanation: Having a board diversity policy is a move to avoid groupthink and ensure that optimal
decision-making is achieved. A board diversity policy is not limited to gender diversity. It also
includes diversity in age, ethnicity, culture, skills, competence and knowledge. On gender diversity
policy, a good example is to increase the number of female directors, including female
independent directors.

Recommendation 1.5

The Board should ensure that it is assisted in its duties by a Corporate Secretary, who should be a
separate individual from the Compliance Officer. The Corporate Secretary should not be a
member of the Board of Directors and should annually attend a training on corporate governance.

Explanation: The Corporate Secretary is primarily responsible to the corporation and its
shareholders, and not to the Chairman or President of the Company and has, among others, the
following duties and responsibilities:

a. Assists the Board and the board committees in the conduct of their meetings, including
preparing an annual schedule of Board and committee meetings and the annual board calendar,
and assisting the chairs of the Board and its committees to set agendas for those meetings;
b. Safe keeps and preserves the integrity of the minutes of the meetings of the Board and its
committees, as well as other official records of the corporation;
c. Keeps abreast on relevant laws, regulations, all governance issuances, relevant industry
developments and operations of the corporation, and advises the Board and the Chairman on all
relevant issues as they arise;
d. Works fairly and objectively with the Board, Management and stockholders and contributes to
the flow of information between the Board and management, the Board and its committees, and
the Board and its stakeholders, including shareholders;
e. Advises on the establishment of board committees and their terms of reference;
f. Informs members of the Board, in accordance with the by-laws, of the agenda of their meetings
at least five working days in advance, and ensures that the members have before them accurate
information that will enable them to arrive at intelligent decisions on matters that require their
approval;
g. Attends all Board meetings, except when justifiable causes, such as illness, death in the
immediate family and serious accidents, prevent him/her from doing so;
h. Performs required administrative functions;
i. Oversees the drafting of the by-laws and ensures that they conform with regulatory
requirements; and
j. Performs such other duties and responsibilities as may be provided by the SEC.

Recommendation 1.6

The Board should ensure that it is assisted in its duties by a Compliance Officer, who should have
a rank of Senior Vice President or an equivalent position with adequate stature and authority in
the corporation. The Compliance Officer should not be a member of the Board of Directors and
should annually attend a training on corporate governance.

Explanation The Compliance Officer is a member of the company’s management team in charge
of the compliance function. Similar to the Corporate Secretary, he/she is primarily liable to the
corporation and its shareholders, and not to the Chairman or President of the company. He/she
has, among others, the following duties and responsibilities:

a. Ensures proper onboarding of new directors (i.e., orientation on the company’s business,
charter, articles of incorporation and by-laws, among others);
b. Monitors, reviews, evaluates and ensures the compliance by the corporation, its officers and
directors with the relevant laws, this Code, rules and regulations and all governance issuances of
regulatory agencies;
c. Reports the matter to the Board if violations are found and recommends the imposition of
appropriate disciplinary action;
d. Ensures the integrity and accuracy of all documentary submissions to regulators; e. Appears
before the SEC when summoned in relation to compliance with this Code;
f. Collaborates with other departments to properly address compliance issues, which may be
subject to investigation;
g. Identifies possible areas of compliance issues and works towards the resolution of the same; h.
Ensures the attendance of board members and key officers to relevant trainings; and
i. Performs such other duties and responsibilities as may be provided by the SEC.

Establishing Clear Roles and Responsibility of the Board

Principle: The fiduciary roles, responsibilities and accountabilities of the Board as provided under
the law, the company’s articles and by-laws, and other legal pronouncements and guidelines
should be clearly made known to all directors as well as to shareholders and other stakeholders.

Recommendation 2.1

The Board members should act on a fully informed basis, in good faith, with due diligence and
care, and in the best interest of the company and all shareholders.

Explanation: There are two key elements of the fiduciary duty of board members: the duty of care
and the duty of loyalty. The duty of care requires board members to act on a fully informed basis,
in good faith, with due diligence and care. The duty of loyalty is also of central importance; the
board member should act in the interest of the company and all its shareholders, and not those
of the controlling company of the group or any other stakeholder.

Recommendation 2.2

The Board should oversee the development of and approve the company’s business objectives
and strategy, and monitor their implementation, in order to sustain the company’s long-term
viability and strength.
Explanation: According to the OECD, the Board should review and guide corporate strategy, major
plans of action, risk management policies and procedures, annual budgets and business plans; set
performance objectives; monitor implementation and corporate performance; and oversee major
capital expenditures, acquisitions and divestitures. Sound strategic policies and objectives
translate to the company’s proper identification and prioritization of its goals and guidance on
how best to achieve them. This creates optimal value to the corporation.

Recommendation 2.3

The Board should be headed by a competent and qualified Chairperson.

Explanation The roles and responsibilities of the Chairman include, among others, the following:
a. Makes certain that the meeting agenda focuses on strategic matters, including the overall risk
appetite of the corporation, considering the developments in the business and regulatory
environments, key governance concerns, and contentious issues that will significantly affect
operations;
b. Guarantees that the Board receives accurate, timely, relevant, insightful, concise, and clear
information to enable it to make sound decisions;
c. Facilitates discussions on key issues by fostering an environment conducive for constructive
debate and leveraging on the skills and expertise of individual directors;
d. Ensures that the Board sufficiently challenges and inquires on reports submitted and
representations made by Management;
e. Assures the availability of proper orientation for first-time directors and continuing training
opportunities for all directors; and
f. Makes sure that performance of the Board is evaluated at least once a year and
discussed/followed up on.

Recommendation 2.4

The Board should be responsible for ensuring and adopting an effective succession planning
program for directors, key officers and management to ensure growth and a continued increase
in the shareholders’ value. This should include adopting a policy on the retirement age for
directors and key officers as part of management succession and to promote dynamism in the
corporation.

Explanation The transfer of company leadership to highly competent and qualified individuals is
the goal of succession planning. It is the Board’s responsibility to implement a process to appoint
competent, professional, honest and highly motivated management officers who can add value
to the company. A good succession plan is linked to the documented roles and responsibilities for
each position, and should start in objectively identifying the key knowledge, skills, and abilities
required for the position. For any potential candidate identified, a professional development plan
is defined to help the individuals prepare for the job (e.g., training to be taken and cross
experience to be achieved). The process is conducted in an impartial manner and aligned with the
strategic direction of the organization.
Recommendation 2.5

The Board should align the remuneration of key officers and board members with the long-term
interests of the company. In doing so, it should formulate and adopt a policy specifying the
relationship between remuneration and performance. Further, no director should participate in
discussions or deliberations involving his own remuneration.

Explanation: Companies are able to attract and retain the services of qualified and competent
individuals if the level of remuneration is sufficient, in line with the business and risk strategy,
objectives, values and incorporate measures to prevent conflicts of interest. Remuneration
policies promote a sound risk culture in which risk-taking behavior is appropriate. They also
encourage employees to act in the long-term interest of the company as a whole, rather than for
themselves or their business lines only. Moreover, it is good practice for the Board to formulate
and adopt a policy specifying the relationship between remuneration and performance, which
includes specific financial and nonfinancial metrics to measure performance and set specific
provisions for employees with significant influence on the overall risk profile of the corporation.
Key considerations in determining proper compensation include the following:

(1) the level of remuneration is commensurate to the responsibilities of the role;

(2) no director should participate in deciding on his remuneration; and
(3) remuneration pay-out schedules should be sensitive to risk outcomes over a multi-year
horizon. For employees in control functions (e.g., risk, compliance and internal audit), their
remuneration is determined independent of any business line being overseen, and performance
measures are based principally on the achievement of their objectives so as not to compromise
their independence.

Recommendation 2.6
The Board should have and disclose in its Manual on Corporate Governance a formal and
transparent board nomination and election policy that should include how it accepts nominations
from minority shareholders and reviews nominated candidates. The policy should also include an
assessment of the effectiveness of the Board’s processes and procedures in the nomination,
election, or replacement of a director. In addition, its process of identifying the quality of directors
should be aligned with the strategic direction of the company.

