CAMEROON GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD ADVANCED LEVEL 780 PHYSICS 2011

ADVANCED LEVEL PHYSICS780

1. Introduction
The aims, examination schemes and syllabus content, have been designed to take account of the needs of
different groups of candidates: on the one hand, those who will not be continuing their studies beyond A
level, and those who may be proceeding to higher education. It is assumed that the syllabus will be taught
as a two-year course, at a rate of six theory hours and two practical hours per week, to candidates who
have taken an Ordinary level Physics course. The candidate’s programme of practical work will include
both experimental work designed to support the candidate’s understanding of the principles of Physics
and experiments which develop specific laboratory skills.

The aims of the syllabus set out below will closely match the objectives of teaching the course. The
assessment objectives indicate the range of skills that will be tested in the examination. The list of
operational objectives attempts to relate the content and skills to the examination papers as far as is
possible.

2. Aims
The aims of the syllabus are:
A) to foster the acquisition of knowledge and understanding of concepts and principles through the
development of observational, practical and processing skills;
B) to promote the application of concepts and principles of physics in technology and their social,
economic and environmental implications;
C) to encourage the study of physics through fieldwork and experimentation;
D) To empower students with skills that will enable them to be competitive on the job market.

3. Assessment objectives
The assessment objectives of the syllabus will test:

AO1. Knowledge. The ability to:

• Recall basic physical principles, terminology, facts, and methods;
• State how physics is fundamental to many technological developments;
• Describe how physics contributes to the social, historical, environmental, technological and
economic life of society.

AO2. Comprehension. Demonstrate an understanding of:

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CAMEROON GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD ADVANCED LEVEL 780 PHYSICS 2011

• Scientific facts and concepts;

• Scientific methods and techniques;
• Scientific terminology;
• Methods of presenting scientific information.

AO3. Application. Apply and use:

• Scientific facts and concepts;
• Scientific methods and techniques;
• Scientific terminology to communicate effectively;
• Appropriate method to present scientific information;
• Concepts and simple models in conjunction with laws and principles to interpret familiar or novel
phenomena;
• Familiar laboratory apparatus effectively, taking into account safety measures.

AO4. Analysis, Separate or organize:

• Material or concepts into component parts.
• Scientific methods and techniques.
• Scientific terminology to communicate effectively.
• Appropriate method to present scientific information.
• Experiments clearly, positively and critically.

AO5. Synthesis. Build or construct:

• Patterns from diverse elements.
• Scientific methods and techniques.
• Scientific facts and concepts.
• Simple experiments, present data so obtained effectively, analyse this data satisfactorily, and
recognize and respond to major sources of error.
• Hypotheses and test them graphically or by other means.

AO6. Evaluation. Judge or discriminate:

• Between values and ideas.
• Scientific facts and concepts.
• Scientific terminologies.
• Scientific methods and techniques.

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CAMEROON GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD ADVANCED LEVEL 780 PHYSICS 2011

4. Structure of the Examination

4.1. Weighting of Examination and Scheme of Assessment

Weighting of
Type of Number of Questions and
Paper Duration Marks Weighting Assessment
Question Specifications
Objectives
1 MCQs 1 ½ hours 100 30% 50 questions viz.: 5 on AO1 &AO2
knowledge& comprehension, = 10%
10 on application, 15 on AO3 = 20%
analysis, 15 on synthesis, 5 on AO4 = 30%
evaluation AO5 = 300%
AO6 = 10%
2 Short and 1 hour 50 25% Section 1: 5 compulsory short AO1 = 10%
long questions and 1 pair of long AO2 = 10%
questions question (either/or type of AO3 = 25%
question). AO4 = 30%
AO5 = 15%
AO6 = 10%
Data 30 20 5% Section 2: 1 compulsory AO1 = 5%
Analysis minutes question on data analysis. AO2 = 5%
AO3 = 15%
AO4 = 35%
AO5 = 20%
AO6 = 20%
Long 1 hour 30 20% Section 3: 1 question per AO1 = 15%
questions option; candidate chooses 2 out AO2 = 18%
of 4. AO3 = 27%
AO4 = 15%
AO5 = 15%
AO6 = 10%

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CAMEROON GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD ADVANCED LEVEL 780 PHYSICS 2011

