Chapter 8 Motion

Topics and Sub Topics in Class 9 Science Chapter 8 Motion:

1. Motion
2. Describing Motion
3. Measuring the Rate of Motion
4. Rate of Change of Velocity
5. Graphical Representation of Motion
6. Equations of Motion by Graphical Method
7. Uniform Circular Motion

Science Chapter 8 Motion.

Chapter 9 Force and Laws of Motion
Topics and Sub Topics in Class 9 Science Chapter 9 Force and Laws of
Motion:

1. Force and Laws of Motion

2. Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
3. First Law of Motion
4. Inertia and Mass
5. Second Law of Motion
6. Third Law of Motion
7. Conservation of Momentum

These solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science. Here we have given
Class 9 NCERT Science Text book Solutions for Chapter 9 Force and Laws of Motion.

In-Text Questions Solved

NCERT Textbook for Class 9 Science – Page 118

Question 1. Which of the following has more inertia:
(a) a rubber ball and a stone of the same size?
(b) a bicycle and a train?
(c) a five-rupees coin and a one-rupee coin?
Answer:
(a) A stone of the same size
(b) a train
(c) a five-rupees coin
As the mass of an object is a measure of its inertia, objects with more mass have
more inertia.

Question 2. In the following example, try to identify the number of times the
velocity of the ball changes.
“A football player kicks a football to another player of his team who kicks
the football towards the goal The goalkeeper of the opposite team collects
the football and kicks it towards a player of his own team”.
Also identify the agent supplying the force in each case.
Answer:

The velocity of football changed four times.

Question 3. Explain why some of the leaves may get detached from a tree if
we vigorously shake its branch.
Answer: When the tree’s branch is shaken vigorously the branch attain motion but
the leaves stay at rest. Due to the inertia of rest, the leaves tend to remain in its
position and hence detaches from the tree to fall down.

Question 4. Why do you fall in the forward direction when a moving bus
brakes to a stop and fall backwards when it accelerates from rest?
Answer: When a moving bus brakes-to a stop: When the bus is moving, our body is
also in motion, but due to sudden brakes, the lower part of our body comes to rest as
soon as the bus stops. But the upper part of our body continues to be in motion and
hence we fall in forward direction due to inertia of motion.
When the bus accelerates from rest we fall backwards: When the bus’ is stationary
our body is at rest but when the bus accelerates, the lower part of our body being in
contact with the floor of the bus comes in motion, but the upper part of our body
remains at rest due to inertia of rest. Hence we fall in backward direction.

Class 9 Science NCERT Textbook – Page 126-127

Question 1. If action is always equal to the reaction, explain how a horse can
pud a cart?
Answer: The third law of motion states that action is always equal to the reaction but
they act on two different bodies.
In this case the horse exerts a force on the ground with its feet while walking, the
ground exerts an equal and opposite force on the feet of the horse, which enables the
horse to move forward and the cart is pulled by the horse.

Question 2. Explain, why is it difficult for a fireman to hold a hose, which

ejects a large amount of water at a high velocity.
Answer: The water that is ejected out from the hose in the forward direction comes
out with a large momentum and equal amount of momentum is developed in the hose
in the opposite direction and hence the hose is pushed backward. It becomes difficult
for a fireman to hold a hose which experiences this large momentum.

Question 3. From a rifle of mass 4 kg, a bullet of mass 50 g is fired with an

initial velocity of 35 m/s. Calculate the initial recoil velocity of the rifle.
Answer:
Question 4. Two objects of masses 100 g and 200 g are moving along the
same line and direction with velocities of 2 m/s and 1 m/s respectively.
They collide and after the collision the first object moves at a velocity of
1.67 m./s. Determine the velocity of the second object.
Answer:

Question 1. An object experiences a net zero external unbalanced force. Is it

possible for the object to be travelling with a non-zero velocity? If yes, state
the conditions that must be placed on the magnitude and direction of the
velocity. If no, provide a reason.
Answer: When an object experiences a net zero external unbalanced force, in
accordance with second law of motion its acceleration is zero. If the object was
initially in a state of motion, then in accordance with the first law of motion, the object
will continue to move in same direction with same speed. It means that the object
may be travelling with a non-zero velocity but the magnitude as well as direction of
velocity must remain unchanged or constant throughout.

Question 2. When a carpet is beaten with a stick, dust comes out of it.
Explain.
Answer: The carpet with dust is in state of rest. When it is beaten with a stick the
carpet is set in motion, but the dust particles remain at rest. Due to inertia of rest the
dust particles retain their position of rest and falls down due to gravity.

Question 3. Why is it advised to tie any luggage kept on the roof of a bus
with a rope?
Answer: In moving vehicle like bus, the motion is not uniform, the speed of vehicle
varies and it may apply brake suddenly or takes sudden turn. The luggage will resist
any change in its state of rest or motion, due to inertia and this luggage has the
tendency to fall sideways, forward or backward.
To avoid the fall of the luggage, it is tied with the rope.
Question 4. A batsman hits a cricket ball which then rolls on a level ground.
After covering a short distance, the ball comes to rest. The ball slows to a
stop because
(a) the batsman did not hit the ball hard enough.
(b) velocity is proportional to the force exerted on the ball.
(c) there is a force on the ball opposing the motion.
(d) there is no unbalanced force on the ball, so the ball would want to come
to rest.
Answer: (c) there is a force 6n the ball opposing the motion.

Question 5. A truck starts from rest and rolls down a hill with a constant
acceleration. It travels a distance of 400 m in 20 s. Find its acceleration.
Find the force acting on it if its mass is 7 tonnes (Hint : 1 tonne = 1000 kg).
Answer:

Question 6. A stone of lkg is thrown with a velocity of 20 ms~1 across the

frozen surface of a lake and comes to rest after travelling a distance of 50
m. What is the force of friction between the stone and the ice?
Answer:

Question 7. 40000 kg engine pulls a train of 5 wagons, each of 2000 kg,

along a horizontal track. If the engine exerts a force of 40000 N and the
track offers a friction force of 5000 N, then calculate:
Answer:

Question 8. An automobile vehicle has a mass of 1500 kg. What must be the
force between the vehicle and road if the vehicle is to be stopped with a
negative acceleration of 1.7 ms-2?
Answer:

Question 9.What is the momentum of an object of mass m, moving with a

velocity v?.
(a) (mv)2 (b) mv2 (c) 1/2 mv2 (d) mv
Answer: (d) mv
Question 10.Using a horizontal force of 200 N, we intend to move a wooden
cabinet across a floor at a constant velocity. What is the friction force that
will be exerted on the cabinet?
Answer:

As the wooden cabinet moves across the floor at a constant velocity and the force
applied is 200 N. Hence the frictional force that will be exerted on the cabinet will be
less than 200 N.

Question 11.Two objects each of mass 1.5 kg, are moving in the same
straight line but in opposite directions. The velocity of each object is 2.5 ms -
1
before the collision during which they stick together. What will be the
velocity of the combined object after collision?
Answer:

Question 12. According to the third law of motion when we push on an

object, the object pushes back on us with an equal and opposite force. If the
object is a massive truck parked along the roadside, it will probably not
move. A student justifies this by answering that the two opposite and equal
forces cancel each other. Comment on this logic and explain why the truck
does not move.
Answer: The mass of truck is too large and hence its inertia is too high. The small
force exerted on the truck cannot move it and the truck remains at rest. For the truck
to attain motion, an external large amount of unbalanced force need to be exerted on
it.

Question 13. A hockey ball of mass 200 g travelling at 10 ms-1 is struck by a

hockey stick so as to return it along its original path with a velocity at 5 ms -
1
. Calculate the change of momentum occurred in the motion of the hockey
ball by the force applied by the hockey stick.
Answer:

Question 14. A bullet of mass 10 p travelling horizontally with a velocity of

150 m-1 strikes a stationary wooden block and comes to rest in 0.03 s.
Calculate the distance of penetration of the bullet into the block. Also
calculate the magnitude of the force exerted by the wooden block on the
bullet.
Answer:
Question 15. An object of mass 1 kg travelling in a straight line with a
velocity of 10 ms-1 collides with, and sticks to, a stationary wooden block of
mass 5 kg. Then they both move off together in the same straight line.
Calculate the total momentum just before the impact and just after the
before the impact and just after the impact. Also, calculate the velocity of
the combined object.
Answer:

Question 16. An object of mass 100 kg is accelerated uniformly from a

velocity of 5 ms-1 to 8 ms-1 in 6 s. Calculate the initial and final momentum of
the object. Also, find the magnitude of the force exerted on the object.
Answer:

Question 17. Akhtar, Kiran and Rahul were riding in a motorcar that was
moving with a high velocity on an expressway when an insect hit the
windshield and got stuck on the windscreen. Akhtar and Kiran started
pondering over the situation. Kiran suggested that the insect suffered a
greater change in momentum as compared to the change in momentum of
the motorcar (because the change in the velocity of insect was much more
than that of the motorcar). Akhtar said that since the motorcar was moving
with a larger velocity, it exerted a larger force on the insect. And as a result
the insect died. Rahul while putting an entirely new explanation said that
both the motorcar and the insect experienced the same force and a change
in their momentum. Comment on these suggestions.
Answer: Rahul gave the correct reasoning and explanation that both the motorcar
and the insect experienced the same force and a change in their momentum. As per
the law of conservation of momentum.
When 2 bodies collide:
Initial momentum before collision = Final momentum after collision
m1 u1+ m2 u2 = m1 v1+ m2 v2
The equal force is exerted on both the bodies but, because the mass of insect is very
small it will suffer greater change in velocity.

Question 18. How much momentum will a dumb-bell of mass 10 kg transfer

to the floor if it falls from a height of 80 cm? Take its downward acceleration
to be 10 ms-2.
Answer:

Additional Exercises

Question 1. The following is the distance-time table on an object in motion:

(a) What conclusion can you draw about the acceleration? Is it constant,
increasing, decreasing, or zero?
(b) What do you infer about the forces acting on the object?
Answer: As per given table initial speed of the object is zero. Applying the relation

Question 2. Two persons manage to push a motorcar of mass 1200 kg at a

uniform velocity along a level road. The same motorcar can be pushed by
three persons to produce an acceleration of 0.2 ms-2. With what force does
each person push the motorcar? (Assume that all persons push the motorcar
with the same muscular effort.)
Answer: Let each person applies a force F on a motorcar of mass, m = 1200 kg.
When two persons push the car, they just manage to move it at a uniform velocity. It
means that their combined force 2F is just balanced by force of friction due to road
and car moves with a uniform velocity.
When three persons push the car, they apply a total force 3F on the car.
Now net unbalanced force’ on the car = force applied by three persons – frictional
force

Question 3. A hammer of mass 500 g, moving at 50 ms-1, strikes a nail. The

nail stops the hammer in a very short time of 0.01 s. What is the force of the
nail on the hammer?
Answer:

Question 4. A motorcar of mass 1200 kg is moving along a straight line with

a uniform velocity of 90 km/h. Its velocity is slowed down to 18 km/h in 4 s
by an unbalanced external force. Calculate the acceleration and change in
momentum. Also calculate the magnitude of the force required.
Answer:

-ve sign of acceleration, charge in momentum and force suggests that the force is
opposing the motion of motor car.

Question 5. A large truck and a car, both moving with a velocity of

magnitude v, have a head- on collision and both of them come to a halt after
that. If the collision lasts for 1 s:
(a) Which vehicle experiences the greater force of impact?
(b) Which vehicle experiences the greater change in momentum?
(c) Which vehicle experiences the greater acceleration?
(d) Why is the car likely to suffer more damage than the truck?
Answer:
(a) During head on collision forces applied by truck and car are action-reaction forces.
Hence both vehicles experience same (equal) force of impact.
(b) Here initial velocity of both car and truck is same equal to v and final velocity of
both is zero. But mass of truck is much more than that of car, hence change in
momentum of truck is more than change in momentum of car.
(c) For same force of impact, the acceleration of car will have greater magnitude
because its mass is less.
(d) Car suffers more damage than the truck, as acceleration of car is more, its velocity
falls to zero in a shorter time and consequently, its momentum changes in a shorter
time.

More Questions Solved

Science Chapter 9 Multiple Choice Questions

Choose the correct option:
1. The S.I. unit of force is
(a) kgm/s (b) kgm/s2
(c) Newton ( (d) Newton-meter
2. The product of mass and velocity gives a physical quantity
(a) force (b) inertia
(c) momentum (d) Newton
3. The rate of change of momentum of an object is proportional to
(a) mass of the body (b) velocity of the body
(c) net force applied on the body (d) none of these .
4. If two balls of different masses are dropped on sand, the depths of
penetration is same if:
(a) heavier ball is dropped faster than lighter ball
(b) lighter ball is dropped faster than heavier ball
(c) the product ‘mi/ is same for both bodies
(d) none of these
5. The coin remains at rest in the figure shown. This is due to

(a) inertia of rest

(b) two forces act on the coin which balance each other
(c) no unbalanced force acts on it
(d) all of these
6. A force of 50 N moves a body.
(a) Frictional force exerted on the body is less than 50 N
(b) Frictional force exerted on the body is more than 50 N
(c) None of these
(d) Both (a) and (b)
7. Fielder giving a swing while catching a ball is an example of
(a) inertia (b) momentum
(c) Newton’s II law of motion (d) Newton’s I law of motion
8. Action and reaction forces
(a) acts on same body (b) act on different bodies
(c) act in same direction (d) both (a) and (c)
9. When we stop pedaling the bicycle it stops because
(a) the earths gravitational force acts on it
(b) it is not accelerated
(c) no unbalanced force acts on it
(d) frictional force acts on it
10. A football and a stone has same mass
(a) both have same inertia (b) both have same momentum
(c) both have different inertia (d) both have different momentum
Answer. 1—(c), 2—(c), 3—(c), 4-(c), 5-(d), 6-(a), 7-(c), 8-(b), 9-(d), 10-(a).

Science Chapter 9 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Define force.
Answer: It is a push or pull on an object that produces acceleration in the body on
which it acts. 4

Question 2. What is S.I. unit of force?

Answer: S.I. unit of force is Newton.

Question 3. Define one Newton.

Answer: A force of one Newton produces an acceleration of 1 m/s 2 on an object of
mass 1 kg. .
1 N = 1 kg m/s2

Question 4. What is balanced force?

Answer: When forces acting on a body from the opposite direction do not change the
state of rest or of motion of an object, such forces are called balanced forces.

Question 5. What is frictional force?

Answer: The force that always opposes the motion of object is called force of friction.

Question 6. What is inertia?

Answer: The natural tendency of an object to resist a change in their state of rest or
of uniform motion is called inertia.

Question 7. State Newton’s first law of motion.

Answer: An object remains in a state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line
unless acted upon by an external unbalanced force.

Question 8. State Newton’s second law of motion.

Answer: The rate of change of momentum of an object is proportional to the applied
unbalanced force in the direction of the force.

Question 9. What is momentum?

Answer: The momentum of an object is the product of its mass and velocity and has
the same direction as that of the velocity. The S. I. unit is kg m/s. (p = mv)

Question 10. State Newton’s III law of motion.

Answer: To every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction and they act on two
different bodies.

Question 11. Which will have more inertia a body of mass 10 kg or a body of
mass 20 kg?
Answer: A body of mass 20 kg will have more inertia.
Question 12. Name the factor on which the inertia of the body depends.
Answer: Inertia of a body depends upon the mass of the body.

Question 13. Name two factors which determine the momentum of a body.
Answer: Two factors on which momentum of a body depend is mass and velocity.
Momentum is directly proportional to the mass and velocity of the body.

Question 14. What decides the rate of change of momentum of an object?

Answer: The rate of change of momentum of an object is proportional to the applied
unbalanced force in the direction of force.

Question 15. The diagram shows a moving truck. Forces A, B,

C and D are acting on the truck.
Name the type of forces acting on a truck.

Answer: The forces A, B, C and D acting on the truck are:

Science Chapter 9 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. State the difference in balanced and unbalanced force.
Answer:

Question 2. What change will force bring in a body?

