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BCA 3rd Sem OOPs unit 2 notes
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43 views19 pagesOOPs (Unit-2)
BCA 3rd Sem OOPs unit 2 notes
Uploaded by
panther2020.comCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 19
ee eee UN
Q 1. How can achieve Information Hiding in C++.
Ans. es | Information Hiding
“Information hiding is manifested by enabling programmers to
restrict access to certain data and code. This way, a class may prevent
other classes and functions from accessing its data members and some
of its member functions, while allowing them to access its non-restricted
members.
As most object-oriented programmers know, information hiding
is one of the most important things in OOP. Information hiding is
something you do, generally to classes (objects) that protect them from
tampering from the user. Instead of the client having access to all of
the information you design the interface and methods to allow them to
interact on its own terms. 7
“Information hiding example:
class clock
{
private:
int ticks;
public:
void display();
}
Explanation:
the variable ticks is being hidden from the client in this instance.
Q2. What are abstract data types in C++.
Ans. Abstract data type (ADT) is a specification of a set of data and
the set of operations that can be performed on the data. Such a data
type is abstract in the sense that it is independent of various conc: *
implementations. The definition can be mathematical, or it can be-
programmed as an interface. A first class ADT supports the creation of
multiple instances of the ADT, and the interface normally provides 4
constructor, which returns an abstract handle to new data, and several
operations, which are functions accepting the abstract handle as an
argument.. An ADT is a collection of data and associated operations fo,
manipulating that data.
ADTs support abstraction, encapsulation. and information hiding
they provide equal attention to data and operations 7
Common examples of ADTs:
Built-in types: boolean, integer. real, array
User-defined types: stack, queue, tree, list
boolean: ,
Values: true and false
Operations: and, or, not, nand, ete
integer:
Values: Whole numbers between MIN and MAX values
~ Operations: add, subtract. multiply, divide, etc.
arrays:
- Values:
+ O
Q3. What is objects and classess? Describe the systex for declaring
a class and object with examples. -
“A _- C++ Objects and Classes
ee object-oriented programming languages like C++, the data and
functions (procedures to manipulate the data) are bundled together as
a self-contained unit called an object,A class is an extended concept
similar to that of structure in C programming language; this class
describes the data. properties alone{ In C++ programming language,
class describes both the properties (data) and behaviors (functions) of
objects. Classes are nof objects, but they are used to instantiate objects.
Features of Class: 3
Classes contain data known as members and member functions.
Asa unit, the collection of members.atid member functions is an object.
Therefore. this unit of objects makes up a class.
How to write a Clas
{n Structure in C programming language, a structure is specified
with a name. The C++ programming language extends this concept. A
class is specified with a name after the keyword class.
The starting flower brace symbol * {‘is placed at the beginning of
the code. Following the flower brace symbol, the body of the class is
defined with the member functions data. Then the class is closed with
a flower brace symbol *}* and concluded with a colon *;”
jomogencous elements, i.e. array ofX. . .
‘ations: initialize, store, retrieve, copy, etc. (23)
Example:
class exforsys
{
data:
member_functions;
There are different access specifiers for defining the data and
functions present inside a class.
Access specifiers:
Access specifiers are used to identify access rights for the data
and member functions of the class. There are three main types of access
specifiers in C++ programming language:
© private
© public
© protected
© A private member within a class denotes that only members. of the
same class have accessibility. The private member is inaccessible
from outside the class.
© Public members are accessible from outside the class
© A protected access specifier is a stage between private and public
access. If member functions defined in a class are protected, they
cannot be accessed from outside the class but can be accessed
from the derived class.
When defining access specifiers, the programmer must use the
keywords: private, public or protected when needed, followed by a
semicolon and then define the data and member functions under it.
class exforsys
private: ” (24)
In the code above, the member x and y are defined as private access,
The member function sum is defined as a public access.