Explanation: It is the Board’s responsibility to develop a policy on board nomination, which is

contained in the company’s Manual on Corporate Governance. The policy should encourage
shareholders’ participation by including procedures on how the Board accepts nominations from
minority shareholders. The policy should also promote transparency of the Board’s nomination
and election process. The nomination and election process also includes the review and
evaluation of the qualifications of all persons nominated to the Board, including whether
candidates:

(1) possess the knowledge, skills, experience, and particularly in the case of non-executive
directors, independence of mind given their responsibilities to the Board and in light of the entity’s
business and risk profile;
(2) have a record of integrity and good repute;
(3) have sufficient time to carry out their responsibilities; and
(4) have the ability to promote a smooth interaction between board members. A good practice is
the use of professional search firms or external sources when searching for candidates to the
Board. In addition, the process also includes monitoring the qualifications of the directors. The
qualifications and grounds for disqualification are contained in the company’s Manual on
Corporate Governance.
The following may be considered as grounds for the permanent disqualification of a director:

a. Any person convicted by final judgment or order by a competent judicial or administrative body
of any crime that:

(a) involves the purchase or sale of securities, as defined in the Securities Regulation Code;
b) arises out of the person’s conduct as an underwriter, broker, dealer, investment
adviser, principal, distributor, mutual fund dealer, futures commission merchant, commodity
trading advisor, or floor broker; or
(c) arises out of his fiduciary relationship with a bank, quasi-bank, trust company,
investment house or as an affiliated person of any of them;

b. Any person who, by reason of misconduct, after hearing, is permanently enjoined by a final
judgment or order of the SEC, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) or any court or administrative
body of competent jurisdiction from:
(a) acting as underwriter, broker, dealer, investment adviser, principal distributor, mutual
fund dealer, futures commission merchant, commodity trading advisor, or floor broker;
(b) acting as director or officer of a bank, quasi-bank, trust company, investment house,
or investment company;
(c) engaging in or continuing any conduct or practice in any of the capacities mentioned
in sub-paragraphs (a) and (b) above, or willfully violating the laws that govern securities and
banking activities. The disqualification should also apply if
(a) such person is the subject of an order of the SEC, BSP or any court or
administrative body denying, revoking or suspending any registration, license or permit
issued to him under the Corporation Code, Securities Regulation Code or any other law
administered by the SEC or BSP, or under any rule or regulation issued by the Commission
or BSP;
(b) such person has otherwise been restrained to engage in any activity involving
securities and banking; or
(c) such person is the subject of an effective order of a self-regulatory
organization suspending or expelling him from membership, participation or association
with a member or participant of the organization;

c. Any person convicted by final judgment or order by a court, or competent administrative body
of an offense involving moral turpitude, fraud, embezzlement, theft, estafa, counterfeiting,
misappropriation, forgery, bribery, false affirmation, perjury or other fraudulent acts;
d. Any person who has been adjudged by final judgment or order of the SEC, BSP, court, or
competent administrative body to have willfully violated, or willfully aided, abetted, counseled,
induced or procured the violation of any provision of the Corporation Code, Securities Regulation
Code or any other law, rule, regulation or order administered by the SEC or BSP;
e. Any person judicially declared as insolvent;
f. Any person found guilty by final judgment or order of a foreign court or equivalent financial
regulatory authority of acts, violations or misconduct similar to any of the acts, violations or
misconduct enumerated previously;
g. Conviction by final judgment of an offense punishable by imprisonment for more than six years,
or a violation of the Corporation Code committed within five years prior to the date of his election
or appointment; and
h. Other grounds as the SEC may provide. In addition, the following may be grounds for temporary
disqualification of a director:
a. Absence in more than fifty percent (50%) of all regular and special meetings of the
Board during his incumbency, or any 12-month period during the said incumbency, unless
the absence is due to illness, death in the immediate family or serious accident. The
disqualification should apply for purposes of the succeeding election;
b. Dismissal or termination for cause as director of any publicly-listed company, public
company, registered issuer of securities and holder of a secondary license from the
Commission. The disqualification should be in effect until he has cleared himself from any
involvement in the cause that gave rise to his dismissal or termination;
c. If the beneficial equity ownership of an independent director in the corporation or its
subsidiaries and affiliates exceeds two percent (2%) of its subscribed capital stock. The
disqualification from being elected as an independent director is lifted if the limit is later
complied with; and
d. If any of the judgments or orders cited in the grounds for permanent disqualification
has not yet become final.

Recommendation 2.7

The Board should have the overall responsibility in ensuring that there is a group-wide policy and
system governing related party transactions (RPTs) and other unusual or infrequently occurring
transactions, particularly those which pass certain thresholds of materiality. The policy should
include the appropriate review and approval of material or significant RPTs, which guarantee
fairness and transparency of the transactions. The policy should encompass all entities within the
group, taking into account their size, structure, risk profile and complexity of operations.

Explanation: Ensuring the integrity of related party transactions is an important fiduciary duty of
the director. It is the Board’s role to initiate policies and measures geared towards prevention of
abuse and promotion of transparency, and in compliance with applicable laws and regulations to
protect the interest of all shareholders. One such measure is the required ratification by
shareholders of material or significant RPTs approved by the Board, in accordance with existing
laws. Other measures include ensuring that transactions occur at market prices, at arm’s-length
basis and under conditions that protect the rights of all shareholders. The following are
suggestions for the content of the RPT Policy:
• Definition of related parties;
• Coverage of RPT policy;
• Guidelines in ensuring arm’s-length terms;
• Identification and prevention or management of potential or actual conflicts of interest
which arise;
• Adoption of materiality thresholds;
• Internal limits for individual and aggregate exposures;
• Whistle-blowing mechanisms, and
 • Restitution of losses and other remedies for abusive RPTs.

In addition, the company is given the discretion to set their materiality threshold at a level where
omission or misstatement of the transaction could pose a significant risk to the company and
influence its economic decision. The SEC may direct a company to reduce its materiality threshold
or amend excluded transactions if the SEC deems that the threshold or exclusion is inappropriate
considering the company’s size, risk profile, and risk management systems. Depending on the
materiality threshold, approval of management, the RPT Committee, the Board or the
shareholders may be required. In cases where the shareholders’ approval is required, it is good
practice for interested shareholders to abstain and let the disinterested parties or majority of the
minority shareholders decide.

Recommendation 2.8

The Board should be primarily responsible for approving the selection and assessing the
performance of the Management led by the Chief Executive Officer (CEO), and control functions
led by their respective heads (Chief Risk Officer, Chief Compliance Officer, and Chief Audit
Executive).

Explanation: It is the responsibility of the Board to appoint a competent management team at all
times, monitor and assess the performance of the management team based on established
performance standards that are consistent with the company’s strategic objectives, and conduct
a regular review of the company’s policies with the management team. In the selection process,
fit and proper standards are to be applied on key personnel and due consideration is given to
integrity, technical expertise and experience in the institution’s business, either current or
planned.

Recommendation 2.9

The Board should establish an effective performance management framework that will ensure
that the Management, including the Chief Executive Officer, and personnel’s performance is at
par with the standards set by the Board and Senior Management.

Explanation: Results of performance evaluation should be linked to other human resource

activities such as training and development, remuneration, and succession planning. These should
likewise form part of the assessment of the continuing fitness and propriety of management,
including the Chief Executive Officer, and personnel in carrying out their respective duties and
responsibilities.

Recommendation 2.10

The Board should oversee that an appropriate internal control system is in place, including setting
up a mechanism for monitoring and managing potential conflicts of interest of Management,
board members, and shareholders. The Board should also approve the Internal Audit Charter.

Explanation: In the performance of the Board’s oversight responsibility, the minimum internal
control mechanisms may include overseeing the implementation of the key control functions,
such as risk management, compliance and internal audit, and reviewing the corporation’s human
resource policies, conflict of interest situations, compensation program for employees and
management succession plan.

Recommendation 2.11

The Board should oversee that a sound enterprise risk management (ERM) framework is in place
to effectively identify, monitor, assess and manage key business risks. The risk management
framework should guide the Board in identifying units/business lines and enterprise-level risk
exposures, as well as the effectiveness of risk management strategies.

Explanation: Risk management policy is part and parcel of a corporation’s corporate strategy. The
Board is responsible for defining the company’s level of risk tolerance and providing oversight
over its risk management policies and procedures.

Recommendation 2.12

The Board should have a Board Charter that formalizes and clearly states its roles, responsibilities
and accountabilities in carrying out its fiduciary duties. The Board Charter should serve as a guide
to the directors in the performance of their functions and should be publicly available and posted
on the company’s website.