Answer: Force can bring following changes in the body:

1. It can change the speed of a body.

2. It can change the direction of motion of a body,
3. It can change the shape of the body.

Question 3. When a motorcar makes a sharp turn at a high speed, we tend

to get thrown to one side. Explain why?
Answer: It is due to law of inertia. When we are sitting in car moving in straight line,
we tend to continue in our straight-line motion. But when an unbalanced force is
applied by the engine to change the direction of motion of the motorcar. We slip to
one side of the seat due to the inertia of our body.

Question 4. Explain why it is dangerous to jump out of a moving bus.

Answer: While moving in a bus our body is in motion. On jumping out of a moving
bus our feet touches the ground and come to rest. While the upper part of our body
stays in motion and moves forward due to inertia of motion and hence we can fall in
forward direction.
Hence, to avoid this we need to run forward in the direction of bus.

Question 5. Why do fielders pull their hand gradually with the moving ball
while holding a catch?
Answer: While catching a. fast moving cricket ball, a fielder on the ground gradually
pulls his hands backwards with the moving ball. This is done so that the fielder
increases the time during which the high velocity of the moving ball decreases to
zero. Thus, the acceleration of the ball is decreased and therefore the impact of
catching the fast moving ball is reduced.

Question 6. In a high jump athletic event, why are athletes made to fall
either on a cushioned bed or on a sand bed?
Answer: In a high jump athletic event, athletes are made to fall either on a cushioned
bed or on a sand bed so as to increase the time of the athlete’s fall to stop after
making the jump. This decreases the rate of change of momentum and hence the
force.

Question 7. How does a karate player breaks a slab of ice with a single
blow?
Answer: A karate player applied the blow with large velocity in a very short interval
of time on the ice slab which therefore exerts large amount of force on it and
suddenly breaks the ice slab.

Question 8. What is law of conservation of momentum?

Answer: Momentum of two bodies before collision is equal to the momentum after
collision.
In an isolated system, the total momentum remain conserved.

Question 9. Why are roads on mountains inclined inwards at turns?

Answer: A vehicle moving on mountains is in the inertia of motion. At a sudden turn
there is a tendency of vehicle to fall off the road due to sudden change in the line of
motion hence the roads are inclined inwards so that the vehicle does not fall down the
mountain.

Question 10. For an athletic races why do athletes have a special posture
with their right foot resting on a solid supporter?
Answer: Athletes have to run the heats and they rest their foot on a solid supports
before start so that during the start of the race the athlete pushes the support with lot
of force and this support gives him equal and opposite push to start the race and get
a good start to compete for the race.
Question 11.Why do you think it is necessary to fasten your seat belts while
travelling in your vehicle?
Or
How are safety belts helpful in preventing any accidents?
Answer: While we are travelling in a moving car, our body remains in the state of rest
with respect to the seat. But when driver applies sudden breaks or stops the car our
body tends to continue in the same state of motion because of its inertia. Therefore,
this sudden break may cause injury to us by impact or collision. Hence, safety belt
exerts a force on our body to make the forward motion slower.

Question 12. Explain how momentum gets conserved in collision of two

bodies.
Answer: Consider two bodies i.e., balls A and B, the mass and initial velocities are
mAuA and mBuB respectively before collision. The two bodies collide and force is exerted
by each body. There is change in their velocities due to collision.

∴ The total momentum of the two balls remains unchanged or conserved provided no
other external force acts.

Question 13. When you kick a football it flies away but when you kick a
stone you get huh why?
Answer: This is because stone is heavier than football and heavier objects offer
larger inertia.
When we kick a football its mass is less and inertia is also less so force applied by our
kick acts on it and hence it shows larger displacement but in case of stone, it has
larger mass and offers larger inertia. When we kick (action) the stone it exerts an
equal and opposite force (reaction) and hence it hurts the foot.
Question 14. If a person jumps from a height on a concrete surface he gets
hurt. Explain.
Answer: When a person jumps from a height he is in state of inertia of motion. When
he suddenly touches the ground he comes to rest in a very short time and hence the
force exerted by the hard concrete surface on his body is very high, and the person
gets hurt.

Question 15. What is the relation between Newton’s three laws of motion?
Answer: Newton’s first law explains about the unbalanced force required to bring
change in the position of the body.
Second law states/explains about the amount of force required to produce a given
acceleration.
And Newton’s third law explains how these forces acting on a body are interrelated.

Question 16. Give any three examples in daily life which are based on
Newton’s third law of motion.
Answer: Three examples based on Newton’s third law are :

1. Swimming: We push the water backward to move forward.

action – water is pushed behind
reaction – water pushes the swimmer ahead
2. Firing gun: A bullet fired from a gun and the gun recoils.
action – gun exerts force on the bullet
reaction – bullet exerts an equal and opposite force on the gun
3. Launching of rocket
action – hot gases from the rocket are released reaction – the gases exert upward
push to the rocket

Question 17. A bullet of m.ass 20 g is horizontally fired with a velocity 150

m/s from a pistol of mass 2 kg. What is the
recoil velocity of the pistol?
Answer:

Question 18. Negative sign indicates that the direction in which the pistol
would recoil is opposite to that of bullet.

Two bodies as shown in the figure collide with each other and join
thereafter. With what velocity will they move after combining together?
Answer:

Chapter 9 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Explain Newton’s second law of motion and with the help of an
example show how it is used in sports.
Answer: Newton’s second law of motion: The rate of change of momentum of an
object is proportional to the applied unbalanced force in the direction of the force.
Let us assume:
Object of mass m, is moving along a straight line with an initial velocity ‘u’, It is
uniformly accelerated to velocity v in time ‘t by the application of force,
In cricket field, the fielder gradually pulls his hands backward while catching a ball.
The fielder catches the ball and gives swing to his hand to increase the time during
which the high velocity of the moving ball decreases to zero.
The acceleration of the ball is decreased and therefore the impact of catching the fast
moving ball4s reduced.
If not done so, then the fast moving ball will exert large force and may hurt the fielder.

Question 2. State all 3 Newton’s law of motion. Explain inertia and

momentum.
Answer:
Newton’s I law of motion: An object remains in a state of rest or of uniform motion
in a straight line unless acted upon by an external unbalanced force.
Newton’s II law of motion: The rate of change of momentum of an object is
proportional to the applied unbalanced force in the direction of the-force.
Newton’s III law of motion: To every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
and they act on two different bodies.
Inertia: The natural tendency of an object to resist a change in their state of rest or
of uniform motion is called inertia.
Momentum: The momentum of an object is the product of its mass and velocity and
has the same direction as that of the velocity. Its S.I. unit is kgm/s. p = m x v

Question 3. Define force. Give its unit and define it. What are different
types forces?
Answer: Force: It is a push or pull on an object that produces acceleration in the
body on which it acts.
A force can do 3 things on a body
(a) It can change the speed of a body.
(b) It can change the direction of motion of a body.
(c) It can change the shape of the body.
The S.I. unit of force is Newton.
Newton: A force of one Newton produces an acceleration of 1 m/s 2 on an object of
mass 1 kg.
1N = 1kg m/s2
Types of forces:

1. Balanced force: When the forces acting on a body from the opposite direction do
not change the state of rest or of motion of an object, such forces are called
balanced forces.
2. Unbalanced force: When two opposite forces acting on a body move a body in
the direction of the greater force or change the state of rest, such forces are
called as unbalanced force.
3. Frictional force: The force that always opposes the motion of object is called
force of friction.

Question 4. What is inertia? Explain different types of inertia. Give 3

examples in daily life which shows inertia.
Answer:
Inertia: The natural tendency of an object to resist change in their state of rest or of
motion is called inertia.
The mass of an object is a measure of its inertia. Its S.I. unit is kg.
Types of inertia:
Inertia of rest: The object at rest will continue to remain at rest unless acted upon
by an external unbalanced force.
Inertia of motion: The object in the state of uniform motion will continue to remain
in motion with same speed and direction unless it is acted upon by an external
unbalanced force. .
Three examples of inertia in daily life are:

1. When we are travelling in a vehicle and sudden brakes are .applied we tend to fall
forward.
2. When we shake the branch of a tree vigorously, leaves fall down.
3. If we want to remove the dust from carpet we beat the carpet so that dust fall
down.

Chapter 9 Activity-Based Questions

Question 1.

 Make a pile of similar carom coins on a table, as shown in the figure.

 Attempt a sharp horizontal hit at the bottom of the pile using another
carom coin or striker. If the hit is strong enough the bottom coin moves
out quickly. Once the lowest coin is removed, the inertia of the other
coins makes them ‘fall’ vertically on the table.
 Inertia: It is the tendency of a body to maintain its state of rest or of motion.

Question 2.

 Set a five-rupees coin on a stiff card covering an empty glass tumbler

standing on a table as shown in the figure.
 Give the card a sharp horizontal flick with a finger. If we do it fast then
the card shoots away, allowing the coin to fall vertically into the glass
tumbler due to its inertia.


Answer: The force applied on the card due to flicking changes the inertia of the card
but the coin resist a change and stay at the rest i.e. inertia of rest and due to gravity
falls down in the tumbler.

Question 3.

 Place a water-filled tumbler on a tray.

 Hold the tray and turn around as fast as you can.
 We observe that the water spills. Why?

Answer: The water-filled in tumbler and tray are at rest. On moving/turning around
the tray at faster speed the water spills because the tray and the tumbler comes into
motion while the water in the tumbler remain at inertia of rest.

Question 4.
  Request two children to stand on two separate carts as shown on the
next page.
 Give them a bag full of sand or some other heavy object. Ask them to
play a game of catch with the bag.
 Does each of them receive an instantaneous reaction as a result of
throwing the sand bag (action)?
 You can paint a white line on cartwheels to observe the motion of the
two carts when the children throw the bag towards each other.

Answer. Yes, in this case each of them receives an instantaneous reaction as a result
of throwing the sand bag.
This activity explain Newton’s III law of motion i.e., the force is exerted forward in
throwing the bag full of sand and the person who is throwing it gets pushed backward.

Question 5.

 Take a big rubber balloon and inflate it fully. Tie its neck using a thread.
Also using adhesive tape, fix a straw on the surface of this balloon.
 Pass a thread through the straw and hold one end of the thread in your
hand or fix it on the wall.
 Ask your friend to hold the other end of the thread or fix it on a wall at
some distance. The arrangement is shown in the figure below.
 Now remove the thread tied on the neck of balloon. Let the air escape
from the mouth of the balloon.
  Observe the direction in which the straw moves.

Observation:
When the air escapes out from the balloon the straw moves in the opposite
direction of the air moved out of the balloon.
This activity explains the law of conservation of momentum and Newton’s III law
of motion.
Initial momentum = Final momentum

Question 6.

 Take a test tube of good quality glass material and put a small amount
of water in it. Place a stop cork at the mouth of it.
 Now suspend the test tube horizontally by two strings or wires as shown
in the figure on next page.
 Heat the test tube with a burner until water vaporises and the cork
blows out.
 Observe that the test tube recoils in the direction opposite to the
direction of the cork.

Observation:
The cork is pushed out in forward direction by the hot steam. The test tube is
pushed in the backward direction.
It explain Newton’s III law of motion and conservation of momentum.

Chapter 9 Value-Based Questions

Question 1. Class V students were playing cricket with the cork hall in the
school campus. Charu a senior student told them about the accidents that
can occur due to cork ball in the campus and also advised them to bring soft
cosco ball to play the game.
(a) Why it was safe to play with soft ball and not with hard cork ball?
(b) A player pulls his hands backwards after holding the ball shot at high
speed. Why?
(c) What value of Charu is seen in this act?
Answer:
(a) The soft ball will have less inertia as compared to the heavy ball and it would not
hurt the players.
(b) By pulling the hand backwards it reduces the force exerted by the ball on hands.
(c) Charu showed the value of being responsible and helpful by nature.

Question 2. Saksham saw his karate expert friend breaking a slate. He tried
to break the slate but Saksham’s friend stopped him from doing so and told
him that it would hurt, one needs lot of practice in doing so.
(a) How can a karate expert break the slate without any injury to his hand?
(b) What is Newton’s third law of motion?
(c) What value of Saksham’s friend, is seen in the above case?
Answer:
(a) A karate player applies the blow with large velocity in a very short interval of time
on the slate, therefore large force is exerted on the slate and it breaks.
(b) To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction, both act on different
bodies.
Saksham’s friend showed the value of being responsible and caring friend.

Chapter 10 Gravitation
Topics and Sub Topics in Class 9 Science Chapter 10 Gravitation:

1. Gravitation
2. Gravitation
3. Free Fall
4. Mass
5. Weight
6. Thrust and Pressure
7. Archimedes’ Principle
8. Relative Density

Chapter 10 Gravitation.

In – Text Questions Solved

NCERT Textbook for Class 9 Science – Page 141

Questin 1. Why is it difficult to hold a school bag having a strap made of a
thin and strong string?
Answer: The force exerted by a thin and strong string is distributed to very less area
and hence the force applied due to the bag is more, the pressure exerted on the body
by thin straps will be more and hence will be more painful.
As pressure is inversely proportional to area, if the area is reduced pressure

Questin 2. What do you mean by buoyancy?

Answer: The upward force exerted by any fluid (liquid, gas) on an object is known as
upthrust or buoyancy.

Questin 3. Why does an object float or sink when placed on the surface of
water?
Answer: The density of the objects and water decides the floating or sinking of the
object in water.
The density of water is 1 gm/cm3.

 If the density of an object is less than the density of water then the object
will float.
 If the density of an object is more than the density of water then the object
will sink.

Class 9 Science NCERT Textbook – Page 142

Questin 1. You find your mass to be 42 kg on a weighing machine. Is your
mass more or less than 42 kg?
Answer: The weighing machine actually measures the weight of the body as the
acceleration due to gravity ‘g’ is acting on the body. Hence the mass reading of 42 kg
given by a weighing machine is same as the actual mass of the body. As mass is the
quantity of inertia, it remains the same.

Questin 2. You have a bag of cotton and an iron bar, each indicating a mass
of 100 kg when measured on a weighing machine. In reality, one is heavier
than other. Can you say which one is heavier and why?
Answer: The heaviness of the bag can be given by density

Mass of both cotton bag and iron bag is same. But the volume of cotton bag is more
than the iron bag.
Hence density is inversely proportional to volume. The bag of iron will be heavier.

Questions From NCERT Textbook for Class 9 Science

Question 19. In what direction does the buoyant force on an object

immersed in a liquid act?
Answer: The buoyant force on an object immersed in a liquid acts upwards, i.e.
opposite to the direction of the force exerted by the object.

Question 20. Why does a block of plastic released under water come up to
the surface of water?
Answer. The floating or sinking of a body in the water is decided by the density of
both the body and water’s buoyant force acting on the body by the liquid.
The density of plastic is less than the water and the buoyant force exerted by water
on the plastiq block is greater than the force exerted by plastic on the water.
Questin 21. The volume of 50 g of a substance is 20 cm3. If the density of
water is 1 gem 3, will the substance float or sink?
Answer.

As the density of a given substance is more than the density of water. The substance
will sink in water.

Question 22. The volume of a 500 g sealed packet is 350 cm3. Will the
packet float or sink in water if the density of water is lg cmr3? What will be
the mass of the water displaced by this packet?
Answer:

Choose the correct option:

1. The device used to measure the purity of milk is

(a) hydrometer (b) lactometer
(d) hygrometer (d) maltometer
2. The cork floats while the nail sinks in the water, this is due to
(a) density of cork is more than nail
(b) density of nail is more than cork.
(c) density of cork is less than the density of water.
(d) density of iron is less than the density of water.
3. The relative density of silver is 10.8 and the density of water is
1o3 kg/m2. The density of silver is
(a) 1.8 x 1o4 N/m3 (b) 10.8 x 1o3 N/m3
(c) 1.8 x 1o4 kg/m3 (d) 10.8 x 1o4 kg/m3
 4. Buoyant force exerted by different fluids on a given body is
(a) same (b) different
(c) zero (d) negligible
5. Liquid A is denser than liquid B, a body of wood is dipped in both the
liquids? The buoyant force experienced by the body in
(a) liquid A is more (b) liquid B is more
(c) liquid A is less (d) none of the above
Answer. 1 -(b), 2—(c), 3—(b), 4-(b), 5—(a).