Weighting of
Type of Number of Questions and
Paper Duration Marks Weighting Assessment
Question Specifications
Objectives
3 Practical SBA* 20 5% A local examiner appointed by
book and the CGCE Board will assess
field candidates’ practical books.
work
project AO1 = 5%
Practical 2 hours 80 15% 4 questions will be set; each to AO2 = 5%
test be done in 10 minutes and AO3 = 15%
candidates will rotate through AO4 = 35%
in 40 minutes. A mainstream AO5 = 20%
practical test to be done in 1 h AO6 = 20%
20 min. Candidates will be
provided with instructions on
how to carry out the practical
test.
* School Based Assessment

4.2. Table of specifications

Question Section
Objective(s) Marks Level of difficulty
number
4 questions shall be a star (*), 3
1 Knowledge 6 questions a double stars (**) and 1
/Comprehension
question a triple star (***). Note
2 6 that the *** stars question should
Application
be at most 4/40.
3 Analysis 6

4 Synthesis 5

5 Evaluation 7

3 Each question in this section

6 Knowledge

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CAMEROON GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD ADVANCED LEVEL 780 PHYSICS 2011

Question Section
Objective(s) Marks Level of difficulty
number
3 carries twenty marks. The marks
Comprehension
Pair of long shall be awarded as follows:
questions 6 * questions carries 12/20 marks,
Application
** questions carries 6/20 marks,
3
Analysis and

3 *** questions carries 2/20 marks.

Synthesis

2
Evaluation

7 3 The question in this section carries

Knowledge
Data analysis twenty marks. The marks shall be
3 awarded as follows
Comprehension core
* questions carries 12/20 marks,
6
Application ** questions carries 6/20 marks,

3 and
Analysis *** questions carries 2/20 marks.
3
Synthesis

2
Evaluation

2 Each question in this section

Knowledge
carries fifteen marks. The marks Options
8,9,10,and 11 2 shall be awarded as follows
Comprehension
Long questions * questions carries 9/15 marks, Answer two
4
Application ** questions carries 4/15 marks, out of the

3 and four
Analysis *** questions carries 2/15 marks. questions
2
Synthesis
2
Evaluation

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CAMEROON GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD ADVANCED LEVEL 780 PHYSICS 2011

5. Cross Curricula Demands

A. CalculusCandidates will be expected to use calculus.
B. Arithmetic.Candidates should, for example, be able to:
1. recognise and use expressions in decimal and standard form (scientific) notation, recognise
abbreviations for 10-12, 10-9, 10-6, 10-3, 103, 106 and 109, use an electronic calculator for addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, and for finding arithmetic means, reciprocals, squares, square
roots, sines, cosines, tangents, exponentials and logarithms, and their inverses;
2. take account of accuracy in numerical work and handle calculations so that significant figures are
neither lost unnecessarily nor beyond what is justified;
3. make approximate evaluations of numerical expressions (e.g. π2≈ 10) and use such
approximations to check the magnitude of machine calculations.
C. Algebra. Candidates should be able to:
1. change the subject of an equation (most relevant equations involve only the simpler operations
but may include positive and negative indices and square roots),
2. solve simple algebraic equations (most relevant equations are linear but some may involve inverse
and inverse square relationships),
3. substitute physical quantities into physical equations using consistence units, and check the
dimensional consistency of such equations,
4. formulate simple algebraic equations as mathematical models of physical situations,

5. recognise and use the logarithm forms of expressions like
, ,   ,   .

6. express small changes or uncertainties as percentages and vice versa,

7. comprehend and use the symbols <, >, », «, ≈, ∝, 〈x〉 = x, ∑Χ, ∆Χ.
D. Geometry and Trigonometry. Candidates should be able to:
1. calculate the areas of right-angled triangles, circumferences and areas of circles, surface areas and
volumes of rectangular blocks, cylinders and spheres,
2. use Pythagoras’ theorem, similarity of triangles, the sum of the angle in a triangle,
3. use sines, cosines and tangent in physical problems,
4. recall sin θ≈ tan θ≈θ and cos θ≈ 1 for small θ, in radian,
5. understand the relationship between degrees and radians (defined as arc/radius),
E. Vectors. Vector treatment and representation, wherever possible, will be required. As a result
candidates should be able to:
1. find the resultant to two coplanar vectors, recognising situations where vector addition is
appropriate;
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CAMEROON GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD ADVANCED LEVEL 780 PHYSICS 2011