Explanation: The Board Charter guides the directors on how to discharge their functions. It
provides the standards for evaluating the performance of the Board. The Board Charter also
contains the roles and responsibilities of the Chairman.

Establishing Board Committees

Principle
Board committees should be set up to the extent possible to support the effective performance
of the Board’s functions, particularly with respect to audit, risk management, related party
transactions, and other key corporate governance concerns, such as nomination and
remuneration. The composition, functions and responsibilities of all committees established
should be contained in a publicly available Committee Charter.

Recommendation 3.1 The Board should establish board committees that focus on specific board
functions to aid in the optimal performance of its roles and responsibilities.

Explanation: Board committees such as the Audit Committee, Corporate Governance Committee,
Board Risk Oversight Committee and Related Party Transaction Committee are necessary to
support the Board in the effective performance of its functions. The establishment of the same,
or any other committees that the company deems necessary, allows for specialization in issues
and leads to a better management of the Board’s workload. The type of board committees to be
established by a company would depend on its size, risk profile and complexity of operations.
However, if the committees are not established, the functions of these committees may be carried
out by the whole board or by any other committee.
Recommendation 3.2

The Board should establish an Audit Committee to enhance its oversight capability over the
company’s financial reporting, internal control system, internal and external audit processes, and
compliance with applicable laws and regulations. The committee should be composed of at least
three appropriately qualified non-executive directors, the majority of whom, including the
Chairman, should be independent. All of the members of the committee must have relevant
background, knowledge, skills, and/or experience in the areas of accounting, auditing and finance.
The Chairman of the Audit Committee should not be the chairman of the Board or of any other
committees.

Explanation: The Audit Committee is responsible for overseeing the senior management in
establishing and maintaining an adequate, effective and efficient internal control framework. It
ensures that systems and processes are designed to provide assurance in areas including
reporting, monitoring compliance with laws, regulations and internal policies, efficiency and
effectiveness of operations, and safeguarding of assets.

The Audit Committee has the following duties and responsibilities, among others:

a. Recommends the approval the Internal Audit Charter (IA Charter), which formally defines the
role of Internal Audit and the audit plan as well as oversees the implementation of the IA Charter;
b. Through the Internal Audit (IA) Department, monitors and evaluates the adequacy and
effectiveness of the corporation’s internal control system, integrity of financial reporting, and
security of physical and information assets. Well-designed internal control procedures and
processes that will provide a system of checks and balances should be in place in order to (a)
safeguard the company’s resources and ensure their effective utilization, (b) prevent occurrence
of fraud and other irregularities, (c) protect the accuracy and reliability of the company’s financial
data, and (d) ensure compliance with applicable laws and regulations;
c. Oversees the Internal Audit Department, and recommends the appointment and/or grounds
for approval of an internal audit head or Chief Audit Executive (CAE). The Audit Committee should
also approve the terms and conditions for outsourcing internal audit services;
d. Establishes and identifies the reporting line of the Internal Auditor to enable him to properly
fulfill his duties and responsibilities. For this purpose, he should directly report to the Audit
Committee;
e. Reviews and monitors Management’s responsiveness to the Internal Auditor’s findings and
recommendations;
f. Prior to the commencement of the audit, discusses with the External Auditor the nature, scope
and expenses of the audit, and ensures the proper coordination if more than one audit firm is
involved in the activity to secure proper coverage and minimize duplication of efforts;
g. Evaluates and determines the non-audit work, if any, of the External Auditor, and periodically
reviews the non-audit fees paid to the External Auditor in relation to the total fees paid to him
and to the corporation’s overall consultancy expenses. The committee should disallow any non-
audit work that will conflict with his duties as an External Auditor or may pose a threat to his
independence. The non-audit work, if allowed, should be disclosed in the corporation’s Annual
Report and Annual Corporate Governance Report;
h. Reviews and approves the Interim and Annual Financial Statements before their submission to
the Board, with particular focus on the following matters:
• Any change/s in accounting policies and practices
 • Areas where a significant amount of judgment has been exercised
• Significant adjustments resulting from the audit
• Going concern assumptions
• Compliance with accounting standards
• Compliance with tax, legal and regulatory requirements
i. Reviews the disposition of the recommendations in the External Auditor’s management letter;
j. Performs oversight functions over the corporation’s Internal and External Auditors. It ensures
the independence of Internal and External Auditors, and that both auditors are given unrestricted
access to all records, properties and personnel to enable them to perform their respective audit
functions;
k. Coordinates, monitors and facilitates compliance with laws, rules and regulations;
l. Recommends to the Board the appointment, reappointment, removal and fees of the External
Auditor, duly accredited by the Commission, who undertakes an independent audit of the
corporation, and provides an objective assurance on the manner by which the financial
statements should be prepared and presented to the stockholders; and
m. In case the company does not have a Board Risk Oversight Committee and/or Related Party
Transactions Committee, performs the functions of said committees as provided under
Recommendations 3.4 and 3.5. The Audit Committee meets with the Board at least every quarter
without the presence of the CEO or other management team members, and periodically meets
with the head of the internal audit.

Recommendation 3.3

The Board should establish a Corporate Governance Committee that should be tasked to assist
the Board in the performance of its corporate governance responsibilities, including the functions
that were formerly assigned to a Nomination and Remuneration Committee. It should be
composed of at least three members, all of whom should be independent directors, including the
Chairman.

Explanation: The Corporate Governance Committee (CG Committee) is tasked with ensuring
compliance with and proper observance of corporate governance principles and practices. It has
the following duties and functions, among others:

a. Oversees the implementation of the corporate governance framework and periodically

reviews the said framework to ensure that it remains appropriate in light of material
changes to the corporation’s size, complexity and business strategy, as well as its business
and regulatory environments;
b. Oversees the periodic performance evaluation of the Board and its committees as well
as executive management, and conducts an annual self-evaluation of its performance;
c. Ensures that the results of the Board evaluation are shared, discussed, and that
concrete action plans are developed and implemented to address the identified areas for
improvement;
d. Recommends continuing education/training programs for directors, assignment of
tasks/projects to board committees, succession plan for the board members and senior
officers, and remuneration packages for corporate and individual performance;
e. Adopts corporate governance policies and ensures that these are reviewed and
updated regularly, and consistently implemented in form and substance;
f. Proposes and plans relevant trainings for the members of the Board;
 g. Determines the nomination and election process for the company’s directors and has
the special duty of defining the general profile of board members that the company may
need and ensuring appropriate knowledge, competencies and expertise that complement
the existing skills of the Board; and
h. Establishes a formal and transparent procedure to develop a policy for determining the
remuneration of directors and officers that is consistent with the corporation’s culture
and strategy as well as the business environment in which it operates. The establishment
of a Corporate Governance Committee does not preclude companies from establishing
separate Remuneration or Nomination Committees, if they deem necessary.

Recommendation 3.4

Subject to a corporation’s size, risk profile and complexity of operations, the Board should
establish a separate Board Risk Oversight Committee (BROC) that should be responsible for the
oversight of a company’s Enterprise Risk Management system to ensure its functionality and
effectiveness. The BROC should be composed of at least three members, the majority of whom
should be independent directors, including the Chairman. The Chairman should not be the
Chairman of the Board or of any other committee. At least one member of the committee must
have relevant thorough knowledge and experience on risk and risk management.

Explanation: The establishment of a Board Risk Oversight Committee (BROC) is generally for
conglomerates and companies with a high risk profile. Enterprise risk management is integral to
an effective corporate governance process and the achievement of a company's value creation
objectives. Thus, the BROC has the responsibility to assist the Board in ensuring that there is an
effective and integrated risk management process in place. With an integrated approach, the
Board and top management will be in a confident position to make well-informed decisions,
having taken into consideration risks related to significant business activities, plans and
opportunities.