Chapter 10 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. What is the S.I. unit of thrust?
Answer: Newton.

Question 2. What is the S.I. unit of pressure?

Answer: The S.I. unit of pressure = N/m2 = Pascal.

Question 3. Define thrust.

Answer: The net force exerted by a body in a particular direction is called thrust.

Question 4. Define pressure.

Answer: The force exerted per unit area is called pressure.

Question 5. Why is it easier to swim in sea water than in river water?

Answer: The density of sea water is more due to dissolved salts in it as compared to
the density of river water. Hence the buoyant force exerted on the swimmer by the
sea water is more which helps in floating and makes swimming easier.

Question 6. Why a truck or a motorbike has much wider tyres?

Answer: The pressure exerted by it can be distributed to more area, and avoid the
wear and tear of tyres.

Question 7. Why are knives sharp?

As pressure ∝ 1/Area hence the pressure or force exerted on a body increases.

Answer: To increase the pressure, area is reduced,

Question 8. Why is the wall of dam reservoir thicker at the bottom?

Answer: The pressure of water in dams at the bottom is more, to withstand this
pressure the dams have wider walls.

Question 9. Why do nails have pointed tips?

Answer: The force exerted when acts on a smaller area, it exerts larger pressure. So
the nails have pointed tips.

Question 10. While swimming why do we feel light?

Answer: The swimmer is exerted by an upward force by water, this phenomenon is
called buoyancy and it makes the swimmer feel light.

Question 11. Define density and give its unit.

Answer: The density of a substance is defined as mass per unit volume. Its unit is
kg/m3.
Question 12. What is relative density?
Answer: The relative density of a substance is the ratio-of its density to that of water.

Science Chapter 10 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. A ship made of iron does not sink but the iron rod sinks in
water, why?
Answer: The iron rod sinks due to high density and less buoyant force exerted by the
water on it, but in case of ship the surface area is increased, the upthrust experienced
by the body is more. So it floats on water

Question 2. Camels can walk easily on desert sand but we are not
comfortable walking on the sand. State reason.
Answer: Camels feet are broad and the larger area of the feet reduces the force/
pressure exerted by the body on the sand. But when we have to walk on the same
sand, we sink because the pressure exerted by our body is not distributed but is
directional.

Question 3. What is lactometer and hydrometer?

Answer: Lactometer is a device used to find the purity of a given sample of milk.
Hydrometer is a device used to find the density of liquids.

Question 4. The relative density of silver is 10.8. What does this mean?
Answer: It means that the density of silver is 10.8 times more than that of water. T

Question 5. he relative density of gold is 19.3. The density of water is

103 kg/m3? What is the density of gold in S.I. unit?
Answer:

Question 6. State Archimedes’ principle.

Answer: Archimedes’ principle—When a body is immersed fully or partially in a fluid,
it experiences an upward force that is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by it.
It is used in designing of ships and submarines.

Question 7. Two cork pieces of same size and mass are dipped in two
beakers containing water and oil. One cork
floats on water but another sink in oil. Why?
Answer: The cork floats on water because the density of cork is less than the density
of water, and another cork sinks in the oil because the density of cork is more than
the oil.
Question 8. What are fluids? Why is Archimedes’ principle applicable only
for fluids? Give the application of Archimedes’ principle.
Answer: Fluids are the substances which can flow e.g., gases and liquids are fluids.
Archimedes’ principle is based on the upward force exerted by fluids on any object
immersed in the fluid.
Hence it is applicable only for fluids.
Applications of Archimedes’ principle:

1. It is used in designing of ship and submarine.

2. It is used in designing lactometer, used to determine the purity of milk,
3. To make hydrometers, used to determine the density of liquids.

Science Chapter 10 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1. With the help of an activity prove that the force acting on a
smaller area exerts a larger pressure?
Answer: Consider a block of wood kept on a table top. The mass of the wooden block
is 5 kg. Its dimension is 40 cm x 20 cm x 10 cm.
Now, we have to find the pressure exerted by the wooden block on the table top by
keeping it vertically and horizontally.

∴ The pressure exerted by the box in case (a) is more as compared to the pressure
exerted in case (b).

This shows that pressure ∝ 1/area.

The area is reduced and the pressure exerted is more.
Pressure will be larger if the area is reduced.
Application:

 Nails have pointed tips.

 Knives have sharp edges.
 Needles have pointed tips.

Science Chapter 10 Activity -Based Questions

Question 1.

 Take an empty plastic bottle. Close the mouth of the bottle with an
airtight stopper. Put it in a bucket filled with water. You see that the
bottle floats.
 Push the bottle into the water. You feel an upward push. Try to push it
further down. You will find it difficult to push deeper and deeper. This
indicates that water exerts a force on the bottle in the upward direction.
The upward force exerted by the water goes on increasing as the bottle
is pushed deeper till it is completely immersed.
 Now, release the bottle. It bounces back to the surface.
 Does the force due to the gravitational attraction of the earth act on this
bottle? If so, why doesn’t the bottle stay immersed in water after it is
released? How can you immerse the bottle in water?

Answer: Yes, the bottle is attracted downwards by the earth’s gravitational force. On
pushing the bottle with force in the water it does not remain there but comes up
because of’the upward force exerted by water on the bottle. This upward force is
called upthrust or buoyant force. When the upward force or buoyant force is greater
than the downward force ‘g’ the bottle will float. But if downward force is greater than
upward force, the bottle will sink. The upward force (buoyant force) acting on the
bottle can be reduced by increasing the force on the bottle or by filling the bottle with
sand, water etc.

Question 2.

 Take a beaker filled with water.

 Take an iron nail and place it on the surface of the water.
 Observe what happens.
Answer: The iron nail sinks as the density of nail is more and the downward force
exerted on nail is more than the buoyant force.

Question 3.

 Take a beaker filled with water.

 Take a piece of cork and an iron nail of equal mass.
 Place them on the surface of water.
 Observe what happens.

Answer: The iron nail sinks as.the density of nail is more and the downward force
exerted on nail is more than the buoyant force. The cost floats as the density of cost is
less and the buoyant force exerted on it is more than the downward force.

Question 4.

 Take a piece of stone and tie it to one end of a rubber string or a spring
balance.
 Suspend the stone by holding the balance or the string as shown in the
figure (a).

 Note the elongation of the string or the reading on the spring balance due to the
weight of the stone.
 Now, slowly dip the stone in the water in a container as shown in Fig. (b).
 Observe what happens to the elongation of the string or the reading on the
balance.
Observations :
 In Fig. (a) the elongation of the string is 6 cm.
 In Fig. (b) when the stone is dipped in water the length of string reduced to 5 cm.
 The length of the string in case (b) decreases due to the upward force exerted by
water on the stone called as buoyant force.
Science Chapter 10 Value-Based Questions
Question 1. A milkman sold his milk in the city and always carried
lactometer with him. The customers trusted him and his business flourished.
(a) What is lactometer?
(b) What is the principle of working of lactometer?
(c) What value of milkman is seen in this case?
Answer.
(a) Lactometer is a device that measures the purity of milk.
(b) The principle of lactometer is ‘Archimedes’ principle’. It states that when a body is
immersed fully or partially in a fluid, it experiences an upward force that is equal to
the weight of the fluid displaced by it.
(c) Milkman is very honest and trustworthy.

Question 2. Reeta was wearing a high heel shoe for a beach party, her friend
told her to wear flat shoes as she will be tired soon with high heels and will
not feel comfortable,
(a) Why would one feel tired with high heel shoes on beach?
(b) Give the unit of pressure.
(c) What value of Reeta’s friend is seen in the above act?
Answer:
(a) The high heel shoes would exert lot of pressure on the loose sand of beach and will
sink more in the soil as compared to flat shoes. Hence large amount of force will be
required to walk with heels.
(b) Unit of pressure is Pascal.
(c) Reeta’s friend showed the value of being helpful, concerned and intelligent.

Question 3. In the school fair, there was a game in which one need to find
the heaviest ball without holding them in hand. Three balls were given and
few disposable glasses were kept. Tarun saw his friend struggling to win the
game but he was unable to find the heaviest ball. Tarun helped him by
dipping the three balls one by one in the glass’es full of water upto the brim
and finally they won the game.
(a) Why did Tarun told his friend to dip the balls one by one in completely
filled glass of water?
(b) Name the principle used here.
(c) What value of Tarun is reflected in this case?
Answer:
(d) Tarun wanted to measure the amount of water displaced by each ball when dipped
in water.
(b) The principle used is ‘Archimedes’ principle’.
(c) Tarun showed the value of being helpful, kind and intelligent.

Chapter 1 matter in our Surroundings.

IN-TEXT QUESTIONS SOLVED

NCERT Textbook for Class 9 Science – Page 3

Question 1. Which of the following are matter?
Chair, air, love, smell, hate, almonds, thought, cold, cold-drink, smell of
perfume.
Answer: Chair, air, almonds, and cold-drink.
Question 2. Give reasons for the following observation:
The smell of hot sizzling food reaches you several meters away, but to get
the smell from cold food you have to go close.
Answer: The smell of hot sizzling food reaches severed meters away, as the particles
of hot food have more kinetic energy and hence the rate of diffusion is more than the
particles of cold food.

Question 3. A diver is able to cut through water in a swimming pool. Which

property of matter does this observation show?
Answer: A diver is able to cut through water in a swimming pool. This shows that the
particles of water have intermolecular space and has less force of attraction.

Question 4. What are the characteristics of the particles of matter?

Answer. The characteristics of the particles of matter are:
(1) Particles have intermolecular space.
(2) Particles have intermolecular force.
(3) Particles of matter are moving continuously.

Class 9 Science NCERT Textbook – Page 6

Question 1. The mass per unit volume of a substance is called density.
(density = mass/volume).
Arrange the following in order of increasing density: air, exhaust from
chimneys, honey, water, chalk, cotton and iron.
Answer: Increasing density:
air < exhaust from chimneys < cotton < water < honey < chalk < iron.

Question 2. (a) Tabulate the differences in the characteristics of states of

matter.
(b) Comment upon the following: rigidity, compressibility, fluidity, filling a
gas container, shape, kinetic energy and density.
Answer: (a) Difference in the characteristics of 3 states of matter.

(b) Comment on:

(i) Rigidity: The tendency of a substance to retain/maintain their shape when
subjected to outside force.
(ii) Compressibility: The matter has intermolecular space. The external force
applied on the matter can bring these particles closer. This property is called
compressibility. Gases and liquids are compressible.
(iii) Fluidity: The tendency of particles to flow is called fluidity. Liquids and gases
flow.
(iv) Filling of a gas container: Gases have particles which vibrate randomly in all
the directions. The gas can fill the container.
(v) Shape: Solids have maximum intermolecular force and definite shape.
Whereas liquids and gases takes the shape of container.
(vi) Kinetic energy: The energy possessed by particles due to their motion is called
kinetic energy. Molecules of gases vibrate randomly as they have maximum kinetic
energy.
(vii) Density: It is defined as mass per unit volume, the solids have highest density.

Question 3. Give reasons

(a) A gas fills completely the vessel in which it is kept.
(b) A gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container.
(c) A wooden table should be called a solid.
(d) We can easily move our hand in air but to do the same through a solid
block of wood we need a karate expert.
Answer: (a) The molecules of gas have high kinetic energy due to which they keep
moving in all directions and hence fill the vessel completely in which they are kept.
(b) A gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container because the molecules of the
gas are in constant random motion due to high kinetic energy. These molecules
constantly vibrate, move and hit the walls of the container thereby exerting pressure
on it.
(c) The molecules/particles of wooden table are tightly packed with each
other, there is no intermolecular space, it cannot be compressed, it cannot flow, all
these characteristics are of solid. So wooden table should be called a solid. ‘
(d) We can easily move our hand in air but to do the same through a solid block of
wood we need a karate expert. It is because the molecules of air has less force of
attraction between them and a very small external force can separate them and pass
through it. But in case of solids, the molecules have maximum force of attraction, the
particles are tightly bound due to this force. Hence large amount of external force is
required to pass through solid.

Question 4. Liquids generally have lower density as compared to solids. But

you must have observed that ice floats on water. Find out why.
Answer: Ice is a solid but its density is lower than water due to its structure. The
molecules in ice make a cage like structure with lot of vacant spaces, this makes ice
float on water.

Class 9 Science NCERT Textbook – Page 9

Question 1. Convert the following temperature to Celsius scale:
(a) 300 K (b) 573 K
Answer. (a) 300 – 273 = 27°C (b) 573 – 273 = 300°C

Question.2. What is the physical state of water at:

(a) 250°C (b) 100°C
Answer: (a) 250°C = gas (b) 100°C liquid as well as gas

Question 3. For any substance, why does the temperature remain constant
during the change of state?
Answer: During the change of state of any matter heat is supplied to the substance.
The molecules of this matter use heat to overcome the force of attraction between the
particles, at this period of time, temperature remains constant. This extra heat is
acquired by the molecules in the form of hidden heat called latent heat to change
from one state of matter to the other state.
Question 4. Suggest a method to liquefy atmospheric gases?
Answer: The atmospheric gases are taken in a cylinder with piston fitted on it. By
cooling and applying pressure on them, the gases can be liquefied.

NCERT Textbook Questions – Page 10

Question 1. Why does a desert cooler cool better on a hot dry day?
Answer: The outer walls of the cooler get sprinkled by water constantly. This water
evaporates due to hot dry weather. Evaporation causes cooling of inside air of cooler.
This cool air is sent in the room by the fan.

Question 2. How does the water kept in an earthen pot (matka) become cool
during summer?
Answer: The earthen pot is porous with lot of pores on it, the water oozes out
through these pores and the water gets evaporated at the surface of the pot thereby
causing cooling effect. This makes the pot cold and the water inside the pot cools by
this process.

Question 3. Why does our palm feel cold when we put some acetone or
petrol or perfume on it?
Answer: Acetone, petrol or perfume evaporate when they come into contact with air.
The evaporation causes cooling sensation in our hands.

Question 4. Why are we able to sip hot tea or milk faster from a saucer
rather than a cup?
Answer: Tea in a saucer has larger surface area than in a cup. The rate of
evaporation is faster with increased surface area. The cooling of tea in saucer takes
place sooner than in a cup. Hence we are able to sip hot tea or milk faster from a
saucer rather than a cup.

Question 5. What type of clothes should we wear in summer?

Answe: We should wear light coloured cotton clothes in summer. Light colour
because it reflects heat. Cotton clothes because it has pores in it, which absorbs
sweat and allows the sweat to evaporate faster thereby giving cooling effect.
 Questions Textbook for Class 9 Science
Question 1. Convert the following temperatures to the Celsius scale.
(a) 293 K (b) 470 K.
Answer: (a) 293 K into °C
293 – 273 = 20°C
(b) 470 K into °C 470 – 273 = 197°C

Question 2. Convert the following temperatures to the Kelvin scale.

(a) 25°C (b) 373°C.
Answer: (a) 25°C into K
25 + 273 = 298 K
(b) 373°C into K 4 373 + 273 = 646 K

Question 3. Give reason for the following observations.

(a) Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any solid.
(b) We can get the smell of perfume sitting several metres away.
Answer: (a) Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any solid, because
naphthalene balls sublime and directly changes into vapour state without leaving any
solid.
(b) We can get the smell of perfume sitting several metres away because perfume
contain volatile solvent and diffuse faster and can reach people sitting several metres
away.

Question 4. Arrange the following substances in increasing order of forces

of attraction between the particles—water, sugar, oxygen.
Answer: Oxygen —> water —> sugar.