General Template of a class:
General structure for defining a class is:
class classname
{
access_specifier:
data_member;
member_functions;
access_specifier:
data_member;
member_functions;
} :
Generally, in class, all members (data) would be declared as private
and the member functions would be declared as public. Private is the
default access levél-If no access specifiers are identified for members
of a class, thé members are defaulted to private access.
class exforsys
t ;
int x,y;
public: .
void sum() :
> i this example, for members x and y of the class exforsys there
are no access specifiers identified. exforsys would have the default
access specifier as private.
‘reation of Objects: .
Once the class is created, one or more objects can be created from
he class as objects are instance of the class.
jects are also declared as:
lass_name followed_by object_name;
imple:
forsys cl; ; (25)
co declares e1 to be an object of class exforsys
For example a complete class and object dec! foniteal
Seeesicrys ject declaration is given below:
{
private:
int x,y:
public:
void sum()
{
hia
hs
void main()
exforsys e1;
} .
Q 4. Define the terms State, identity and behavior of objects in
| > cH?
Ans.
» Object:
e An object has state, behavior, and identity; the structure and
behavior of similar objects are defined in their common class.”
Some things are not objects, but are attributes; e.g. Age, color.
_ Attributes may be properties of some object.
ite:
‘he state of an object consists of aset of data fields (its properties)
ith their current values.
The state represents tl
behavior.
ent characteristic, trait, or quality that
roperty is an inher
guishes one kind of object from another (i.e. its class).
properties in a class are usually static.
perties have some value.
he cumulative results of an object’s (26)
be a simple quantity.
e Eg. a person's net worth is Rs 25000
_, Values are usually dynamic.
e Eg a person's net worth may
© Occasionally a value is static
2 yeat’s seriar number ;
vents (i.e. 4 message
eo bt
The state of an object changes in response toe’
sent to it), or by acting autonomously.
_s May
go up OF down.
°
Behavior:
“Behavior is how of its state
changes and message passing.”
When you send a message to an obje
method (i.e. execute some code).
Invoking a method will cause certain well-defined behavior. and
may change the object’s state
_» The behavior may depend on t
A few kinds of operations that a client may per!
_, Modifier: alters the state of an object.
e Eg. karan.setNetWorth(25000);
_, Selector:,-accésses the state of an object, but does not alter it.
eo E.g. age = s.getAge();
_+ Constructor: creates an object and initializes its state.
_, Destructor: destroys an object (frees its memory).
e an object acts and reacts in terms
ct, you actually invoke a
he object’s current state.
form on an object:
Identity: .
e “Identity is that property of an object, which distinguishes it from
all others.” -
Ge of a class has its own memory to hold its state.
t is Constructor? What are the different types of
wi gh wi ait ao prikarm wei g 4 eb
a Trike om |
ns. Constructor: A constructor is a special member function whose
in operation is to allocate the required resources such as memory
initialize, the objects of its class. A constructor is distint from Dechieawlon OF CORSIFUCIOr:.
eliss abe
'
mtn,
public
abe (void) ; wv yr
1 ee
abe»; abe (void) // constructor declaration
{
n=0;
)
she a! // object created
« 1 only creates the object al of type abe but also initialize its data
member n to zero yok
ik
wt
It has the same name as that of the cJaSs to which it belongs.
It is executed automatically whengVer the class is instantiated.
l
2.
3. It does not have any return type
4. It is normally used to initialize the data member of a class.
5. It is also used to allocate resources such as memo the dynamic
data members of a class. Gon ret be ive
Types of Constructor: ngiche an obfut tile ree
Mainly constructor are classified into four calggories: a
tT. Default Constructor
2. Parameterized Constructor
UX Copy Constructor
“4. Dynamic Constructor ,
1. Default Constructor: Acons
called the default constructor. >
oreg.
# include .
# include
class abe
tructor that accepts no parameter is
private :
—intas
int b; (29)
3. Copy Constructor: A constructor can
own class as a parameter,
For e.g.
# include
# include
accept a reference to its
Class A
{
int m;
intn;
public :
A(A&);
}
A (int a, int b)
{
m=a;
n=b;
} =
A(A&i)
{ .
m=i.m;
n=in;
}
3
void main ()
{
A 11 (20, 40);
AI2(11);
getch () ; C3)
Q 6. What is destreutors, Explain with example.