The BROC has the following duties and responsibilities, among others:

a. Develops a formal enterprise risk management plan which contains the following
elements:
(a) common language or register of risks,
(b) well-defined risk management goals, objectives and oversight,
(c) uniform processes of assessing risks and developing strategies to manage
prioritized risks,
(d) designing and implementing risk management strategies, and
(e) continuing assessments to improve risk strategies, processes and measures;
b. Oversees the implementation of the enterprise risk management plan through a
Management Risk Oversight Committee. The BROC conducts regular discussions on the
company’s prioritized and residual risk exposures based on regular risk management
reports and assesses how the concerned units or offices are addressing and managing
these risks;
c. Evaluates the risk management plan to ensure its continued relevance,
comprehensiveness and effectiveness. The BROC revisits defined risk management
strategies, looks for emerging or changing material exposures, and stays abreast of
significant developments that seriously impact the likelihood of harm or loss;
 d. Advises the Board on its risk appetite levels and risk tolerance limits;
e. Reviews at least annually the company’s risk appetite levels and risk tolerance limits
based on changes and developments in the business, the regulatory framework, the
external economic and business environment, and when major events occur that are
considered to have major impacts on the company;
f. Assesses the probability of each identified risk becoming a reality and estimates its
possible significant financial impact and likelihood of occurrence. Priority areas of concern
are those risks that are the most likely to occur and to impact the performance and
stability of the corporation and its stakeholders;
g. Provides oversight over Management’s activities in managing credit, market, liquidity,
operational, legal and other risk exposures of the corporation. This function includes
regularly receiving information on risk exposures and risk management activities from
Management; and
h. Reports to the Board on a regular basis, or as deemed necessary, the company’s
material risk exposures, the actions taken to reduce the risks, and recommends further
action or plans, as necessary.

Recommendation 3.5

Subject to a corporation’s size, risk profile and complexity of operations, the Board should
establish a Related Party Transaction (RPT) Committee, which should be tasked with reviewing all
material related party transactions of the company and should be composed of at least three non-
executive directors, two of whom should be independent, including the Chairman.

Explanation: Examples of companies that may have a separate RPT Committee are conglomerates
and universal/commercial banks in recognition of the potential magnitude of RPTs in these kinds
of corporations. The following are the functions of the RPT Committee, among others:
a. Evaluates on an ongoing basis existing relations between and among businesses and
counterparties to ensure that all related parties are continuously identified, RPTs are
monitored, and subsequent changes in relationships with counterparties (from non-
related to related and vice versa) are captured. Related parties, RPTs and changes in
relationships should be reflected in the relevant reports to the Board and
regulators/supervisors;
b. Evaluates all material RPTs to ensure that these are not undertaken on more favorable
economic terms (e.g., price, commissions, interest rates, fees, tenor, collateral
requirement) to such related parties than similar transactions with nonrelated parties
under similar circumstances and that no corporate or business resources of the company
are misappropriated or misapplied, and to determine any potential reputational risk
issues that may arise as a result of or in connection with the transactions. In evaluating
RPTs, the Committee takes into account, among others, the following:
1. The related party’s relationship to the company and interest in the transaction;
2. The material facts of the proposed RPT, including the proposed aggregate value
of such transaction;
3. The benefits to the corporation of the proposed RPT;
4. The availability of other sources of comparable products or services; and
5. An assessment of whether the proposed RPT is on terms and conditions that
are comparable to the terms generally available to an unrelated party under
 similar circumstances. The company should have an effective price discovery
system in place and exercise due diligence in determining a fair price for RPTs;

c. Ensures that appropriate disclosure is made, and/or information is provided to

regulating and supervising authorities relating to the company’s RPT exposures, and
policies on conflicts of interest or potential conflicts of interest. The disclosure should
include information on the approach to managing material conflicts of interest that are
inconsistent with such policies, and conflicts that could arise as a result of the company’s
affiliation or transactions with other related parties;
d. Reports to the Board of Directors on a regular basis, the status and aggregate exposures
to each related party, as well as the total amount of exposures to all related parties;
e. Ensures that transactions with related parties, including write-off of exposures are
subject to a periodic independent review or audit process; and
f. Oversees the implementation of the system for identifying, monitoring, measuring,
controlling, and reporting RPTs, including a periodic review of RPT policies and
procedures.

Recommendation 3.6

All established committees should be required to have Committee Charters stating in plain terms
their respective purposes, memberships, structures, operations, reporting processes, resources
and other relevant information. The Charters should provide the standards for evaluating the
performance of the Committees. It should also be fully disclosed on the company’s website.

Explanation: The Committee Charter clearly defines the roles and accountabilities of each
committee to avoid any overlapping functions, which aims at having a more effective board for
the company. This can also be used as basis for the assessment of committee performance.

Fostering Commitment

Principle
To show full commitment to the company, the directors should devote the time and attention
necessary to properly and effectively perform their duties and responsibilities, including sufficient
time to be familiar with the corporation’s business.

Recommendation 4.1

The directors should attend and actively participate in all meetings of the Board, Committees, and
Shareholders in person or through tele-/videoconferencing conducted in accordance with the
rules and regulations of the Commission, except when justifiable causes, such as, illness, death in
the immediate family and serious accidents, prevent them from doing so. In Board and Committee
meetings, the director should review meeting materials and if called for, ask the necessary
questions or seek clarifications and explanations.

Explanation: A director’s commitment to the company is evident in the amount of time he

dedicates to performing his duties and responsibilities, which includes his presence in all meetings
of the Board, Committees and Shareholders. In this way, the director is able to effectively perform
his/her duty to the company and its shareholders. The absence of a director in more than fifty
percent (50%) of all regular and special meetings of the Board during his/her incumbency is a
ground for disqualification in the succeeding election, unless the absence is due to illness, death
in the immediate family, serious accident or other unforeseen or fortuitous events.

Recommendation 4.2

The non-executive directors of the Board should concurrently serve as directors to a maximum of
five publicly listed companies to ensure that they have sufficient time to fully prepare for
meetings, challenge Management’s proposals/views, and oversee the long-term strategy of the
company.

Explanation: Being a director necessitates a commitment to the corporation. Hence, there is a

need to set a limit on board directorships. This ensures that the members of the board are able
to effectively commit themselves to perform their roles and responsibilities, regularly update
their knowledge and enhance their skills. Since sitting on the board of too many companies may
interfere with the optimal performance of board members, in that they may not be able to
contribute enough time to keep abreast of the corporation’s operations and to attend and actively
participate during meetings, a maximum board seat limit of five directorships is recommended.

Recommendation 4.3

A director should notify the Board where he/she is an incumbent director before accepting a
directorship in another company.

Explanation: The Board expects commitment from a director to devote sufficient time and
attention to his/her duties and responsibilities. Hence, it is important that a director notifies
his/her incumbent Board before accepting a directorship in another company. This is for the
company to be able to assess if his/her present responsibilities and commitment to the company
will be affected and if the director can still adequately provide what is expected of him/her.

Reinforcing Board Independence

Principle
The board should endeavor to exercise an objective and independent judgment on all corporate
affairs.

Recommendation 5.1

The Board should have at least three independent directors, or such number as to constitute at
least one-third of the members of the Board, whichever is higher.

Explanation: The presence of independent directors in the Board is to ensure the exercise of
independent judgment on corporate affairs and proper oversight of managerial performance,
including prevention of conflict of interests and balancing of competing demands of the
corporation. There is increasing global recognition that more independent directors in the Board
lead to more objective decision-making, particularly in conflict of interest situations. In addition,
experts have recognized that there are varying opinions on the optimal number of independent
directors in the board. However, the ideal number ranges from one-third to a substantial majority.
Recommendation 5.2 The Board should ensure that its independent directors possess the
necessary qualifications and none of the disqualifications for an independent director to hold the
position.