Question 5. What is the physical state of water at—

(a) 25°C (bj 0°C (cj 100°C
Answer: (a) 25°C is liquid (b) 0°C is solid or liquid
(c) 100°C is liquid and gas

Question 6. Give two reasons to justify

(a) water at room temperature is a liquid.
(b) an iron almirah is a solid at room temperature.
Answer: (a) Water at room temperature is a liquid because its freezing point is 0°C
and boiling point is 100°C.
(b) An iron almirah is a solid at room temperature because melting point of iron is
higher than room temperature.

Question 7. Why is ice at 273 K more effective in cooling than water at the
same temperature?
Answer: Ice at 273 K will absorb heat energy or latent heat from the medium to
overcome the fusion to become water. Hence the cooling effect of ice is more than the
water at same temperature because water does not absorb this extra heat from the
medium.

Question 8. What produces more severe bums, boiling water or steam?

Answer: Steam at 100°C will produce more severe bums as extra heat is hidden in it
called latent heat whereas the boiling water does not have this hidden heat.
Question 9. Name A, B, C, D, E and F in the following diagram showing
change in its state

Answer: A —> Liquefication/melting/fusion B —> Vapourisation/evaporation C—

>Condensation D—> Solidification E —> Sublimation F —> Sublimation

I. Multiple Choice Questions in Class 9 Science Chapter 1 Matter in Our

Surroundings
Choose the correct option:
1. Evaporation of a liquid occurs at
(a) boiling point
(b) a fixed temperature
(c) temperature lower than boiling point
(d) all temperatures
2. The conversion of gas into liquid is called
(a) freezing (b) condensation
(c) sublimation (d) fusion
3. The fusion is the process in which
(a) liquid changes into solid (b) solid changes into liquid
(c) solid changes into gas (d) gas changes into solid
4. The ice floats on water because
(a) its density is more than water (b) its density is less than water
(c) it has less intermolecular space (d) none of the above
5. Ice at 0°C is more effective in cooling than water at the same temperature
because
(a) it holds latent heat
(b) the molecules use the heat to overcome the force of attraction
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) none of the above
6. The density of water is maximum at
(a) 0°C (b) 100°C
(c) 4°C (d) 273 K
7. Solids and gases mix/dissolve in water
(a) because water is a good solvent
(b) because water has intermolecular space
(c) diffusion is faster in water
(d) all of the above
8. Choose the correct statement from the following:
(a) the volume of gas ” expands on heating
(b) two gases cannot diffuse into each other
(c) gas is converted into solid, it is called condensation
(d) gases cannot diffuse in solids
9. As the pressure of air decreases, the boiling point of the liquid
(a) decreases (b) increases
(c) does not changes (d) none of these
10. Which among the following can exist in vapour state?
(a) oxygen (b) hydrogen
(c) carbon dioxide (d) water
11. At normal pressure (1 atmospheric pressure) the boiling point of water
is
(a) 98°C (b) 100°C
(c) 110°C (d) 90°C
12. The pressure of air is measured in atmosphere and pascal. 1
atmospheric pressure is equal to
(a) 1.0 1 32 5 x 105 Pa (b) 1.01325 x 104 Pa
(c) 10.1325 x 105 Pa (d) 10.1325 x 106 Pa
13. Cooking of rice at higher altitudes is difficult because
(a) water boils at 100°C (b) water boils at <100°C
(c) boiling point of water is constant (d) none of the above
Answer: 1—(c), 2—(b), 3—(b), 4—(b), 5—(e), 6—(c), 7—(d), 8—(a), 9—(a), 10—(rf), 11
~(b), 12—(a), 13-(b).

Science Chapter 1 VSAQ

Question 1. Define matter.
Answer: Anything that occupies space and has mass is called matter.

Question 2. State different states of matter with an example.

Answer: Matter has 3 different states

Question 3. What is diffusion?

Answer. The intermingling of molecules of one substance with that of the other is
called diffusion.

Question 4. What happen to the rate of diffusion if the temperature is

increased?
Answer: With increased temperature, the rate of diffusion also increases as the
particles gain energy and vibrate more.

Question 5. Name the state of matter that have the tendency to maintain
their shape when subjected to outside force.
Answer: Solid.

Question 6. Define melting point.

Answer: The temperature at which a solid melts to become liquid at the atmospheric
pressure is called its melting point.
Question 7. Define boiling point.
Answer: The temperature at which a liquid starts boiling at the atmospheric pressure
is known as its boiling point.

Question 8. Define latent heat of vaporization.

Answer: Latent heat of vaporization is the heat energy required to change 1 kg of a
liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure at its boiling point.

Question 9. Define latent heat of fusion.

Answer: Latent heat of fusion is the amount of heat energy required to change 1 kg
of solid into liquid at its melting point.

Question 10. Define sublimation.

Answer: Sublimation is the change of gaseous state directly to solid state without
going through liquid state and vice-versa.

Question 11. What is dry ice?

Answer: Solid carbon dioxide obtained by cooling and applying pressure on carbon
dioxide gas. It does not melt so it is called dry ice.

Question 12. What is humidity?

Answer: The air holds water vapour, this air with water is called humid air and the
phenomenon is called humidity.

Question.13. Give two properties of solid.

Answer. (1) Solids have fixed shape and are rigid. (2) Solids cannot be compressed.

Question.14. What will happen if the pressure is reduced on solid carbon

dioxide (dry ice)?
Answer. If the pressure is reduced on solid carbon dioxide it will directly change into
gaseous state without melting.

Question 15. dame any three substances that show sublimation.

Answer: Ammonium chloride, camphor and naphthalene balls.

Question 16. Sponge is solid, but we can still compress it. Why?
Answer: Sponge is a solid with minute pores in it. When we press the sponge the air
present in these pores is released out and hence we are able to compress it.

Question 17. What is normal atmospheric pressure?

Answer: The atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1 atmosphere and taken as the
normal atmospheric pressure.

Question 18. What is Kelvin?

Answer: Kelvin is the SI unit of temperature (0°C = 273 K).

Question 19. Give two examples of diffusion.

Answer: Milk drops dissolved in water and perfume sprayed in a room.
Question 20. Give the temperature at which water exists in two different
phases/states.
Answer: At 0°C water can be in solid or in liquid state.
At 100°C water can be in liquid or in gaseous state.

Class 9 Science Chapter 1 SAQ

Question 1. Why do we see water droplets collected on the outer surface of
a glass container, containing ice?
Answer: The water vapour present in air, comes in contact with the cold outer
surface of the container thereby condensing it to form water droplets.

Question 2. Explain why solids have fixed shape but liquids and gases do not
have fixed shape.
Answer: Solids have fixed shape due to strong intermolecular force of attraction
between them. The liquids and gases have molecules with less intermolecular force of
attraction and hence they can flow and take shape of the container.

Question 3. Liquids and gases can be compressed but it is difficult to

compress solids. Why?
Answer: Liquids and gases have intermolecular space, on applying pressure
externally on them the molecules can come closer thereby minimizing the space
between them. But in case of solids there is no intermolecular space to do so.

Question 4. A balloon when kept in sun, bursts after some time. Why?
Answer: The balloon has air filled in it. The balloon when kept in sun gets heated and
the air inside it also gets heated. The molecules of air get energy, and vibrate faster
thereby exerting large force on the walls of the balloon. Due to this expansion of
gases the balloon bursts.

Question 5. Why do people perspire a lot on a hot humid day?

Answer: On a hot, humid day, due to the heat our body starts sweating for the
cooling mechanism i.e., by evaporation and gets cooling effect. But the air cannot
hold any more water on a humid day and therefore the sweat or perspiration is seen.

Question 6. Distinguish between evaporation and boiling.

Answer:

Question 7. Why is it advisable to use pressure cooker at higher altitudes?

Answer: At higher altitudes, the atmospheric pressure is low and the water boils very
fast and evaporates at faster rate therefore the pressure is required to increase the
cooking process and this is done by using pressure cooker which increases the
pressure inside the container and cooks food faster.
Question 8. What are fluids?
Answer: The states of matter that can flow due to less intermolecular force of
attraction, are liquids and gases and are called as fluids.

Question 9. One kg cotton and one kg sand, which is more denser? Why?
Answer: One kg sand is more denser than 1 kg cotton because density =
mass/volume .
The volume required by cotton is more than the sand and density and volume are
inversely proportional.

Question 10. Why is water liquid at room temperature?

Answer: At room temperature, the molecules of water have some intermolecular
force of attraction and the room temperature cannot provide sufficient heat for these
molecules to overcome their force of attraction and therefore remain in liquid phase.

Question 11. State the differences between solid, liquid and gas.
Answer:

Question 12. Cotton in solid but it floats on water. Why?

Answer: Cotton has large number of pores, in which air is trapped. Hence reducing its
density and increasing the volume. Therefore cotton floats on water. But when these
pores get filled with water it starts sinking.

Question 13. Why arc solids generally denser than liquids and gases?
Answer: Density of a substance is given by a formula= Mass/Volume
In case of solids the molecules are tightly packed and hence large mass is
concentrated in very small volume. Hence their density is more. But in case of liquids
and gases, their molecules have intermolecular space and hence they don’t have
large mass concentrated in small volume. So the density of solids is generally more
than that of the liquids and gases.

Question 14. On a hot sunny day, why do people sprinkle water on the roof
or open ground?
Answer: During hot sunny day, the surface of roof or ground absorbs large amount of
heat and remains hot, on sprinkling water on these surfaces, the water absorbs large
amount of heat from the surface due to its large latent heat of vaporisation thereby
allowing the hot surface to cool.
Question 15. On a hot sunny dug why do we feel pleasant sitting under a
tree?
Answer: Tree has lot of leaves which constantly show transpiration. Transpiration is
loss of water through small tiny pores of leaves called stomata. When this water
comes on the surface of leaf the water evaporates thereby causing cooling effect.
Therefore we feel pleasant sitting under the tree on a hot sunny day.

Question 16. The U’mpeuiUnc at which liquids change into vapours is very
high, for example, water vaporises at 100°C then how is n possible for water
to evaporate at room temperature or at are other temperature?
Answer: The molecules of water present on the surface of the exposed area which
are in very small fraction, gains the energy from the surrounding. With this higher
kinetic energy they are able to break the force of attraction between them and hence
get converted into vapour state.
This phenomenon of change of a liquid into vapours that takes place at any
temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation.

Question 17. Name the factors that affix l evaporation.

Answer: The rate of evaporation will increase with
(1) an increase of surface area,
(2) an increase of temperature,
(3) a decrease in humidity,
(4) an increase in wind speed.

Question 18. The melting point of ice is 273.16 K. What does this mean?
Explain in detail.
Answer: Ice is solid at 0°C i.e., 273° K. The molecules of ice are tightly packed. These
molecules have to overcome the force of attraction with which they are held
and hence they gain this heat from the surrounding but the temperature remains the
same as their energy is used to overcome the force of attraction between the
particles. The particles have their state and starts vibrating freely and a stage reaches
when the solid ice melts and is converted to liquid state at the same temperature i.e.,
273 K.
Question 19. How is the high compressibility property of gas useful to us?
Answer: The gases have high compressibility. This property is used in the following
situation:
(1) LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) is a fuel which is made up of petroleum gas. On
compressing this petroleum gas it forms liquid.
(2) Oxygen cylinders in the hospitals have compressed gas filled in it.
(3) CNG (compressed natural gas) is a natural gas, methane, which is compressed and
used as a fuel in vehicles and at home.

Question 20. With the help of an example, explain how diffusion of gases in
water is essential?
Answer: The gases from the atmosphere diffuse and dissolve in water. Gases like
oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse in water, are essential for the survival of aquatic
animals and plants.
Animals breathe in this oxygen dissolved in water for their survival and plants can use
carbon dioxide dissolved in water for photosynthesis.

Science Chapter 1 LAQ

Question 1. Pressure and temperature determine the state of a substance.
Ex-plane this in detail.
Answer: (1) Any matter i.e., solid, liquid or gas when experiences an increase in
temperature then they change their state.

Take ice cubes in a beaker or heat them slowly, the temperature increases and the ice
melts to form liquid. Heat this liquid further it will become steam.
(2) On lowering down the temperature of any matter, show change in their state.

Take the steam that is coming out of a boiling water and allow it to cool down, it
condenses to form water and on further cooling of this water we get ice.
(3) On applying pressure and reducing temperature we can liquefy gases or change
them into solid.
Example: Take carbon-dioxide gas, reduce its temperature and apply lot of pressure
on it so that it changes into solid carbon dioxide, called diy ice, which is used as
refrigerant for cooling.
If the pressure on it is decreased it directly changes into gas.
In LPG cylinders, the petroleum gas is cooled and with lot of pressure changes it into
liquid state.
While using this LPG, we release the pressure exerted on it and hence it comes out in
the form of gas.

Question 2. Explain giving examples the various factors on which rate of

evaporation depends.
Answer: The rate of evaporation depends on the following factors:
(1) Surface area: If the surface area is increased the rate of evaporation also
increases.
(a) To dry the clothes we spread them to dry faster.
(b) Tea in saucer cools faster than in a cup.
(2) Temperature: If the temperature is increased the rate of evaporation also
increases. Due to increase in temperature the particles gain more kinetic energy and
change their phase from liquid to gaseous. Water will evaporate faster in sun than in
shade.
(3) Humidity: It is the amount of water vapour present in air. The air can hold definite
amount of water vapour, at a given temperature. If the amount of water vapour is
high in the air then the rate of evaporation decreases. On hot and humid day, desert
coolers are not effective as the air cannot hold any more moisture to get the cooling
effect.
(4) Wind speed: With the increase in wind speed, the rate of evaporation increases.
The particles of water vapour move away with the wind, decreasing the amount of
water vapour in the surrounding.

Chapter 1 Value Based Questions

Question 1. Adil parked his bicycle on a sunny day in a parking stand of his
school campus. When the school got over Adil saw his burst cycle type.
Thereafter he kept less air in his cycle types and did not inflate them fully.
(a) Why did the type burst?
(b) Why is air compressible?
(c) What value of Adil is reflected in the above act?
Answer: (a) The tyre burst because the air inside the tyre got heated and therefore
exerted pressure on the walls of the tyre.
(b) Air is compressible because it has large intermolecular space.
(c) Adil showed the value of intelligence, awareness, and self-responsibility.

Question 2. Akshay’s friend visited his house in Mumbai and he was

surprised to see air conditioners installed in all of his rooms. His friend
advised Akshay to use water-coolers and save electricity. On this Akshay
told, him that the water-cooler is not at all effective in coastal areas.
(a) Why are water-cooler not effective in coastal areas?
(b) What are the other two factors on which evaporation of water depends?
(c) What value of Akshay’s friend is seen in this act?
Answer: (a) Water coolers are not effective in coastal areas due to high rate of
humidity.
(b) The other two factors on which evaporation of water depends are temperature and
surface area.
(c) Akshay’s friend showed the value of concerned citizen, morally responsible and
friendly in nature.

Question 3. Sita lived in a village and could, not afford refrigerator in her
house. She knew how to keep water cold and preserve all perishable items
in her house. She kept ivet cloth surrounding the earthen pot to keep water
cool, she also kept vegetables fresh by keeping them in wet gunny bag and
timely sprinkled water over it.
(a) Why did Sita keep wet cloth surrounding the earthen pot?
(b) Suggest one more method of keeping the house cool in summer.
(c) What value of Sita is reflected in the above case?
Answer: (a) The wet cloth gave the cooling effect to the pot, as the water in the cloth
evaporated and evaporation causes cooling effect.
(b) By sprinkling some water on the lawn/veranda of the house can keep the house
cool.
(c) Sita showed the value of responsible behaviour.
Question 4. Shreya commutes in a CNG fitted van to school every day along
with many other students. She told the van driver to get the CNG connection
certified and timely checked it for any leakage or loose connection of pipes.
She told the driver to be more careful during summers.
(a) What is CNG?
(b) Why should one be more careful with CNG cylinders during summer?
(c) What value of Shreya is seen in the above act?
Answer: (a) CNG is Compressed Natural Gas used as fuel.
(b) During summers, the CNG connections and cylinder need to be checked because
the gas expands due to heat and if there would be any leakage then it would cause
fire in the vehicle.
(c) Shreya showed the value of concerned citizen and morally responsible behaviour.