Ans. Destructor: Destructors is used to destroy the objects that have
been created by a constructor, when they are no longer required
Syntax: te
*~ integer ()
{
\
5 -
e Destructor never takes any argument nor does it return any value.
It will be invoked simplicity, by the compiler upon exit from the
program.
Properties of Destructor:
1. Destructor finally are invoked automatically when the object
are destroyed.
2. A destructor may not be static.
3. They can not be inherited.
4. A destructor does not take any value and also does not return
"any value. ,
5. It isnot possible to take the address of a destructor.
6. No argument is provided to destructor.
For e.g. '
# include _
class Test
public :
Test ();
~ Test ();
2: Test ()
cout << “Constructor called << Endl ;
t
Test : :~Test ()
cout << “destructor called << Endl B
void main ()
{
}
Testis : i || Constructer called (33)
Q8. Give the difference between Constructor and Destructor.
Ans.
Difference Between Constructor and Destructor’
Constructor \
Destructor
Does take the argument.
Class can have mutliple
constructor.
Constructor can be
overloaded.
Constructor cannot be a
virtual.
Name is same as class
name.
Constructor function
invoked automatically
when the object created.
Does not take argument.
Class can have only one
destructor.
3. Destructor can not be
overloaded.
4. - Destructor can be virtual.
5. Name is same as class name
prefixed by tilde (~) symbol.
6. Invoked automatically
before terminating the
program. (35)
Q 11. What do you understand by Static Data Member ?
Ans. : Static Data Member : A data member of a class can be qualified
as static. The properties of a static member variable are similar to that
of a C static variable. A static member variable has certain special
characteristics. These are :
It is initialized to zero when the first object of its class is created.
No other initialization, is permitted.
Only one copy of that member is-created for the entire class and is
shared by all the objects of that class.
It is visible only within the class, but its lifetime is the entire
program.
Static variables are normally used to maintain values common the
entire class. For example, a static data member can be used as counter
that records the occurences of all the objects. Program illustrates the
use of a static data memmber :
Static class member
# include
# include
Class item :
{
Static int count;
int number;
Public :
void getdata (int a)
{
number = a; -
count ++;
}
void getcount (void)
{
count <<“count :”;
count <
# include
class test
{
int code;
static int count; // static member variable
Public :
void setcode (void)
code = ++ count;
void showcode (void)
{ & ~
count <<“object number : “<
void get( int one, int two=2, int three=3);
void get(int one, int two, int three)
{
cout <<“One =“<
void main(void)
{
int *ptr;
ptr=new int(10);
cout<<*ptr;
delete ptr;
ae is will-allocate memory for an int(eger) having initial value
10, pointed by the ptr pointer.
Memory space for arrays is allocated as shown below:
ptr=new DataType [x];
Here, .
e ptr and DataType have the same meaning as above.
e xis the number of elements and C is a constant.
Ex.
/fExample Program in C++
#include
void main(void)
{
int *ptr, size; ; (41)
cin>>size;
ptr=new int[size]:
/arrays are freed-up like this
delete []ptr:
} ;
Freeing-Up Allocated Memory:
Unlike static variables, C++ will not free-up the memory allocated
through dynamic allocation. Its your duty to free them up. delete
keyword is used to free-up the allocated memory.
delete ptr;
Arrays are deleted in a slightly different manner as shown below:
delete []ptr;
It’s easy to forget to free the allocated memory because C++
compiler won’t inform you that you are doing this. It’s your job and
should always be done. :
Now let me show you an example of dynamic memory allocation
in action: -
//Example Program in C++
#include
void main(void)
{ ee
a EHOW many PH. Numbers do you wish to enter:”;
cin>>size; .
\ptr=new int[size];//allocate memory
//imput ph. numbers
for (int i=0;i>ptr[i];
output ph. numbers ie
cout<<“\n\n\n PH. NOs. are\n”s
i=0;i