Explanation: Independent directors need to possess a good general understanding of the industry
they are in. Further, it is worthy to note that independence and competence should go hand-in-
hand. It is therefore important that the non-executive directors, including independent directors,
possess the qualifications and stature that would enable them to effectively and objectively
participate in the deliberations of the Board. An Independent Director refers to a person who,
ideally:
a. Is not, or has not been a senior officer or employee of the covered company unless
there has been a change in the controlling ownership of the company;
b. Is not, and has not been in the three years immediately preceding the election, a
director of the covered company; a director, officer, employee of the covered company’s
subsidiaries, associates, affiliates or related companies; or a director, officer, employee
of the covered company’s substantial shareholders and its related companies;
c. Has not been appointed in the covered company, its subsidiaries, associates, affiliates
or related companies as Chairman “Emeritus,” “Ex-Officio” Directors/Officers or
Members of any Advisory Board, or otherwise appointed in a capacity to assist the Board
in the performance of its duties and responsibilities within three years immediately
preceding his election;
d. Is not an owner of more than two percent (2%) of the outstanding shares of the covered
company, its subsidiaries, associates, affiliates or related companies;
e. Is not a relative of a director, officer, or substantial shareholder of the covered company
or any of its related companies or of any of its substantial shareholders. For this purpose,
relatives include spouse, parent, child, brother, sister and the spouse of such child,
brother or sister;
f. Is not acting as a nominee or representative of any director of the covered company or
any of its related companies;
g. Is not a securities broker-dealer of listed companies and registered issuers of securities.
“Securities broker-dealer” refers to any person holding any office of trust and
responsibility in a broker-dealer firm, which includes, among others, a director, officer,
principal stockholder, nominee of the firm to the Exchange, an associated person or
salesman, and an authorized clerk of the broker or dealer;
h. Is not retained, either in his personal capacity or through a firm, as a professional
adviser, auditor, consultant, agent or counsel of the covered company, any of its related
companies or substantial shareholder, or is otherwise independent of Management and
free from any business or other relationship within the three years immediately preceding
the date of his election;
i. Does not engage or has not engaged, whether by himself or with other persons or
through a firm of which he is a partner, director or substantial shareholder, in any
transaction with the covered company or any of its related companies or substantial
shareholders, other than such transactions that are conducted at arm’s length and could
not materially interfere with or influence the exercise of his independent judgment;
j. Is not affiliated with any non-profit organization that receives significant funding from
the covered company or any of its related companies or substantial shareholders; and
 k. Is not employed as an executive officer of another company where any of the covered
company’s executives serve as directors. Related companies, as used in this section, refer
to (a) the covered entity’s holding/parent company; (b) its subsidiaries; and (c)
subsidiaries of its holding/parent company.

Recommendation 5.3

The Board’s independent directors should serve for a maximum cumulative term of nine years.
After which, the independent director should be perpetually barred from reelection as such in the
same company, but may continue to qualify for nomination and election as a non-independent
director. In the instance that a company wants to retain an independent director who has served
for nine years, the Board should provide meritorious justification/s and seek shareholders’
approval during the annual shareholders’ meeting.

Explanation: Service in a board for a long duration may impair a director’s ability to act
independently and objectively. Hence, the tenure of an independent director is set to a
cumulative term of nine years. Independent directors (IDs) who have served for nine years may
continue as a non-independent director of the company. Reckoning of the cumulative nine-year
term is from 2012, in connection with SEC Memorandum Circular No. 9, Series of 2011. Any term
beyond nine years for an ID is subjected to particularly rigorous review, taking into account the
need for progressive change in the Board to ensure an appropriate balance of skills and
experience. However, the shareholders may, in exceptional cases, choose to re-elect an
independent director who has served for nine years. In such instances, the Board must provide a
meritorious justification for the re-election.

Recommendation 5.4

The positions of Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer should be held by separate
individuals and each should have clearly defined responsibilities.

Explanation: To avoid conflict or a split board and to foster an appropriate balance of power,
increased accountability and better capacity for independent decision-making, it is recommended
that the positions of Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) be held by different individuals.
This type of organizational structure facilitates effective decision making and good governance.
In addition, the division of responsibilities and accountabilities between the Chairman and CEO is
clearly defined and delineated and disclosed in the Board Charter.

The CEO has the following roles and responsibilities, among others:
a. Determines the corporation’s strategic direction and formulates and implements its strategic
plan on the direction of the business;
b. Communicates and implements the corporation’s vision, mission, values and overall strategy
and promotes any organization or stakeholder change in relation to the same;
c. Oversees the operations of the corporation and manages human and financial resources in
accordance with the strategic plan;
d. Has a good working knowledge of the corporation’s industry and market and keeps up-to-date
with its core business purpose;
e. Directs, evaluates and guides the work of the key officers of the corporation;
f. Manages the corporation’s resources prudently and ensures a proper balance of the same;
g. Provides the Board with timely information and interfaces between the Board and the
employees;
h. Builds the corporate culture and motivates the employees of the corporation; and
i. Serves as the link between internal operations and external stakeholders. The roles and
responsibilities of the Chairman are provided under Recommendation 2.3.

Recommendation 5.5

The Board should designate a lead director among the independent directors if the Chairman of
the Board is not independent, including if the positions of the Chairman of the Board and Chief
Executive Officer are held by one person.

Explanation: In cases where the Chairman is not independent and where the roles of Chair and
CEO are combined, putting in place proper mechanisms ensures independent views and
perspectives. More importantly, it avoids the abuse of power and authority, and potential conflict
of interest. A suggested mechanism is the appointment of a strong “lead director” among the
independent directors. This lead director has sufficient authority to lead the Board in cases where
management has clear conflicts of interest. The functions of the lead director include, among
others, the following: a. Serves as an intermediary between the Chairman and the other directors
when necessary; b. Convenes and chairs meetings of the non-executive directors; and c.
Contributes to the performance evaluation of the Chairman, as required.

Recommendation 5.6

A director with a material interest in any transaction affecting the corporation should abstain from
taking part in the deliberations for the same.

Explanation: The abstention of a director from participating in a meeting when related party
transactions, self-dealings or any transactions or matters on which he/she has a material interest
are taken up ensures that he has no influence over the outcome of the deliberations. The
fundamental principle to be observed is that a director does not use his position to profit or gain
some benefit or advantage for his himself and/or his/her related interests.

Recommendation 5.7

The non-executive directors (NEDs) should have separate periodic meetings with the external
auditor and heads of the internal audit, compliance and risk functions, without any executive
directors present to ensure that proper checks and balances are in place within the corporation.
The meetings should be chaired by the lead independent director.

Explanation: NEDs are expected to scrutinize Management’s performance, particularly in meeting

the companies’ goals and objectives. Further, it is their role to satisfy themselves on the integrity
of the corporation’s internal control and effectiveness of the risk management systems. This role
can be better performed by the NEDs if they are provided access to the external auditor and heads
of the internal audit, compliance and risk functions, as well as to other key officers of the company
without any executive directors present. The lead independent director should lead and preside
over the meeting.
Assessing Board Performance

Principle
The best measure of the Board’s effectiveness is through an assessment process. The Board
should regularly carry out evaluations to appraise its performance as a body, and assess whether
it possesses the right mix of backgrounds and competencies.

Recommendation 6.1

The Board should conduct an annual self-assessment of its performance, including the
performance of the Chairman, individual members and committees. Every three years, the
assessment should be supported by an external facilitator.

Explanation: Board assessment helps the directors to thoroughly review their performance and
understand their roles and responsibilities. The periodic review and assessment of the Board’s
performance as a body, the board committees, the individual directors, and the Chairman show
how the aforementioned should perform their responsibilities effectively. In addition, it provides
a means to assess a director’s attendance at board and committee meetings, participation in
boardroom discussions and manner of voting on material issues. The use of an external facilitator
in the assessment process increases the objectivity of the same. The external facilitator can be
any independent third party such as, but not limited to, a consulting firm, academic institution or
professional organization.

Recommendation 6.2

The Board should have in place a system that provides, at the minimum, criteria and process to
determine the performance of the Board, the individual directors, committees and such system
should allow for a feedback mechanism from the shareholders.

Explanation: Disclosure of the criteria, process and collective results of the assessment ensures
transparency and allows shareholders and stakeholders to determine if the directors are
performing their responsibilities to the company. Companies are given the discretion to
determine the assessment criteria and process, which should be based on the mandates,
functions, roles and responsibilities provided in the Board and Committee Charters. In establishing
the criteria, attention is given to the values, principles and skills required for the company. The
Corporate Governance Committee oversees the evaluation process.

Strengthening Board Ethics

Principle
Members of the Board are duty-bound to apply high ethical standards, taking into account the
interests of all stakeholders.

Recommendation 7.1

The Board should adopt a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, which would provide standards
for professional and ethical behavior, as well as articulate acceptable and unacceptable conduct
and practices in internal and external dealings. The Code should be properly disseminated to the
Board, senior management and employees. It should also be disclosed and made available to the
public through the company website.

Explanation: A Code of Business Conduct and Ethics formalizing ethical values is an important tool
to instill an ethical corporate culture that pervades throughout the company. The main
responsibility to create and design a Code of Conduct suitable to the needs of the company and
the culture by which it operates lies with the Board. To ensure proper compliance with the Code,
appropriate orientation and training of the Board, senior management and employees on the
same are necessary.