Chapter 2 Is Matter Around Us Pure.

IN-TEXT QUESTIONS SOLVED

NCERT Textbook for Class 9 Science – Page 15

Question 1. What is meant by a substance?
Answer: A pure substance consists of a single type of particles.

Question 2. List the points of differences between homogeneous and

heterogeneous mixtures.
Answer:

Textbook Page 18
Question 1. Differentiate between homogeneous and heterogeneous
mixtures with examples.
Answer:
Question 2. How are sol, solution and suspension different from each other?
Answer:

Question 3. To make a saturated solution, 36 g of sodium chloride is

dissolved in 100 g of water at 293 K. Find its concentration at this
temperature.
Answer: Mass of solute (sodium chloride) = 36 g
Mass of solvent (water) = 100 g
Mass of solution = Mass of solute + Mass of solvent
= 36 g + 100 g = 136 g

Class 9 Science NCERT Textbook Page 24

Question 1. How will you separate a mixture containing kerosene and petrol
(difference in their boiling points is more than 25°C), which are miscible with
each other?
Answer: A mixture of kerosene and petrol which are miscible with each other can be
separated by distillation.
Method

 Take a mixture in a distillation flask.

 Fit it with a thermometer.
 Arrange the apparatus as shown in the figure.
 Heat the mixture slowly.
 Petrol vaporises first as it has lower boiling point. It condenses in the
condenser and is collected from the condenser outlet.
  Kerosene is left behind in the distillation flask.

Question 2. Name the technique to separate

(i) butter from curd,
(ii) salt from sea-water,
(iii) camphor from salt.
Answer: (i) Centrifugation,
(ii) Evaporation,
(iii) Sublimation.

Question 3. What type of mixtures are separated by the technique of

crystallisation?
Answer: Crystallisation technique is used to purify solid with some impurities in it.
Example: Salt from sea-water.

NCERT Textbook Questions Page 24

Question 2. Classify the following as chemical or physical changes:

 cutting of trees,
 melting of butter in a pan,
 rusting of almirah,
 boiling of water to form steam,
 passing of electric current, through water and the water breaking
down into hydrogen and oxygen gas,
 dissolving common salt in water,
 making a fruit salad with raw fruits and
 burning of paper and wood.
Answer:

Question 3. Try segregating the things around you as pure substances or

mixtures
Answer: Pure substances—Water, bread, sugar and gold.
Mixtures—Steel, plastic, paper, talc, milk and air.

Questions From NCERT Textbook for Class 9 Science

Question 1. Which separation techniques will you apply for the separation of
the following?
(a) Sodium chloride from its solution in water.
(b) Ammonium chloride from a mixture containing sodium chloride and
ammonium chloride.
(c) Small pieces of metal in the engine oil of a car.
(d) Different pigments from an extract of flower petals.
(e) Butter from curd.
(f) Oil from water.
(g) Tea leaves from tea.
(h) Iron pins from sand.
(i) Wheat grains from husk.
(j) Fine mud particles suspended in water.
Answer: (a) Evaporation
(b) Sublimation
(c) Filtration
(d) Chromatography
(e) Centrifugation
(f) Separating funnel
(g) Filtration
(h) Magnetic separation
(i) Winnowing/ sedimentation
(j) Decantation and filtration

Question 2. Write the steps you would use for making tea. Use the words,
solution, solvent, solute, dissolve, soluble, insoluble, filtrate and residue.
Answer: 1. Take a cup of water in a container as solvent and heat it.
2. Add sugar in it which is solute. Heat it till all sugar dissolves.
3. You get a solution of water and sugar.
4. Sugar is soluble in water completely.
5. Add half a tea-spoon of tea-leaves, it is insoluble in water.
6. Boil the content, add milk which is also soluble in water, boil again.
7. Filter the tea with the help of strainer, the tea collected in cup is filtrate and the tea
leaves collected on the strainer is residue.
Question 3. Pragya tested the solubility of three different substances at
different temperatures and collected, the data as given below (results are
given in the following table, as grams of substance dissolved in 100 grams
of water to form a saturated solution).

(a) What mass of potassium nitrate would be needed to produce a saturated

solution of potassium nitrate in 50 grams of water at 313 K?
(b) Pragya makes a saturated solution of potassium chloride in water at 353
K and leaves the solution to coo! at room temperature. What would she
observe us the solution cools? Explain.
(c) Find the solubility of each salt at 293 K. Which salt has the highest
solubility at this temperature?
(d) What is the effect of change of temperature on the solubility of a salt?
Answer:

Question 4. Explain the following giving examples:

(a) Saturated solution
(b) Pure substance
(c) Colloid
(d) Suspension
Answer: (a) Saturated solution: In a given solvent when no more solute can
dissolve further at a given temperature is called saturated solution.
(b) Pure substance: A pure substance consists of a single type of particles. E.g.,
gold, silver.
(c) Colloid: A colloid is a solution in which the size of solute particles are bigger than
that of true solution. These particles cannot be seen with our naked eyes, they are
stable, e.g., ink, blood.
(d) Suspension: It is a heterogeneous mixture in which the solute particles are big
enough to settle down, e.g., chalk-water, paints, etc.

Question 5. Classify each of the following as a homogeneous or

heterogeneous mixture: soda water, wood, air. soil, vinegar, filtered tea.
Answer: Homogeneous: Soda water, vinegar, filtered tea.
Heterogeneous: Wood, air, soil.

Question 6. How would, you confirm that a colourless liquid given to you is
pure water?
Answer: By finding the boiling point of a given colourless liquid. If the liquid boils at
100°C at atmospheric pressure, then it is pure water. This is because pure substances
have fixed melting and boiling point.

Question 7. Which of the following materials fall in the category of a “pure

substance”?
(a) Ice (b) Milk (c) Iron
(d) Hydrochloric acid (e) Calcium oxide (f) Mercury
(g) Back (h) Wood (i) Air.
Answer: Pure substances are: Ice, iron, hydrochloric acid, calcium oxide and mercury.

Question 8. Identify the solutions among the following mixtures.

(a) Soil (b) Sea water
(c) Air (d) Coal
(e) Soda water.
Answer: Solutions are: Sea water soda water and air.

Question 9. Which of the following will show “Tyndall effect”?

(a) Salt solution (b) Milk
(c) Copper sulphate solution (d) Starch solution.
Answer: Milk and starch solution.

Question 10. Classify the following into elements, compounds and mixtures.
(a) Sodium (b) Soil (c) Sugar solution
(d) Silver (e) Calcium carbonate (f) Tin
(g) Silicon (h) Coal (i) Air
(j) Soap (k) Methane (l) Carbon dioxide
(m) Blood
Answer: Elements – Compounds – Mixtures
Sodium – Calcium carbonate – Sugar solution
Silver – Methane – Soil
Tin – Carbon dioxide – Coal
Silicon – Soap – Air ,Blood

Question 11. Which of the following are chemical changes?

(a) Growth of a plant (b) Rusting of iron
(c) Mixing of iron filings and sand (d) Cooking of food
(e) Digestion of food (f) Freezing of water
(g) Burning of a candle.
Answer: Chemical changes are:
(a) Growth of a plant (b) Rusting of iron
(c) Cooking of food (d) Digestion of food
(e) Burning of a candle

Choose the correct option:

1. Fog, clouds are an example of
(a) aerosol (b) colloid
(c) suspension (d) emulsion
2. Sponge can be compressed, it is a
(a) solid (b) liquid
(c) gas (d) foam
3. An impure sample of potash alum can be purified by
(a) evaporation (b) crystallisation
(c) centrifugation (d) filtration
4. Chalk dissolved in water is an example of
(a) true solution (b) colloid
(c) suspension (d) saturated solution
5. 50 gm sugar is dissolved in a glass of water at 30°C. On heating this
solution it will
(a) crystallise (b) evaporate
(4 become unsaturated (d) sugar will char
6. Which of the following shows tyndall effects?
(a) salt solution (b) sugar solution
(c) starch solution (d) copper sulphate solution
7. Pick up the odd one out.
(a) brass ‘ (b) air
(c) sand (d) graphite
8. Which of the following is liquid-liquid solution?
(a) face-cream (b) emulsion
(c) milk (d) all of these
9. To separate two miscible liquids by fractional distillation, it should have
one of the following condition
(a) should be miscible (b) should be immiscible
(c) difference in the boiling point should be less than 25 K
(d) none of these
10. To obtain toned and double toned milk from full-cream milk we can
(a) filtrate it (b) sediment it
(c) distillate it – (d) centrifuge it
11. The separation technique which involves the difference in their densities
is
(a) sublimation (b) separation by separating funnel
(c) centrifugation (d) both (b) and (c)
Answer: 1—(a). 2—(a), 3—(b), 4—(c), 5—(c), 6—(c), 7—(d), 8—(d), 9—(c), 10—(d),
11-(d).

Science Chapter 2 Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1. Define solvent.
Answer: The component of the solution that dissolves the other component in it is
called the solvent.

Question 2. Define solute.

Answer: The component of the solution that is dissolved in the solvent is called
solute.
Question 3. What is ‘tincture of iodine’?
Answer: A solution of iodine in alcohol is known as tincture of iodine. It has iodine
(solid) as the solute and alcohol (liquid) as the solvent.

Question 4. What are alloys?

Answer: The homogeneous mixture of two or more metals or a metal and non-metal
is called an alloy. E.g., steel is an alloy of iron and carbon.

Question 5. Give one example of gas in liquid solution.

Answer: Cold-drinks, carbon dioxide gas as solute is mixed with water as a solvent.

Question 6. How can a solution be dilute or concentrated?

Answer: The amount of solute dissolving in a solvent decides whether the solution is
dilute or concentrated.

Question 7. What is “concentration of a solution”?

Answer: The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present in a given
amount of solution or the amount of solute dissolved in a given mass or volume of
solvent.

Question 8. State the difference between aqueous and, non-aqueous

solution.
Answer: Aqueous solutions have water as solvent and non-aqueous solutions do not
haVe water as solvent.

Question 9. What is “solubility” of a solute?

Answer: The amount of the solute present in the saturated solution at the given
temperature is called its solubility.

Question 10. What is saturated solution?

Answer: The maximum amount of solute dissolved in a solvent at given temperature
is called saturated solution, where no more solute can dissolve further.

Question 11. What is unsaturated solution?

Answer: If the amount of solute contained in a solution is less than the saturation
level, it is called an unsaturated solution.

Question 12. How can you convert saturated solution into unsaturated or
vice-versa?
Answer: Saturated solution on heating becomes unsaturated and unsaturated
solution on cooling becomes saturated.

Question 13. Why water is called universal solvent?

Answer: Water can dissolve large number of substances in it.

Question 14. What is Tyndall effect?

Answer. The scattering of light by colloidal particles is known as Tyndall effect.

Question 15. How can we separate colloidal mixtures?

Answer: By centrifugation, in a centrifuge machine the colloidal solution is kept in a
test tube, rotated very fast and due to centrifugal force the colloidal particles are
separated.

Question 16. What is emulsion?

Answer: When both the dispersed phase and dispersing medium is liquid, it is called
emulsion. E.g., milk, face cream.

Question 17. What is aerosol?

Answer. When the solid or liquid is dispersed in a gas it is called aerosol. E.g., smoke,
fog.

Question 18. What is the principle for separation of immiscible liquids?

Answer: The principle of separating immiscible liquids into layers depending on their
densities. The less denser liquid collects at the top and more denser liquid at the
bottom. ‘

Question 19. What is chromatography?

Answer: Chromatography is the technique used for separation of those solutes that
dissolve in the same solvent.

Question 20. What is distillation?

Answer: Distillation is the separation technique of two miscible liquids that boils
without decomposition and have sufficient difference in their boiling points.

Question 21. How can you separate two liquids that have less than 25 K
difference of boiling points?
Answer: To separate a mixture of two or more miscible liquids for which the
difference in boiling points is less than 25 K, is fractional distillation.

Question 22. What is condenser?

Answer: It is an apparatus used to convert gas into liquid by cooling it.

Question 23. What is crystallisation?

Answer: When a saturated solution is heated and allowed to cool slowly, crystal of
the solute dissolved in the saturated solution are separated from it. It is used to purify
solids.

Chapter 2 Short Answer Questions

Question 1. Why is mixture called impure substance?
Answer: Mixture consists of different components which retain their properties and
can be easily separated by physical processes, hence it is called as impure substance.
Question 2. Give the differences between mixture and compound.
Answer:

Question 3. Distinguish between a physical change and chemical change.

Answer:

Question 4. State the properties of a solution.

Answer: Properties of a solution are:

1. A solution is a homogeneous mixture.

2. Particles of a solution are smaller than 1 nm and cannot be seen by naked eyes.
3. Do not scatter beam of light.
4. Solute particles cannot be separated from the mixture by the process of filtration
and thus, solution is stable.

Question 5. State the properties of a suspension.

Answer: Properties of a suspension

 Suspension is a heterogeneous mixture having particle size greater than 100 nm.
 The particles of a suspension can be seen by naked eyes.
 Particles can scatter a beam of light.
 It is unstable.

Question 6. What is a colloidal solution?

Answer: It is a heterogeneous solution which appears to be homogeneous, particles
size is very small and so cannot be seen with naked eyes but it is stable. E.g., milk
and blood.

Question 7. State the properties of colloidal solution.

Answer: Properties of colloidal solution.

 It is a heterogeneous mixture having particle size between 1 nm to 100 nm.

 Size of particles is very small, cannot be seen with naked eyes.
  It scatters a beam of light.
 They are stable as the particles do not settle when left undisturbed.

Question 8. Give the applications of centrifugation.

Answer: Application of centrifugation are:

1. Used in diagnostic laboratories for blood and urine test.

2. Used in dairies and home to separate butter from cream.
3. Used in a washing machines to squeeze out water from wet clothes.

Question 9. Give the applications of chromatography.

Answer: Applications of chromatography are

1. To separate colours in a dye.

2. To separate pigments from natural colours.
3. To separate drugs from blood.

Question 10. Why is crystallisation better than evaporation?

Answer: Crystallisation is a process that separates a pure solid in the form of its
crystals from a solution. Crystallisation is better than evaporation because during
Evaporation

 Some solids decompose or some, like sugar may get charred on heating to
dryness.
 Some impurities may remain dissolved in the solution even after filtration which
on evaporation contaminates the solid.

Question 11. How will you separate a mixture of oil and water?
Answer: To separate a mixture of oil and water, we need a separating funnel as both
are immiscible liquids. Pour the mixture in separating funnel and let the funnel stand
undisturbed for sometime. So that separate layer of oil and water are formed. Open
the stopcock of the separating funnel and pour out the lower layer of water carefully.

Question 12. A student is given a mixture of naphthalene ball’s powder and

common salt. He need to separate this mixture. How will he do this?
Answer: The properties of both naphthalene and common salt should be known,
before we choose the separation technique.
Naphthalene is a sublimate which on heating changes to gaseous state directly.
Hence to separate a volatile compound (sublimate) from a non-volatile compound
(non-sublimate), the sublimation process is used.
In a China dish the mixture is kept, and is placed on a stand. An inverted funnel is
kept over the mixture in China dish with plugged stem. The sublimate on heating gets
collected on the funnel and common salt remains in the China dish.

Question 13. How can we obtain different gases from air?

Answer: Air is a homogeneous mixture and its components can be separated by
fractional distillation.

Question 14. Draw a flow diagram to show the water purification system in
water works.
Answer:

In filtration tank water passes through different layers of sand and gravel as shown in
the above figure this is for adsorption of impurities.
The clear water reaches a chlorinated tank where water is mixed with bleaching
powder/chlorine to kill bacteria and then supplied to houses.