Recommendation 7.2

The Board should ensure the proper and efficient implementation and monitoring of compliance
with the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and internal policies.

Explanation: The Board has the primary duty to make sure that the internal controls are in place
to ensure the company’s compliance with the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and its internal
policies and procedures. Hence, it needs to ensure the implementation of said internal controls
to support, promote and guarantee compliance. This includes efficient communication channels,
which aid and encourage employees, customers, suppliers and creditors to raise concerns on
potential unethical/unlawful behavior without fear of retribution. A company’s ethics policy can
be made effective and inculcated in the company culture through a communication and
awareness campaign, continuous training to reinforce the code, strict monitoring and
implementation and setting in place proper avenues where issues may be raised and addressed
without fear of retribution.

Enhancing Company Disclosure Policies and Procedures

Principle
The company should establish corporate disclosure policies and procedures that are practical and
in accordance with best practices and regulatory expectations.

Recommendation 8.1

The Board should establish corporate disclosure policies and procedures to ensure a
comprehensive, accurate, reliable and timely report to shareholders and other stakeholders that
gives a fair and complete picture of a company’s financial condition, results and business
operations.

Explanation: Setting up clear policies and procedures on corporate disclosure that comply with
the disclosure requirement as provided in Rule 68 of the Securities Regulation Code (SRC),
Philippine Stock Exchange Listing and Disclosure Rules, and other regulations such as those
required by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, is essential for comprehensive and timely reporting.

Recommendation 8.2

The Company should have a policy requiring all directors and officers to disclose/report to the
company any dealings in the company’s shares within three business days.
Explanation: Directors often have access to material inside information on the company. Hence,
to reduce the risk that the directors might take advantage of this information, it is crucial for
companies to have a policy requiring directors to timely disclose to the company any dealings with
the company shares. It is emphasized that the policy is on internal disclosure to the company of
any dealings by the director in company shares. This supplements the requirement of Rules 18
and 23 of the Securities Regulation Code.

Recommendation 8.3

The Board should fully disclose all relevant and material information on individual board members
and key executives to evaluate their experience and qualifications, and assess any potential
conflicts of interest that might affect their judgment.

Explanation: A disclosure on the board members and key executives’ information is prescribed
under Rule 12 Annex C of the SRC. According to best practices and standards, proper disclosure
includes directors and key officers’ qualifications, share ownership in the company, membership
of other boards, other executive positions, continuous trainings attended and identification of
independent directors.

Recommendation 8.4

The company should provide a clear disclosure of its policies and procedure for setting Board and
executive remuneration, as well as the level and mix of the same in the Annual Corporate
Governance Report. Also, companies should disclose the remuneration on an individual basis,
including termination and retirement provisions.

Explanation: Disclosure of remuneration policies and procedure enables investors to understand

the link between the remuneration paid to directors and key management personnel and the
company’s performance. The Revised Code of Corporate Governance requires only a disclosure
of all fixed and variable compensation that may be paid, directly or indirectly, to its directors and
top four management officers during the preceding fiscal year. However, disclosure on board and
executive remuneration on an individual basis (including termination and retirement provisions)
is increasingly regarded as good practice and is now mandated in many countries.

Recommendation 8.5

The company should disclose its policies governing Related Party Transactions (RPTs) and other
unusual or infrequently occurring transactions in their Manual on Corporate Governance. The
material or significant RPTs reviewed and approved during the year should be disclosed in its
Annual Corporate Governance Report.

Explanation: A full, accurate and timely disclosure of the company’s policy governing RPTs and
other unusual or infrequently occurring transactions, as well as the review and approval of
material and significant RPTs, is regarded as good corporate governance practice geared towards
the prevention of abusive dealings and transactions and the promotion of transparency. These
policies include ensuring that transactions occur at market prices and under conditions that
protect the rights of all shareholders. The said disclosure includes directors and key executives
reporting to the Board when they have RPTs that could influence their judgment.

Recommendation 8.6

The company should make a full, fair, accurate and timely disclosure to the public of every
material fact or event that occurs, particularly on the acquisition or disposal of significant assets,
which could adversely affect the viability or the interest of its shareholders and other
stakeholders. Moreover, the Board of the offeree company should appoint an independent party
to evaluate the fairness of the transaction price on the acquisition or disposal of assets.

Explanation: The disclosure on the acquisition or disposal of significant assets includes, among
others, the rationale, effect on operations and approval at board meetings with independent
directors present to establish transparency and independence on the transaction. The
independent evaluation of the fairness of the transparent price ensures the protection of the
rights of shareholders.

Recommendation 8.7

The company’s corporate governance policies, programs and procedures should be contained in
its Manual on Corporate Governance, which should be submitted to the regulators and posted on
the company’s website.

Explanation: Transparency is one of the core principles of corporate governance. To ensure the
better protection of shareholders and other stakeholders’ rights, full disclosure of the company’s
corporate governance policies, programs and procedures is imperative. This is better done if the
said policies, programs and procedures are contained in one reference document, which is the
Manual on Corporate Governance. The submission of the Manual to regulators and posting it in
companies’ websites ensure easier access by any interested party.

Strengthening the External Auditor’s Independence and Improving Audit Quality

Principle
The company should establish standards for the appropriate selection of an external auditor, and
exercise effective oversight of the same to strengthen the external auditor’s independence and
enhance audit quality.

Recommendation 9.1

The Audit Committee should have a robust process for approving and recommending the
appointment, reappointment, removal, and fees of the external auditor. The appointment,
reappointment, removal, and fees of the external auditor should be recommended by the Audit
Committee, approved by the Board and ratified by the shareholders. For removal of the external
auditor, the reasons for removal or change should be disclosed to the regulators and the public
through the company website and required disclosures.

Explanation: The appointment, reappointment and removal of the external auditor by the Board’s
approval, through the Audit Committee’s recommendation, and shareholders’ ratification at
shareholders’ meetings are actions regarded as good practices. Shareholders’ ratification clarifies
or emphasizes that the external auditor is accountable to the shareholders or to the company as
a whole, rather than to the management whom he may interact with in the conduct of his audit.

Recommendation 9.2

The Audit Committee Charter should include the Audit Committee’s responsibility on assessing
the integrity and independence of external auditors and exercising effective oversight to review
and monitor the external auditor’s independence and objectivity and the effectiveness of the
audit process, taking into consideration relevant Philippine professional and regulatory
requirements. The Charter should also contain the Audit Committee’s responsibility on reviewing
and monitoring the external auditor’s suitability and effectiveness on an annual basis.

Explanation: The Audit Committee Charter includes a disclosure of its responsibility on assessing
the integrity and independence of the external auditor. It establishes detailed guidelines, policies
and procedures that are contained in a separate memorandum or document. Nationally and
internationally recognized best practices and standards of external auditing guide the committee
in formulating these policies and procedures. Moreover, establishing effective communication
with the external auditor and requiring them to report all relevant matters help the Audit
Committee to efficiently carry out its oversight responsibilities.

Recommendation 9.3

The company should disclose the nature of non-audit services performed by its external auditor
in the Annual Report to deal with the potential conflict of interest. The Audit Committee should
be alert for any potential conflict of interest situations, given the guidelines or policies on non-
audit services, which could be viewed as impairing the external auditor's objectivity.

Explanation: The Audit Committee, in the performance of its duty, oversees the overall
relationship with the external auditor. It evaluates and determines the nature of non-audit
services, if any, of the external auditor. Further, the Committee periodically reviews the
proportion of non-audit fees paid to the external auditor in relation to the corporation’s overall
consultancy expenses. Allowing the same auditor to perform non-audit services for the company
may create a potential conflict of interest. In order to mitigate the risk of possible conflict between
the auditor and the company, the Audit Committee puts in place robust policies and procedures
designed to promote auditor independence in the long run. In formulating these policies and
procedures, the Committee is guided by nationally and internationally recognized best practices
and regulatory requirements or issuances.

Increasing Focus on Non-financial and Sustainability Reporting

Principle
The company should ensure that the material and reportable non-financial and sustainability
issues are disclosed.

Recommendation 10.1
The Board should have a clear and focused policy on the disclosure of non-financial information,
with emphasis on the management of economic, environmental, social and governance (EESG)
issues of its business, which underpin sustainability. Companies should adopt a globally
recognized standard/framework in reporting sustainability and non-financial issues.

Explanation: As external pressures including resource scarcity, globalization, and access to

information continue to increase, the way corporations respond to sustainability challenges, in
addition to financial challenges, determines their long-term viability and competitiveness. One
way to respond to sustainability challenges is disclosure to all shareholders and other
stakeholders of the company’s strategic (long-term goals) and operational objectives (short-term
goals), as well as the impact of a wide range of sustainability issues. Disclosures can be made using
standards/frameworks, such as the G4 Framework by the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), the
Integrated Reporting Framework by the International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) and/or
the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB)’s Conceptual Framework.

Promoting A Comprehensive and Cost-Efficient Access to Relevant Information

Principle
The company should maintain a comprehensive and cost-efficient communication channel for
disseminating relevant information. This channel is crucial for informed decision-making by
investors, stakeholders and other interested users.

Recommendation 11.1

The company should include media and analysts’ briefings as channels of communication to
ensure the timely and accurate dissemination of public, material and relevant information to its
shareholders and other investors.

Explanation: The manner of disseminating relevant information to its intended users is as

important as the content of the information itself. Hence, it is essential for the company to have
a strategic and well-organized channel for reporting. These communication channels can provide
timely and up-to-date information relevant to investors’ decision-making, as well as to other
interested stakeholders.

Strengthening the Internal Control System and Enterprise Risk Management Framework

Principle
To ensure the integrity, transparency and proper governance in the conduct of its affairs, the
company should have a strong and effective internal control system and enterprise risk
management framework.

Recommendation 12.1

The Company should have an adequate and effective internal control system and an enterprise
risk management framework in the conduct of its business, taking into account its size, risk profile
and complexity of operations.
Explanation: An adequate and effective internal control system and an enterprise risk
management framework help sustain safe and sound operations as well as implement
management policies to attain corporate goals. An effective internal control system embodies
management oversight and control culture; risk recognition and assessment; control activities;
information and communication; monitoring activities and correcting deficiencies. Moreover, an
effective enterprise risk management framework typically includes such activities as the
identification, sourcing, measurement, evaluation, mitigation and monitoring of risk.

Recommendation 12.2

The Company should have in place an independent internal audit function that provides an
independent and objective assurance, and consulting services designed to add value and improve
the company's operations.

Explanation: A separate internal audit function is essential to monitor and guide the
implementation of company policies. It helps the company accomplish its objectives by bringing
a systematic, disciplined approach to evaluating and improving the effectiveness of the company’s
governance, risk management and control functions. The following are the functions of the
internal audit, among others:
a. Provides an independent risk-based assurance service to the Board, Audit Committee
and Management, focusing on reviewing the effectiveness of the governance and control
processes in (1) promoting the right values and ethics, (2) ensuring effective performance
management and accounting in the organization, (3) communicating risk and control
information, and (4) coordinating the activities and information among the Board,
external and internal auditors, and Management;
b. Performs regular and special audit as contained in the annual audit plan and/or based
on the company’s risk assessment;
c. Performs consulting and advisory services related to governance and control as
appropriate for the organization;
d. Performs compliance audit of relevant laws, rules and regulations, contractual
obligations and other commitments, which could have a significant impact on the
organization;
e. Reviews, audits and assesses the efficiency and effectiveness of the internal control
system of all areas of the company;
f. Evaluates operations or programs to ascertain whether results are consistent with
established objectives and goals, and whether the operations or programs are being
carried out as planned;
g. Evaluates specific operations at the request of the Board or Management, as
appropriate; and
h. Monitors and evaluates governance processes.

A company’s internal audit activity may be a fully resourced activity housed within the
organization or may be outsourced to qualified independent third party service providers.

Recommendation 12.3

Subject to a company’s size, risk profile and complexity of operations, it should have a qualified
Chief Audit Executive (CAE) appointed by the Board. The CAE shall oversee and be responsible for
the internal audit activity of the organization, including that portion that is outsourced to a third
party service provider. In case of a fully outsourced internal audit activity, a qualified independent
executive or senior management personnel should be assigned the responsibility for managing
the fully outsourced internal audit activity.

Explanation: The CAE, in order to achieve the necessary independence to fulfill his/her
responsibilities, directly reports functionally to the Audit Committee and administratively to the
CEO. The following are the responsibilities of the CAE, among others:
a. Periodically reviews the internal audit charter and presents it to senior management
and the Board Audit Committee for approval;
b. Establishes a risk-based internal audit plan, including policies and procedures, to
determine the priorities of the internal audit activity, consistent with the organization’s
goals;
c. Communicates the internal audit activity’s plans, resource requirements and impact of
resource limitations, as well as significant interim changes, to senior management and
the Audit Committee for review and approval;
d. Spearheads the performance of the internal audit activity to ensure it adds value to the
organization;
e. Reports periodically to the Audit Committee on the internal audit activity’s
performance relative to its plan; and
f. Presents findings and recommendations to the Audit Committee and gives advice to
senior management and the Board on how to improve internal processes.

Recommendation 12.4

Subject to its size, risk profile and complexity of operations, the company should have a separate
risk management function to identify, assess and monitor key risk exposures.

Explanation: The risk management function involves the following activities, among others:
a. Defining a risk management strategy;
b. Identifying and analyzing key risks exposure relating to economic, environmental, social
and governance (EESG) factors and the achievement of the organization’s strategic
objectives;
c. Evaluating and categorizing each identified risk using the company’s predefined risk
categories and parameters;
d. Establishing a risk register with clearly defined, prioritized and residual risks;
e. Developing a risk mitigation plan for the most important risks to the company, as
defined by the risk management strategy;
f. Communicating and reporting significant risk exposures including business risks (i.e.,
strategic, compliance, operational, financial and reputational risks), control issues and risk
mitigation plan to the Board Risk Oversight Committee; and
g. Monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of the organization's risk management
processes.

Recommendation 12.5

In managing the company’s Risk Management System, the company should have a Chief Risk
Officer (CRO), who is the ultimate champion of Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) and has
adequate authority, stature, resources and support to fulfill his/her responsibilities, subject to a
company’s size, risk profile and complexity of operations.

Explanation: The CRO has the following functions, among others:

a. Supervises the entire ERM process and spearheads the development, implementation,
maintenance and continuous improvement of ERM processes and documentation;
b. Communicates the top risks and the status of implementation of risk management
strategies and action plans to the Board Risk Oversight Committee;
c. Collaborates with the CEO in updating and making recommendations to the Board Risk
Oversight Committee;
d. Suggests ERM policies and related guidance, as may be needed; and
e. Provides insights on the following: Risk management processes are performing as
intended; Risk measures reported are continuously reviewed by risk owners for
effectiveness; and Established risk policies and procedures are being complied with.

There should be clear communication between the Board Risk Oversight Committee and the CRO.

Promoting Shareholders’ Rights

Principle
The company should treat all shareholders fairly and equitably, and also recognize, protect and
facilitate the exercise of their rights.

Recommendation 13.1

The Board should ensure that basic shareholder rights are disclosed in the Manual on Corporate
Governance and on the company’s website.

Explanation It is the responsibility of the Board to adopt a policy informing the shareholders of all
their rights. Shareholders are encouraged to exercise their rights by providing clear-cut processes
and procedures for them to follow. Shareholders’ rights relate to the following, among others:
 Pre-emptive rights;
 Dividend policies;
 Right to propose the holding of meetings and to include agenda items ahead of the
scheduled Annual and Special Shareholders’ Meeting;
 Right to nominate candidates to the Board of Directors;
 Nomination process; and
 Voting procedures that would govern the Annual and Special Shareholders’ Meeting.