Question 15. Why is air considered as a mixture and not compound?

Answer: Air is considered as a mixture because it exhibits following properties:

1. Each component present in air retains its properties.

2. Each component can be separated by simple physical processes.
3. The components do not have any fixed proportion. All gases are present in
different amount. Example, in greener area—more oxygen and water vapour is
present; near industrial area—air consists of lot of impurities and smoke
suspended in it.

Question 16. How can you prove that water is a compound?

Answer: Water is a compound because if we pass electricity through it then at two
different electrodes, we get two different gases i.e., oxygen and hydrogen during
electrolysis of water. The ratio of oxygen: hydrogen is 1 : 2 by number of molecules.

 The properties of oxygen and hydrogen gases sire entirely different from that of
liquid water.
 The ratio of oxygen: hydrogen combination is always constant i.e., 1: 2 by volume.
 To separate the components of water, we need electrolytic cell, and it is not a
simple process.

Question 17. How can we convert saturated solution into unsaturated by

heating?
Answer: Saturated solution is said to be saturated at a given temperature when there
is no more scope of solute particles to dissolve /dissociate into water. It is because the
solute particle has taken all the inter molecular space present in the solvent.
On heating, the molecules of solvent gain kinetic energy, start vibrating and try to
move away from each other thereby accommodating some more solute particle in this
space and hence it becomes an unsaturated solution.
Question 18. What is the difference in fog and smoke?
Answer: Fog is a colloidal solution with liquid dispersed in gas.
Smoke is a colloidal solution with solid dispersed in gas.

Question 19. If 20g of salt is present is 220 g of solution, calculate the

concentration of solution:

Chapter 2 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Give the difference between true solution, colloidal solution and
suspension.
Answer: The difference between true solution, colloidal solution and suspension

Question 2. State the different types of colloids with examples.

Answer: Different colloids are formed due to different dispersed phase and dispersing

Question 3. (a) Define solution.

(b) Give different types of solutions with one example each.
Answer: (a) Solution: It is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. It
consists of solute and solvent.
(b) Different types of solution:
(i) Based on solvent—Aqueous and non-aqueous Aqueous solution has water as
solvent (sugar + water) Non-aqueous solution has some other solvent but not water.
Example, (sulphur + carbon disulphide)
(ii) Depending on the amount of solute dissolved in solvent—Dilute solution and
concentrated solution
Dilute solution—Less amount of solute particles are present in a solvent.
Concentrated solution—Amount of solute present in its maximum capacity in a
solvent.
(iii) Amount of solute present in its maximum capacity at a given temperature—
Saturated and unsaturated solution.
Saturated solution—It is a solution in which no more solute can further dissolve in a
given solvent at a given temperature.
Unsaturated solution—It is a solution in which some more solute can dissolve in a
solvent at a given temperature.
(iv) Depending on the size of solute particles

Question 4. How can you separate the following mixtures?

(a) Sand + iron (b)Cream from milk
(c) Salt + water (d) Ammonium chloride + NaCl
(e) Copper sulphate + water (f) Rice and dal (uncooked)
(g) Gases from air (h) Petrol and diesel from crude oil
(i) Drugs from blood (j) Acetone from water
Answer:

9 Science Chapter 2 Value-Based Questions

Question 1. Anil’s sister acddentally added some water into the bottle
containing olive oil and she was afraid of the scolding. Anil helped his sister
and separated the water from olive oil using bottle as separating funnel.
(a) What is the principle of using and working of separating funnel?
(b) Suggest two separation techniques used to separate liquid mixtures.
(c) What value of Anil is seen in the above case?
Answer: (a) The principle of separating funnel is difference in the densities of two
liquids.
(b) Liquid mixtures can be separated by distillation and fractional distillation.
(c) Anil showed the value of helping, caring and responsible behaviour.

Question 2. Preeti saw a labour entering into the sewage manhole

immediately after removing the lid. She promptly stopped the labour from
entering into the manhole and told him to wait for some time before he
enters into it.
(a) What will happen if the labour immediately enters into the manhole for
cleaning) after removing the lid?
(b) Name main gases that are released from the manhole.
(c) What value of Preeti is seen in the above act?
Answer: (a) If the labour immediately enters the manhole on removing its lid he
would die due to suffocation and inhalation of poisonous gases which are compressed
and released by sewage.
(b) Gases released from the sewage manhole are methane, carbon dioxide and
hydrogen sulphide.
(c) Preeti shows the value of moral responsible behaviour and aware citizen.

Question 3. Prasanna wanted to buy a deodorant from the shop. While

buying a bottle he felt that it was slightly heavier than usual deodorant
bottle that he purchased everytime. He read the weight mentioned on the
bottle and told the shopkeeper to weigh the same. He found the bottle was
heavy and on opening the deodorant bottle he found it half-filled with
water. He complained the matter to the consumer authority.
(a) Define density.
(b) Apart from water what is the other substance that some shopkeepers
add into the deodorant.
(c) What value of Prasanna is reflected in this act?
Answer: (a) Density of any substance is defined to be the mass of the substance per
unit volume.
(b) One can add some cheap gases or compressed air in the deodorant bottles.
(c) Prasanna showed the value of being having leadership quality, rightful, aware and
responsible citizen.

Question 4. Rita’s father always got his vehicle checked for pollution
control. He got it tested for the aerosol if released by his car. He also uses
unleaded petrol and makes use of public transport wherever possible. He
sparingly use his car.
(a) What is aerosol?
(b) What happens when smoke released from vehicle mixes with fog?
(c) What are the values of Rita’s father is reflected here?
Answer: (a) When the solid or liquid is dispersed in a gas it is called aerosol e.g.
smoke.
(b) When smoke mixes with fog it forms smog.
(c) Rita’s father is an aware citizen, environmentally concerned and dutiful.

Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life

Topics and Sub Topics in Class 9 Science Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit of
Life:

1. The Fundamental Unit of Life

2. What are Living Organisms Made Up of?
3. What is a Cell Made Up of? What is the Structural Organisation of a Cell?

These solutions are part of NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science. Here we have given
Class 9 NCERT Science Text book Solutions for Chapter 1 matter in our Surroundings.

IN-TEXT QUESTIONS SOLVED

NCERT Textbook for Class 9 Science – Page 59

Question 1. Who discovered cells, and how?
Answer: Robert Hooke discovered cells in 1665 while examining a thin slice of cork
through a self-designed microscope. He saw that the cork resembled the structure of
a honey comb consisting of many little compartments. These small boxes are called
cells.

More Resources for CBSE Class 9

 NCERT Solutions
 NCERT Solutions Class 9 Maths
 NCERT Solutions Class 9 Social Science
 NCERT Solutions Class 9 English
 NCERT Solutions Class 9 Hindi
 NCERT Solutions Class 9 Sanskrit
 NCERT Solutions Class 9 IT
 RD Sharma Class 9 Solutions

Question 2. Why the cell is called the structural and Junctional unit of life?
Answer: A cell is capable of independently carrying out all necessary activities of life.
So, they are called basic or functional unit of life.

Formulae Handbook for Class 9 Maths and Science Educational Loans in India

Class 9 Science NCERT Textbook – Page 61

Question 1. How do substances like C02 and water move in and out of the
cell? Discuss.
Answer: CO2 moves by diffusion and H2O move by osmosis through cell membrane.

Question 2. Why is the plasma membrane called a selectively permeable

membrane?
Answer: It is called selectively permeable membrane because it allows the entry and
exit of some substances, not all.

Class 9 Science NCERT Textbook – Page 63

Question 1. Fill in the gaps in the following table illustrating differences
between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Answer:

NCERT Textbook for Class 9 Science – Page 65

Question 1. Can you name the two organelles we have studied that contain
their own genetic material?
Answer: The two organelles which have their own genetic material are:
1. Mitochondria 2. Plastids

Mitochondria Diagram Class 9

Question 2. If the organisation of a cell is destroyed due to some physical or

chemical influence, what will happen?
Answer: The cell will not be able to revive and lysosomes will digest it.

Question 3. Why are lysosomes known as suicide hags?

Answer: When the cell gets damaged, lysosomes may burst, and the enzymes digest
their own cell. Therefore lysosomes are known as suicide bags.

Question 4. Where are proteins synthesised inside the cell?

Answer: The proteins are synthesised in the ribosomes that are also known as
protein factories.

Questions From NCERT Textbook for Class 9 Science

Question 1. Make a comparison and write down ways in which plant cells are
also different from animal cells.
Answer:

Question 2. How is prokaryotic cell different from a eukaryotic cell?

Answer: Prokaryotic cell is generally smaller in size (1-10 pm), nuclear region is
poorly defined, the cell organelles are not membrane-bound and has a single
chromosome.
Eukaryotic cell is generally larger in size (5-100 pm), nuclear region is well defined
with nuclear membrane. Membrane-bound cell organelles are present and has more
than one chromosome.

Question 3. What would happen if the plasma membrane ruptures or breaks

down?
Answer: If plasma membrane ruptures or breaks down then molecules of some
substances will freely move in and out.

Question 4. What would happen to the life of a cell if there was no Golgi
apparatus?
Answer: Golgi apparatus has the function of storage, modification and packaging of
the products in vesicles. If there were no Golgi bodies, packaging and dispatching of
materials synthesised by the cell will be stocked.

Question 5. Which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell? Why?

Answer: Mitochondria is known as powerhouse of the cell because it releases the
energy required for different activities of life.

Question 6. Where do the lipids and proteins constituting the cell membrane
get synthesised?
Answer: Lipids and proteins are synthesised in ER [Endoplasmic Reticulum].

Endoplasmic Reticulum Diagram Class 9

Question 7. How does Amoeba obtain it’s food?

Answer: Amoeba take it’s food by the cell membrane which forms the food vacuole.

Question 8. What is osmosis?

Answer: Osmosis is the process of movement of water molecule from a region of
higher water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane to a region of lower
water concentration.

Question 9. Carry out the following osmosis experiment:

Take four peeled potato halves and scoop each one out to make potato
cups, one of these potato cups should be made from a boiled potato. Put
each potato cup in a trough containing water.
Now,
(a) Keep cup A empty
(b) Put one teaspoon sugar in cup B
(c) Put one teaspoon salt in cup C ‘
(d) Put one teaspoon sugar in the boiled potato cup D
Keep these for two hours. Then observe the four potato cups and answer
the following:
(i) Explain why water gathers in the hollowed portion of B and C.
(ii) Why is potato A necessary for this experiment?
(iii) Explain why water does not gather in the hollowed out portions of A and
D.
Answer:

(i) Water gathers in B and C because in both the situations there is difference in the
concentration of water in the trough and water in the cup of Potato. Hence, osmosis
takes place as the potato cells act as a semi-permeable membrane.
(ii) Potato A is necessary for this experiment for comparison, it acts as a control.
(iii) Water does not gather in the hollowed out portions of A and D. As cup of A does
not have change in the concentration for water to flow. For osmosis to occur one of
the concentration should be higher than the other.
In cup D, the cells are dead and hence the semi-permeable membrane does not exists
for the flow of water and no osmosis takes place.

Multiple Choice Questions

Choose the correct option:
1. The inner membrane of mitochondria is folded because
(a) it has no space inside (b) it helps in transportation of material
(c) it increases the surface area (d) it stores more food
2. Proteins are formed in
(a) Golgi bodies (b) nucleus
(c) plastids (d) ribosomes
3. The organelle that helps in the membrane biogenesis is
(a) lysosome (b) Golgi bodies
(c) endoplasmic reticulum (d) ribosome
4. The solution in which a cell will gain water by osmosis is termed as
(a) isotonic solution (b) hypertonic
(c) hypotonic solution (d) both (a) and (b)
5. The root hair absorbs water by the process called
(a) diffusion (b) osmosis
(c) endocytosis (d) plasmolysis
6. The animal cell which does not possess nucleus is
(a) egg of hen ‘ (b) white blood cell
(c) red blood cell (d) nerve cell
7. The nucleus of the cell was discovered by
(a) Robert Hooke (b) Leeuwenhoek
(c) Robert Brown (d) Purkinje
8. The plant cells are more rigid than the animal cell due to
(a) cell wall (b) vacuoles
(4 plastids (d) both (a) and (b)
9. The opening and closing of stomata is due to
(a) sunlight (b) osmosis
(4 plasmolysis (d) endocytosis
10. The cells with jio membrane bound organelles, and the chromosomes are
composed of only nucleic acids are
(a) plant cells (b) animal cells
(c) prokaryotic cells (d) eukaryotic cells
Answer. 1—(c), 2—(d), 3—(4. 4—(c), 5—(b), 6—(c), 7—(4, 8—(d), 9—(b), 10—(c).

Nerve Cell Diagram Class 9

NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Science Chapter 5 Very

Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1. What are plastids? Name the different types of plastids found in
a plant cell.
Answer: Plastids are organelles found only in plants. They are:
(a) Chloroplast-Containing chlorophyll
(b) Chromoplast-Containing carotenoids and xanthophyll (coloured plastids)
(c) Leucoplast-Wllite or colourless plastids

Question 2. What is plasma membrane made up of?

Answer: Plasma membrane is made up of proteins and lipids.

Question 3. What did Robert Hooke observed first in cork cell?

Answer: Robert Hooke observed that cork consists of box like compartments which
formed a honeycomb structure.

Question 4. Name the autonomous organelles in the cell.

Answer. Chloroplasts and mitochondria are the autonomous organelles in the cells.

Question.5. What does protoplasm refer to?

Answer: Protoplasm refer to cytoplasm and nucleus.

Question 6. Name two cells which keep changing their shape.

Answer: Amoeba and white blood cells.

Question 7. Name the smallest cell and the longest cell in human body.
Answer: The smallest cell is the red blood cell or sperm cell in male. Longest cell is
the nerve cell.

Question 8. Name 3 features seen/present in almost every cell.

Answer: Plasma membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm.
Question 9.What is diffusion?
Answer: When gases like C02, 02, move across the cell membrane, this process is
called diffusion.

Question 10.What is osmosis? This takes place from high water

concentration to low water concentration.
Answer: The movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable
membrane is called osmosis. This takes place from high water concentration to low
water concentration.

Question 11. What is the full form of DNA?

Answer: DNA —> Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid.

Question 12. What is the Junction of chromosome?

Answer: Chromosomes contain information for the inheritance of features from
parents to next generation in the form of DNA molecules.

Question 13. Name the organelles present in liver of animals for detoxifying
many poisons and drugs.
Answer: In the liver of animal cells smooth endoplasmic reticulum helps in
detoxifying many poisons and drugs.

Question 14. What is the energy currency of the cell?

Answer: ATP—Adenosine Triphosphate.

Question 15. What is the function of ribosome?

Answer: Ribosomes help in protein synthesis.

Question 16. Where are genes located in the cell?

Answer: Genes are located in the chromosomes in the nucleus of the cell.

Question 17. Name the cell organelles that helps in packaging?

Answer: Golgi apparatus.

Question 18. Name the cell organelle which helps in the transportation of
material.
Answer: Endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 19. Name the cell organelle due to which leaves, flowers and fruits
get their colour.
Answer: Chromoplast.

Question 20. Name the cell organelle which helps in the formation of
lysosome.
Answer: Golgi apparatus.

Question 21. Name the cleansing organelle in the cell.

Answer: Lysosomes.
Question 22. Name two cells with cell wall.
Answer: Onion cell (plant cell) and fungi.

Question 23. Why does mitochondria have largely folded inner membrane?
Answer: Mitochondria is the site for cellular respiration and provides energy to the
cell. The largely folded inner membrane provides the increased surface area for ATP-
generating chemical reactions.

Question 24. Which organelle makes the digestive enzyme of lysosome?

Answer: Rough endoplasmic reticulum makes the digestive enzyme of lysosomes.

Question 25. What are cisterns?

Answer: The golgi bodies consist Of a system of membrane-bound vesicles arranged
in stacks called cisterns.

NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Science Chapter 5 Short

Answer Type Questions
Question 1. State two conditions required for osmosis.
Answer: (i) The difference in the concentration of water, one should have higher
concentration than the other.
(ii) Semi-permeable membrane is also required through which water will flow.

Question 2. What is plasmolysis?

Answer: When a living plant cell loses water through osmosis there is shrinkage or
contraction of the contents of the cell away from the cell wall. This phenomenon is
known as plasmolysis.

Question 3. How does fungi and bacteria can withstand much greater
changes in the surrounding medium than animal cells?
Answer: The cell wall present in fungi and bacteria permits these cells to withstand
very dilute external medium without bursting.
The cells take up water by osmosis, swells, and builds the pressure against the cell
wall. The wall exerts an equal pressure against the swollen cell. It is because of the
cell wall, such cells can withstand much greater changes in the surrounding medium
than animal cells.

Question 4. Give the function of nuclear membrane.

Answer: The nuclear membrane present as outer covering in the nucleus allows the
transfer of material inside and out of the nucleus to cytoplasm.

Question 5. Name the cell-organelles that have their own DNA and
ribosomes.
Answer: The cell organelles with their own DNA and ribosomes are mitochondria and
plastids.

Question 6. State the difference between smooth endoplasmic reticulum and

rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Answer:

Question 7. What is endocytosis?

Answer: The cell membranes flexibility allows the cell engulf in food and other
material from its external environment. This process is known as endocytosis. E.g.,
Amoeba acquires its food through such processes.

Question 8. What is the function of vacuoles?

Answer: Vacuoles are storage sacs for solid or liquid content. In plant cells it provides
turgidity and rigidity to the cell. In single-celled organisms vacuoles store food, e.g.,
Amoeba.

Question 9. When we put raisins in water, why do they swell?

Answer: Raisins are dry with less water inside, when they are kept in water, osmosis
takes place, water flows through the cell wall, cell membrane of the raisins and
therefore it swells.

Question 10. Why are lysosomes called suicidal bags?

Answer: Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes in it and helps in the cleaning of cell
by digesting any foreign materials entering the cell, such as bacteria, food and old cell
organelles.
When the lysosomes burst, the digestive enzyme digest its own cell. Hence it is called
as suicidal bag.

Question 11. What is nucleoid?

Answer: The nuclear region in some cells are poorly defined due to the absence of a
nuclear membrane, it contains only nucleic acid. This undefined nuclear region with
nucleic acid in it is called nucleoid.

Question 12. What is the role, of cell organelles in the cell?

Answer: Each kind of cell organelles performs a specific function such as making new
material, clearing of the waste, transporting material, etc.

Question 13. Label the figure and answer the questions:

(i) A – It is the packaging organelle
(ii) B – Provides energy
(iii) C – helps in the transport of material
(iv) D – Carries the information.
Answer. (i) A – Golgi body (ii) B – Mitochondria
(iii) C – Endoplasmic reticulum (iv) D – Nucleus

Question 14. What is the function of nucleus in a cell?

Answer: The nucleus plays a very important role in the reproduction of cells. It also
helps the single cell to divide and form two new daughter cells.
It plays an important role in determining how the cell will develop and what form it will
exhibit at maturity, by directing the chemical activities of the cell.

Question 15. What is the Junction of plastids?

Answer: Plastids are present only in plant cells. There are two types of plastids
chromoplasts (coloured plastids) and leucoplasts (white or colourless)
Chromoplast—Consists of coloured pigments and gives different colours to flowers,
fruits and leaves. The green colour pigment present in leaf is called chlorophyll which
helps in the photosynthesis and a plastid with chlorophyll is called chloroplast.
Leucoplast—It stores starch, oil and protein granules in it.

Question 16. Do vacuoles store some material? If yes, name them.

Answer: Yes, vacuoles also store some important substances required in life of the
plant cell. These are amino acids, sugars, various organic acids and some proteins. In
some unicellular organisms, e.g. Amoeba, vacuoles also store food.

Question 17. Explain the structure and function of Golgi bodies.

Answer: Structures: Golgi bodies consist of a system of membrane-bound vesicles
arranged in stacks parallel to each other called cisterns. These membranes have
connections with the membrane of endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
Functions:
(1) The material synthesised near the ER is packaged and dispatched to various target
inside and outside the cell through Golgi apparatus.
(2) It also stores, modifies and helps in the packaging of products in vesicles.
(3) In some cases, complex sugars may be made from simple sugars in it.
(4) It also helps in the formation of lysosomes.

Question 18. What are ribosomes? Where are they located in the cell? What
is their function?
Answer: Ribosomes are spherical organelles present in the cell which are either
freely distributed in the cytoplasm or may be attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
It consists of ribosomal RNA (Ribonucleic acid) and proteins.
Functions of Ribosomes: It helps in the synthesis of proteins.

Question 19. What is the difference in chromatin, chromosomes and gene?

Answer: (1) Chromatin: It is a fine network of thread-like structure made up of DNA
or RNA. It gets condense to form chromosomes.
(2) Chromosome: The chromosomes are made from chromatin material and are
located iri the cell.
(3) Genes are found in chromosomes.

Question 20. Why do plant cells have more in number and big-sized vacuoles
as compared to the animal cells?
Answer: Plant cells attain turgidity and rigidity due to the more number of vacuoles
as well as large-sized vacuoles help the plant cells to withstand the wear and tear,
external environmental conditions.
They also help in the storage of essential material required by plants for their growth
like amino acids, sugar and various organic substances.

Question 21. Explain the following terms:

(a) Plasma membrane
(b) Cytoplasm
(c) Nucleus.
Answer: (a) Plasma membrane: It is a thin membrane which controls the passage
of materials in and out of the cell. It is also called as selectively permeable
membrane. It makes the outer boundary of the cell and is made up of lipo-protein,
(b) Cytoplasm: It is transparent jelly-like thick substance present in the cell. It makes
the ground of the cell in which all the cell organelles are suspended.
(c) Nucleus: It is a double-layered membrane structure which contains chromosomes
required for the inheritance of characteristics from one generation to the other.

Question 22. What is membrane biogenesis?

Answer: The endoplasmic reticulum helps in the manufacture of proteins and fat
molecules or lipids which are important for the cell function. These proteins and lipids
help in the building of the cell membrane. This process is known as membrane
biogenesis.
Question 23. Which organelle is known as powerhouse of the cell?
Answer: Mitochondria is known as powerhouse of the cell because they store energy
in the form of ATP. [Adenosine Triphosphate]

Question 24. What are genes?

Answer: Gene is a segment of DNA. They are located on chromosomes in linear
fashions. One gene may perform one or more function. Genes are carrier of genetic
codes.

Question 25. Draw various cells of human body.

Answer:

Chapter 5 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Give five points of differences between plant cell and animal
cell.
Answer:

Question 2. Give five points of differences between prokaryotic cell and

eukaryotic cell.
Answer:

Question 3. Draw a neat labelled diagram of plant cell and label its parts.
Answer:
Question 4. Draw a neat labelled diagram of animal cell.
Answer:

Question 5. Name the cell organelle for the following:

(a) Present only in plant cell, provides strength and rigidity to the cell.
(b) It is the site for lipids synthesis and helps in detoxification of drugs.
(c) The inner membrane is folded to form cristae, it has its own DNA and
proteins.
(d) It helps in the formation of lysosomes.
(e) It imparts colour to the fruit and flowers.
Answer: (a) Cell wall
(b) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
(c) Mitochondria
(d) Golgi apparatus
(e) Chromoplast

Chapter 5 Value-Based Questions

Question 1. Vasu was helping his mother in laying the table when they had
some guest for dinner. Vasu was about to sprinkle salt on salad for
dressing. His mother stopped him from doing so and told him that it is too
early to sprinkle salt on the salad, he should do so only when they are
seated for having the dinner.
(a) What would happen if salt is sprinkled on the salad?
(b) Which property of cells is seen in adding salt to it?
(c) What value of Vasu is seen?
Answer: (a) On sprinkling of some salt on the salad, the salad will release water.
(b) The salt outside the salad acts as hypertonic solution as it has less water
concentration and therefore the cell looses water by osmosis.
(c) Vasu showed the value of being very helpful, caring and responsible.

Question 2. Anu is a five year old girl who joined the swimming classes.
After the first class she was worried when she saw her wrinkled fingers. She
asked her elder sister about the wrinkling and shrinking of her fingers. Her
sister explained Anu why it was so.
(a) Why did the fingers wrinkle after swimming?
(b) What caused the shrinking/wrinkling of fingers?
(c) What value of Anu is seen in the above cast?
Answer: (a) Fingers wrinkled because the cells of the skin lost some water.
(b) This happened because of the difference in the concentration of water in the skin
cells and swimming pool’s water.
(c) Anu showed the value of aware citizen and a good learner who clarifies the doubts.

Question 3. Two sailors got marooned on the island, both of them were very
thirsty and one of the sailors tried to drink sea water. The other sailor
immediately stopped him from drinking the salty water of sea and
suggested to wait for some help, stay calm and patient.
(a) What would happen if the sailor drinks salty water?
(b) What is osmosis?
(c) What value of sailors is reflected in the above act?
Answer: (a) On drinking sally water, exosmosis in the intestine will cause dehydration
and vomiting.
(b) The movement of water molecules through a permeable membrane is called
osmosis.
(c) Sailors showed the value of being patient, composed, empathy and determination.

Question 4. Sachin’s mother wanted to use some eggs for incubation. Sachin
helped his mother in separating rotten and spoilt eggs from the good ones.
He took a bucket of water to separate them.
(a) How can one separate the rotten eggs from the good ones using water?
(b) What is the shell of egg made up of?
(c) What value of Sachin is seen in this act?
Answer: (a) We can separate the rotten eggs by dipping them in water. The eggs that
will float in water are rotten eggs and the one that sinks are good one.
(b) Egg shell is made up of calcium carbonate.
(c) Sachin showed the value of being helpful, responsible behaviour.

Chapter 6 Tissues:

1. Tissues
2. Are Plants and Animals Made of Same Types of Tissues?
3. Plant Tissues
4. Animal Tissues

Chapter 6 Tissues.

IN-TEXT QUESTIONS SOLVED

NCERT Textbook for Class 9 Science – Page 69

Question 1. What is a tissue?

Answer: A group of cells that are similar in structure and work together to do a
peculiar function is called tissue.

Question 2. What is the utility of tissues in multicellular organisms?

Answer: Tissues provide structural strength, mechanical strength, show division of
labour.

Class 9 Science NCERT Textbook – Page 74

Question 1. Name types of simple tissues.
Answer: The types of simple tissues are parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma
and aerenchyma.

Question 2. Where is apical meristem found?

Answer: Apical meristem is found at the tip of root or shoot of the plant.

Question 3. Which tissue makes up the husk of coconut?

Answer: The husk of coconut is made of sclerenchymatous tissue.

Question 4. What are the constituents of phloem?

Answer: Phloem is made up of four types of elements sieve tube, companion cells,
phloem fibres and phloem parenchyma.

Class 9 Science NCERT Textbook – Page 78

Question 1. Name the tissue responsible for movement in our body.

Answer: 1. Muscular tissue, 2. Nervous tissue, combination of both the tissues are
responsible for movement in our body.

Question 2. What does a neuron look like?

Answer: A neuron consists of a cell body with a nucleus and cytoplasm, from which
long thin hair like parts arise. Each neuron has a single long part called the axon, and
many small, short branched parts called dendrite. An individual nerve cell is called
neuron, it may be up to a metre long.

Question 3. Give three features of cardiac muscles.

Answer: Feature of cardiac muscles
(1) Heart muscles (cardiac muscles) are cylindrical, branched and uninucleated
(2) They are striated muscle fibres.
(3) They are involuntary muscles, cannot be controlled by us.
Question 4. What are the Junctions of areolar tissue?
Answer: Areolar tissue are connective tissues found in animal. It is found between
skin and muscles, around blood vessels and nerves and in the bone marrow.
It fills the space inside the organs, supports internal organs and helps in the repair of
tissues.

Questions From NCERT Textbook for Class 9 Science

Question 1. Define the term “tissue”.

Answer: Group of cells that are similar in structure and perform same function is
called a tissue.

Question 2. How many types of elements together make up the xylem

tissue? Name them.
Answer: The xylem is made up of vessels, trachieds, xylem fibres and xylem
parenchyma.

Question 3. How are simple tissues different from complex tissues in plants?
Answer: Simple tissues are made up of one type of cells which coordinate to perform
a common function.
Complex tissues are made up of more than one type of cells. All these coordinate to
perform a common function.

Question 4. Differentiate between parenchyma, collenchyma and

sclerenchyma on the basis of their cell wall.
Answer: Parenchyma: The cells have thin cell walls made up of cellulose.
Collenchyma: The cells have cell walls thickened at the comers due to pectin
deposition.
Sclerenchyma: Their walls are thickened due to lignin deposition.

Question 5. What are the functions of stomata?

Answer: The outermost layer of the cell is called epidermis and is very porous. These
pores are called stomata. These stomata help in transpiration and exchange of gases.

Question 6. Diagrammatically show the difference between the three types

of muscle fibres.
Answer: Striated muscles
(1) They are connected to bones (Skeletal muscles).
(2) They are voluntary muscles.
(3) The cells are long, cylindrical with many nucleus and are unbranched.
Smooth muscles
(1) They are found in alimentary canal and lungs.
(2) They are involuntary muscles.
(3) They are spindle in shape and have single nucleus.
Cardiac muscles
(1) They are found in heart.
(2) They are involuntary in action.
(3) They are branched and have one nucleus.

Question 7. What is the specific function of the cardiac muscle?

Answer: (1) Cardiac muscles cells are cylindrical, branched and uninucleated.
(2) They are involuntary muscles.
(3) They show rhythmically contraction and relaxation throughout life.
(4) Their rhythmic contraction and relaxation helps in pumping action of heart.

Question 8. Differentiate between striated, unstriated and cardiac muscles

on the basis of their structure and location in the body.
Answer:
Question 9. Draw a labelled diagram of neuron.
Answer:

Question 10. Name the following:

(1) Tissue that forms the inner lining of our mouth.
(2) Tissue that connect muscle to bone in humans.
(3) Tissue that trar-carts food in plants.
(4) Tissue that siwea j’ut in our body.
(5) Connective tissue with a fluid matrix.
(6) Tissue present in the brain.
Answer: (1) Squamous epithelium (2) Tendons
(3) Phloem (4) Areolar tissue
(5) Blood (6) Nervous tissue

Question 11. Identify the type of tissue in the following: Skin, bark of tree,
bone, lining of kidney tubule, vascular bundle.
Answer: (a) Skin—Striated squamous epithelium
(b) Bark of tree—Cork, protective tissue
(c) Bone—Connective tissue
(d) Lining of kidney tubule—Cuboidal epithelium tisse
(e) Vascular bundle—Conducting tissue

Question 12. Name the regions in which parenchyma tissue is present.

Answer: In the pith of the roots and stems. When it contains chlorophyll, it is called
chlorenchyma, found in green leaves. In aquatic plants, parenchyma contains large air
cavities and help them to float. Such type of parenchyma is called aerenchyma.

Question 13. What is the role of epidermis in plants?

Answer: Cells of epidermis forms a continuous layer without intercellular spaces. It
protects all the parts of plants.

Question 14. How does the cork act as a protective tissue?

Answer: Cork acts as a protective tissue because its cells are dead and compactly
arranged without intercellular spaces. They have deposition of suberin on the walls
that make them impervious to gases and water.

Question 15. Complete the table:

Answer:
Multiple Choice Questions
Choose the correct option:
1. The cells of cork are dead and have a chemical in their
walls that makes them impervious to gases and water.
The chemical is
(a) lignin (b) suberin
(c) cutin (d) wax
2. The flexibility in plants is due to a tissue called,
(a) chlorenchyma (b) parenchyma
(c) sclerenchyma (d) collenchyma
3. The tissue present in the lining of kidney tubules and
ducts of salivary glands is
(a) squamous epithelium tissue (b) glandular epithelium
tissue
(4 cuboidal epithelium tissue (d) columnar epithelium
tissue
4. The connective tissue that connects muscle to bone is
called
(a) ligament (b) tendon
(d) cartilage (d) areolar
5. The tissue that helps in the movement of our body are
(a) muscular tissue (b) skeletal tissue
(c) nervous tissue (d) all of the above
6. Monocyte, basophil, eosinophil and neutrophil are the
examples of different types of
(a) red blood cells (b) white blood cells
(c) areolar tissue (d) compact bone
7. The spindle shaped cells, uninucleated and
unbranched are present in muscular tissue of
(a) striated muscles (b) smooth muscles
(c) cardiac muscle (d) both (a) and (b)
8. Sieve tubes and companion cells are present in
(a) xylem (b) phloem
(c) cork (d) cambium
9. The size of the stem increases in the width due to
(a) apical meristem (b) intercalary meristem
(c) primary meristem (d) lateral meristem
10. Blood and lymph are types of
(a) muscular tissue (b) epithelial tissue
(c) connective tissue (d) permanent tissue
11. Cartilage and bone are types of
(a) muscular tissue (b) connective tissue
(c) meristematic tissue (d) epithelial tissue
12. Xylem and phloem are examples of
(a) epidermal tissue (b) simple tissue
(c) protective tissue (d) complex tissue
13. A tissue whose cells are capable of dividing and re-
dividing is called
(a) complex tissue (b) connective tissue
(c) protective tissue (d) meristematic tissue
14. The tissue that helps in the secretion and absorption
and is found in the inner lining of the alimentary canal is
(a) ciliated epithelium (b) cuboidal epithelium
(c) squamous epithelium (d) columnar epithelium
Answer: 1—(b), 2—(d), 3—(c), 4—(b), 5—(d), 6—(b),
7—(b), 8—(b), 9—(d), 10—(c),11—(b), 12—(d), 13—
(d), 14—(d).
Chapter 6 Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1. Name the tissues responsible for the movement of the body.
Answer: Muscle tissue and nervous tissue

Question 2. How does neuron look like?

Answer: A neuron is the unit cell of nervous tissue. It is a thread-like structure with
cell body and axon.

Question 3. Name the types of simple tissues.

Answer: (a) Parenchyma (b) Collenchyma (c) Sclerenchyma

Question 4. Name the types of complex tissues.

Answer: Xylem and phloem.
Question 5. Where is apical meristem found? .
Answer: It is present at the growing tips of stem and root, it increases the length of
the stem and roots.

Question 6. Which tissue make up the husk of coconut?

Answer: Sclerenchyma.

Question 7. What are the constituents of phloem?

Answer: Phloem constitutes the sieve tubes, companion cell, phloem parenchyma
and phloem fibres.

Question 8. Define aerenchyma.

Answer: When the cells have air-filled large cavities of parenchyma, it is called
aerenchyma. Aerenchyma helps aquatic plants in floating.

Question 9. What is the utility of tissues in multicellular organisms?

Answer: It helps in growth, organisation of different organs and performing functions.

Question 10. Name the two types of tissues.

Answer: Plant tissues and animal tissues.

Question 11. Name the two types of plant tissue.

Answer: Meristematic tissue and permanent tissue.

Question 12. What is differentiation?

Answer: The process of taking up a permanent shape, size and function by cells is
called differentiation.

Question 13. Name the three types of meristematic tissues.

Answer: The three types are:
(a) Apical tissue—tips of root and shoot
(b) Lateral tissue—sides of stem
(c) Intercalary tissue—at nodes

Question 14. Where is apical tissue found?

Answer: Present at the tips of roots and stems.

Question 15. Tissues present at the lateral surface of the stem are called
apical tissues. Put (T) if true and put (F) if false.
Rewrite the answer if (F).
Answer: (F). Tissues present at the lateral surface of the stem are called lateral
tissue.

Question 16. Which tissues are present at the nodes of the plants?
Answer: Intercalary tissue.

Question 17. What are the various types of blood cells?

Answer: There are three types:
(a) RBC’s
(b) WBC’s and
(c) Platelets.

Question 18. What are tracheids?

Answer: They are elongated cells with tapering ends.

Question 19. What are guard cells?

Answer: Each stomata is bounded by a pair of specialised kidney-shaped epidermal
cells called guard cells.

Question 20. Epithelial tissue is the simplest tissue. Write (F) for false or (T)
for true.
Answer: (T).

Question 21. What are the functions of cuboidal epithelium?

Answer: It helps in absorption, excretion, secretion, it also provides mechanical
support.

Chapter 6 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Give four differences between bone and cartilage.
Answer:

Question 2. Give the functions of bone.

Answer: The functions of bone are:
(i) It provides shape to the body.
(ii) It provides skeletal support to the body.
(iii) It anchors the muscles.
(iv) It protects the vital body organs like brain, lungs, etc.

Question 3. Give the functions of cartilage. .

Answer: (i) It provides support and flexibility to the body parts.
(ii) It smoothens surface at joints.

Question 4. Fill in the blanks:

(i) Water and minerals are conducted by ………………….
(ii) In higher plants food is conducted by ……………………..
(iii) Blood is a ……………. tissue.
(iv) Bone consists of………….cells.
(v) Cartilage consists of………………..cells.
(vi) Fibres are absent in………….type of connective tissue.
Answer: (i) Xylem (ii) Phloem
(iii) Connective (iv) Osteocyte
(v) Chondrocyte (vi) Blood

Question 5. What are the functions of areolar tissue?

Answer: Functions are:
(i) It helps in repair of tissues after an injury.
(ii) It also helps in combating foreign toxins.
(iii) It fixes skin to underlying muscles.

Question 6. Give difference between xylem and phloem.

Answer:

Question 7. What are fibres?

Answer: Fibres consist of very long, narrow and thick cells. Example, jute fibre.

Question 8. Name the tissues for the following:

(a) Stores fat in animal body.
(b) Divides and re-divides to grow in plants.
(c) Tissue that joins hone to hone.
(d) Covers the external surface of animal body.
Answer: (a) Adipose tissue
(b) Meristematic tissue .
(c) Ligament
(d) Epithelial tissue.

Question 9. What is stomata?

Answer: Stomata are small pores present on the surface of a leaf which helps in the
exchange of gases and in transpiration.

Question 10. Why does epidermal tissue have no intercellular space?

Answer: The epidermal (layer) tissue forms a protective outer covering for the plants
and it protects the internal parts of the plant. It aid in the protection against loss of
water, mechanical injury and invasion by parasitic fungi.
For this protective role to play the continuation of cells is necessary, hence it does not
have intercellular space.

Question 11. Name and give the function of each cell of xylem:.
Answer: Xylem consists of tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibres.
Tracheids and vessels—Allows the transport of water and minerals.
Xylem parenchyma—Stores food and helps in the sideways conduction of water.
Xylem fibres—Are supportive in function.

Question 12. What is the function and location of stratified squamous

epithelium?
Answer: Stratified squamous epithelium is present in the skin. The layers of cells are
arranged to prevent wear and tear.
Question 13. Give difference between ligament and tendon.
Answer:

Question 14. Give difference between striated muscles and unstriated

muscles.
Answer:

Question 15. State the difference between bone and blood.

Answer:

Question 16. Name all different types of tissues present in animal.

Answer: There are four main types of tissues present in animal. ‘
(a) Epithelial tissue present on the outer and inner lining of the body.
(b) Muscular tissue are made up of muscles, help in movement.
(c) Connective tissue connects the different organs in the body.
(d) Nervous tissue consists of nerve cells and are present in the nervous system.

Question 17. Why is blood called connective tissue?

Answer: The blood is composed of cells and plasma. Plasma is a fluid and cells like
red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are present in it. All these cells are
connected due to plasma. It also transports food, water to different parts of the body
and connects them.

Question 18. Name three types of muscle tissues and give function of each.
Answer: Three types of muscle tissues are:
(a) Striated muscle (b) Smooth muscle (c) Cardiac muscle
(a) Striated muscle: These muscles show alternate light and dark bands or striations.
They are involuntary and present in skeletal tissues,, help in movement of body and
bones.
(b) Smooth muscle: These are involuntary muscles, control the movement of food in
alimentary canal, contraction and relaxation of blood vessels. Present in iris, uterus
etc.
(c) Cardiac muscle: These muscles are present in heart, help in the rhythmic
contraction and relaxation throughout the life.

Question 19. State the difference between simple tissues of plants.

Answer: The simple tissues of plants are:
(i) Parenchyma (v) Collenchyma (iii) Sclerenchyma

Question 20. With the help of diagram show the difference between striated
muscle fibre, smooth muscle fibre and cardiac muscle fibre.
Answer:

Question 21. Name different types of meristematic tissue and draw diagram
to show their location.
Answer: The 3 different types of meristematic tissue are:
(a) Apical meristem—Function: growth in length.
(b) Lateral meristem—Function: growth in thickness.
(c) Intercalary meristem—Function: growth in intemodes.

Question 22. Explain the structure, function and location of nervous tissue.
Answer: Structure: Nervous tissue consists of cells called nerve cells joined end to
end (neurons). A neuron (nerve cell) consists of a cell body with nucleus and
cytoplasm. From these cell body a long thin hair-like parts arise called axon and many
short branched parts called dendrites.
Location: Nervous tissue are present in brain, spinal cord and nerves. Function:
Nervous tissue receives the stimuli and transmit the stimulus rapidly from one place
to another within the body. The nerve impulse allows us to move our muscles and
respond to any stimuli.

Question 23. Give the flow chart of plant tissues.

Answer:

Science Chapter 6 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Write a note on plant tissues.
Answer: Plant tissues consist of two main types of tissue.
Parenchyma: Present in soft parts of the plant.
Collenchyma: Provides mechanical support to plant present in stalks. Sclerenchyma:
They provide strength and flexibility to the plants.
Xylem: Conduct water in plants from root to shoot. Consists of tracheids, vessels,
xylem parenchyma and xylem fibres.
Phloem: Conduct food to all parts of plant. Consist of sieve tubes, companion cell,
phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres.

Question 2. Show the types of animal tissues using flow chart.

Answer:

Question 3. What is connective tissue? Explain its types.

Answer: The connective tissue consists of different types of cells, all of them perform
same function.
Areolar connective tissue: It is found between the skin and muscles, around blood
vessels and nerves and in the bone marrow.
Areolar tissue fills the space inside the organs. It supports internal organs and helps in
repair of tissues.
Adipose tissue: Adipose tissue stores fat, found below the skin and between internal
organs. The cells of this tissue are filled with fat globules. It acts as insulator due to fat
storage.
Blood: It has a fluid called plasma, in plasma are present red blood cells, white blood
cells and platelets. Blood flows all over the body and helps in the transport of gases,
digested food, hormones and waste material to different parts of the body.
Lymph: Lymph carries digested fat and lot of white blood cells in the plasma. Bone: It
forms the framework that supports the body. It supports the different parts of our
body. It is strong and non-flexible tissue.
Cartilage: It is present in nose, ear, trachea and larynx. It smoothens bone surfaces at
joints.
Tendon: It connects bone and muscles. These tissues are fibrous, flexible and with lot
of strength.
Ligament: It connects bone to ‘bone. It is elastic, has lot of strength.

Question 4.Describe ‘epidermis’ in plants.

Answer: Epidermis forms the entire outermost layer of the plant. It is made up of
single cell layer. It protects all the internal parts of the plant.
On aerial parts, epidermis secretes waxy, water-resistant layer on their outer surface.
This helps in protection against loss of water, mechanical injury and invasion of
parasitic fungi.
In leaves, epidermis consists of small pores called stomata. These pores helps in the
transpiration and exchange of gases, like oxygen and carbon dioxide for plants.
In roots, epidermis have long hair-like parts that provide greater surface for water
absorption.
In desert plants, epidermis has a thick waxy coating of cutin which acts as a water
proofing agent.

Question 5. Explain the “complex tissue” of plants.

Answer: Complex tissues are made up of more than one type of cells. All these cells
co-ordinate to perform common function. These are—xylem and phloem. Both are
conducting tissues and form a vascular bundle.
Xylem consists of—tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibres. Most of
these cells are dead. Tracheids and vessels helps in water transportation, parenchyma
stores food and helps in the sideways conduction of water and fibres are mainly
supportive in function.
Phloem is made up of four types of elements—sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem
fibres and phloem parenchyma. It helps in the transportation of food in both the
directions, i.e. from leaves to roots and to other parts of the plant.
Chapter 6 Activity-Based Questions
Question 1. • Take two glass jars and fill them with water.
• Now, take two onion bulbs and place one on each jar, as shown in the
figure given below.

• Observe the growth of roots in both the bulbs for a few days.
• Measure the length of roots on day 1, 2 and 3.
• On day 4, cut the root tips of the onion bulb in jar 2 by about 1cm. After
this, observe the growth of roots in both the jars and measure their lengths
each day for five more days and record the observations in tables, like the
table
From the above observations, answer the following questions:
(a) Which of the two onions has longer roots? Why?
(b) Do the roots continue growing even after we have removed their tips?
(c) Why would tips stop growing in jar 2 after we cut them?
Answer: (a) The onion in jar 1 has longer roots, as the growth of roots continues in it
due to intact root tips.
(b) The roots did not continue to grow in jar 2 after cutting down their tips.

(c) The tips of root stopped growing in jar 2 because the tips of these roots were cut
down and the tissues which helps in the growth of roots i.e., meristematic tissues are
removed from it.

Question 2. • Take a plant stem and with the help of your teacher cut into
very thin slices or sections.
• Now, stain the slices with safranin. Place one neatly cut section on a slide,
and put a drop of glycerine.
• Cover with a cover-slip and observe under a microscope. Observe the
various types of cells and their arrangement.
• Answer the following on the basis of your observations:
(a) Are all cells similar in structure?
(b) How many types of cells can be seen?
(c) Can we think of reasons why there would be so many types of cells?
Answer:
(a) No, all cells are not similar in structure, we see variety of cells with different shape
and size.
(b) We can see at least ten different types of cells in the slide. .
(c) Yes, there are variety of cells so that each group of cell does a specific role in the
overall growth of plant.

Question 3. • Take a freshly plucked leaf of Rheo.

• Stretch and break it by applying pressure.
• While breaking it, keep it stretched gently so that some peel or skin
projects out from the cut.
• Remove this peel and put it in a petridish filled with water.
• Add a few drops of safranin.
• Wait for a couple of minutes and then transfer it onto a slide. Gently place
a cover slip over it.
Answer: (a) The slide shows epidermal cells with stomatal pores as shown in Fig. (a).
(b) On focusing stomata pores under microscope. We can see guard cells and stomata
pore as shown in Fig. (b).
Chapter 6 Value-Based Questions
Question 1. A group of students completed the project of finding the
botanical names of all the trees present in the school campus. They
prepared metal plates with names carved on it, to fix it on the plant trunks.
Shreya was concerned that if the metal plate is fixed into tree many cells of
the tree may get damaged. But the group members explained her that the
outer layer of trunk does not have living cells and there won’t be any
damage to the tree.
(a) What type of cells are present on the outer layer of the bark/tree trunk?
(b) How does the cprk act as a protective tissue?
(c) What value of the group is seen in the above cast?
Answer: (a) On the outer layer of the tree trunk/bark all thick layer of dead cells is
present which acts as protective tissue.
(b) In cork, all cells are dead without intercellular spaces, the walls of the cells have
deposition of suberin.
(c) The students in a group show team effort, peer learning and co-operatiye.

Question 2. A paralytic patient was unable to walk. ‘The family member of

the patient took the outmost care of the patient.
(a) Name two tissues responsible for the movement of a body.
(b) Name the tissues present in brain and spine.
(c) What value of the family members is seen in the above case?
Answer: (a) The two tissues responsible for movement of the body are muscular
tissue and nervous tissue.
(b) The tissues present in brain and spine are nervous tissues.
(c) The family members showed the value of being caring, responsible, dutiful and
kind.