The right to propose the holding of meetings and items for inclusion in the agenda is given to all
shareholders, including minority and foreign shareholders. However, to prevent the abuse of this
right, companies may require that the proposal be made by shareholders holding a specified
percentage of shares or voting rights. On the other hand, to ensure that minority shareholders
are not effectively prevented from exercising this right, the degree of ownership concentration is
considered in determining the threshold. Further, all shareholders must be given the opportunity
to nominate candidates to the Board of Directors in accordance with the existing laws. The
procedures of the nomination process are expected to be discussed clearly by the Board. The
company is encouraged to fully and promptly disclose all information regarding the experience
and background of the candidates to enable the shareholders to study and conduct their own
background check as to the candidates’ qualification and credibility. Shareholders are also
encouraged to participate when given sufficient information prior to voting on fundamental
corporate changes such as: (1) amendments to the Articles of Incorporation and By-Laws of the
company; (2) the authorization on the increase in authorized capital stock; and (3) extraordinary
transactions, including the transfer of all or substantially all assets that in effect result in the sale
of the company. In addition, the disclosure and clear explanation of the voting procedures, as well
as removal of excessive or unnecessary costs and other administrative impediments, allow for the
effective exercise of the shareholders’ voting rights. Poll voting is highly encouraged as opposed
to the show of hands. Proxy voting is also a good practice, including the electronic distribution of
proxy materials. The related shareholders’ rights and relevant company policies should be
contained in the Manual on Corporate Governance.

Recommendation 13.2

The Board should encourage active shareholder participation by sending the Notice of Annual and
Special Shareholders’ Meeting with sufficient and relevant information at least 28 days before the
meeting.

Explanation: Required information in the Notice include, among others, the date, location,
meeting agenda and its rationale and explanation, and details of issues to be deliberated on and
approved or ratified at the meeting. Sending the Notice in a timely manner allows shareholders
to plan their participation in the meetings. It is good practice to have the Notice sent to all
shareholders at least 28 days before the meeting and posted on the company website.

Recommendation 13.3

The Board should encourage active shareholder participation by making the result of the votes
taken during the most recent Annual or Special Shareholders’ Meeting publicly available the next
working day. In addition, the Minutes of the Annual and Special Shareholders’ Meeting should be
available on the company website within five business days from the end of the meeting.

Explanation: Voting results include a breakdown of the approving and dissenting votes on the
matters raised during the Annual or Special Stockholders’ Meeting. When a substantial number
of votes have been cast against a proposal made by the company, it may make an analysis of the
reasons for the same and consider having a dialogue with its shareholders. The Minutes of
Meeting include the following matters: (1) A description of the voting and the vote tabulation
procedures used; (2) the opportunity given to shareholders to ask questions, as well as a record
of the questions and the answers received; (3) the matters discussed and the resolutions reached;
(4) a record of the voting results for each agenda item; (5) a list of the directors, officers and
shareholders who attended the meeting; and (6) dissenting opinion on any agenda item that is
considered significant in the discussion process.

Recommendation 13.4
The Board should make available, at the option of a shareholder, an alternative dispute
mechanism to resolve intra-corporate disputes in an amicable and effective manner. This should
be included in the company’s Manual on Corporate Governance.

Explanation: It is important for the shareholders to be well-informed of the company’s processes

and procedures when seeking to redress the violation of their rights. Putting in place proper
safeguards ensures suitable remedies for the infringement of shareholders’ rights and prevents
excessive litigation. The company may also consider adopting in its Manual on Corporate
Governance established Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) procedures.

Recommendation 13.5

The Board should establish an Investor Relations Office (IRO) to ensure constant engagement with
its shareholders. The IRO should be present at every shareholders’ meeting.

Explanation: Setting up an avenue to receive feedback, complaints and queries from shareholders
assure their active participation with regard to activities and policies of the company. The IRO has
a designated investor relations officer, email address and telephone number. Further, creating an
Investor Relations Program ensures that all information regarding the activities of the company
are properly and timely communicated to shareholders.

Respecting Rights of Stakeholders and Effective Redress for Violation of Stakeholder’s Rights

Principle
The rights of stakeholders established by law, by contractual relations and through voluntary
commitments must be respected. Where stakeholders’ rights and/or interests are at stake,
stakeholders should have the opportunity to obtain prompt effective redress for the violation of
their rights.

Recommendation 14.1

The Board should identify the company’s various stakeholders and promote cooperation between
them and the company in creating wealth, growth and sustainability.

Explanation: Stakeholders in corporate governance include, but are not limited to, customers,
employees, suppliers, shareholders, investors, creditors, the community the company operates
in, society, the government, regulators, competitors, external auditors, etc. In formulating the
company’s strategic and operational decisions affecting its wealth, growth and sustainability, due
consideration is given to those who have an interest in the company and are directly affected by
its operations.

Recommendation 14.2

The Board should establish clear policies and programs to provide a mechanism on the fair
treatment and protection of stakeholders.

Explanation: In instances when stakeholders’ interests are not legislated, companies’ voluntary
commitments ensure the protection of the stakeholders’ rights. The company’s Code of Conduct
ideally includes provisions on the company’s policies and procedures on dealing with various
stakeholders. The company’s stakeholders include its customers, resource providers, creditors
and the community in which it operates. Fair, professional and objective dealings as well as clear,
timely and regular communication with the various stakeholders ensure their fair treatment and
better protection of their rights.

Recommendation 14.3 The Board should adopt a transparent framework and process that allow
stakeholders to communicate with the company and to obtain redress for the violation of their
rights.

Explanation: The company’s stakeholders play a role in its growth and long-term viability. As such,
it is crucial for the company to maintain open and easy communication with its stakeholders. This
can be done through stakeholder engagement touchpoints in the company, such as the Investor
Relations Office, Office of the Corporate Secretary, Customer Relations Office, and Corporate
Communications Group.
Encouraging Employees’ Participation

Principle
A mechanism for employee participation should be developed to create a symbiotic environment,
realize the company’s goals and participate in its corporate governance processes.

Recommendation 15.1

The Board should establish policies, programs and procedures that encourage employees to
actively participate in the realization of the company’s goals and in its governance.

Explanation: The establishment of policies and programs covering, among others, the following:
(1) health, safety and welfare; (2) training and development; and (3) reward/compensation for
employees, encourages employees to perform better and motivates them to take a more dynamic
role in the corporation. Active participation is further fostered when the company recognizes the
firm-specific skills of its employees and their potential contribution in corporate governance. The
employees’ viewpoint in certain key decisions may also be considered in governance processes
through work councils or employee representation in the board.

Recommendation 15.2

The Board should set the tone and make a stand against corrupt practices by adopting an anti-
corruption policy and program in its Code of Conduct. Further, the Board should disseminate the
policy and program to employees across the organization through trainings to embed them in the
company’s culture.

Explanation: The adoption of an anti-corruption policy and program endeavors to mitigate corrupt
practices such as, but not limited to, bribery, fraud, extortion, collusion, conflict of interest and
money laundering. This encourages employees to report corrupt practices and outlines
procedures on how to combat, resist and stop these corrupt practices. Anticorruption programs
are more effective when the Board sets the tone and leads the company in their execution.

Recommendation 15.3
The Board should establish a suitable framework for whistleblowing that allows employees to
freely communicate their concerns about illegal or unethical practices, without fear of retaliation
and to have direct access to an independent member of the Board or a unit created to handle
whistleblowing concerns. The Board should be conscientious in establishing the framework, as
well as in supervising and ensuring its enforcement.

Explanation: A suitable whistleblowing framework sets up the procedures and safe-harbors for
complaints of employees, either personally or through their representative bodies, concerning
illegal and unethical behavior. One essential aspect of the framework is the inclusion of
safeguards to secure the confidentiality of the informer and to ensure protection from retaliation.
Further, part of the framework is granting individuals or representative bodies confidential direct
access to either an independent director or a unit designed to deal with whistleblowing concerns.
Companies may opt to establish an ombudsman to deal with complaints and/or established
confidential phone and e-mail facilities to receive allegations.

Encouraging Sustainability and Social Responsibility

Principle
The company should be socially responsible in all its dealings with the communities where it
operates. It should ensure that its interactions serve its environment and stakeholders in a
positive and progressive manner that is fully supportive of its comprehensive and balanced
development.

Recommendation 16.1

The company should recognize and place an importance on the interdependence between
business and society, and promote a mutually beneficial relationship that allows the company to
grow its business, while contributing to the advancement of the society where it operates.

Explanation: The company’s value chain consists of inputs to the production process, the
production process itself and the resulting output. Sustainable development means that the
company not only complies with existing regulations, but also voluntarily employs value chain
processes that takes into consideration economic, environmental, social and governance issues
and concerns. In considering sustainability concerns, the company plays an indispensable role
alongside the government and civil society in contributing solutions to complex global challenges
like poverty, inequality, unemployment and climate change.