2. obtain expressions for components of a vector in perpendicular directions, recognising situations

where vector resolution is appropriate;
3. use scalar and cross products of vectors;
4. do vector differentiation;
5. understand and use direction cosines.
F. Graphs. Candidates should be able to:
1. translate information between graphical, numerical, algebraic and verbal forms;
2. select appropriate variables and scales for graph plotting;
3. determine the gradient and intercept of a linear graph and allocate appropriate physical units to
them;
4. choose by inspection a straight line which will serve as the best straight line through a set of data
points presented graphically;
5. recall the standard linear form y = mx + c and rearrange relationships into linear form where
appropriate;
6. sketch and recognise the forms of plots of common simple expressions like , x2, , sin x , cosx,

 ;
7. use logarithmic plots, log or ln (loge), to test exponential and power law variations,
8. understand and use the gradient of a tangent of a curve;

9. understand the notation dx for the rate of change of x with t (the ability to differentiate is
dt
required);
10. understand and use the area between a curve and the relevant axis where the area has physical
significance (the ability to integrate is required).
G. Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) requirements.
1. Calculators are allowed.
2. Candidates should be exposed to the use of ICTs as appropriate.

6. PRACTICAL WORK
1. Digital and mechanical stopwatches.
2. Metre rule, Ruler, wooden rule, bob, protractor.
3. Boss, clamp and stand.
4. Thermometer (1 oC, 0.5 oC, 0.2 oC), calorimeters.
5. Arm and spring balance, masses (10 g… 1000 g and a variety of each).
6. Measuring cylinder.

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CAMEROON GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD ADVANCED LEVEL 780 PHYSICS 2011

7. Ticker-timer and tape, air track and accessories.

8. Newton meter, manometer, barometer.
9. Springs, slinky coil.
10. Analogue and digital multimeter, centre zero galvanometer.
11. Solenoid, Coils, iron core to fit in the coils.
12. Resistor, potentiometer, torch light bulb and holder, poor conductor or insulator, conductor,
resistor (range 1 Ω to 105Ω, capacitor, diode (power and zener), light emitting diode, Light
Dependent Resistor, transistor, thermistor, electrolytic and ceramic capacitor (ranging 10 mF to
µF, 8 feet and 14 feet integrated circuit (IC).
13. Bob, thread, string.
14. Rectangular glass block, Semicircular glass block, Prism.
15. Lens (biconvex, biconcave, plano), mirror (concave, convex, plan), optical pins, and optical
bench.
16. Plotting compass, Compass, Protractor.
17. Metre rule, Micrometer screw gauge and vernier callipers.
18. Thread or string.
19. dc power supply (1.5 V, 4.5 V, 9 V) with accessories (holder and connectors); ac and dc variable
power supply with accessories.
20. Water and containers to carry water, Beaker, Capillary tube (50 cm).
21. Heating source (candle, burner), Pyrex beaker or metal cup, Burette.
22. 1m wooden rule with holes at regular intervals.
23. Glass block, prism, semicircular block, optical pins, Sheet of white paper.
24. Magnet, Ruler.
25. Connecting cable, crocodile clips, circuit board.
26. Graphite rod (from a pencil).
27. Resonance tube (fluorescence bulb), Set of tuning forks.
28. White sheet of paper A4, pin stock in a cork, clamp, stand and boss.
29. Dual beam cathode ray oscilloscope, signal generator.
30. Microwave generator, LASER tube, sodium lamps, diffraction grating.

7. FIELD WORK
Students are expected to visit one of the following sites and write a report.
1. Industrial sites.
2. Geological sites.
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 CAMEROON GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD ADVANCED LEVEL 780 PHYSICS 2011

3. Recreational sites.

8. THE SYLLABUSCONTENT
TOPIC NOTES ATTAINMENT TARGETS
Candidates shall be assesses on their ability
to:

1.0 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICS

a) Show an understanding ofthe magnitude of a
1.1 Physical • The magnitude of a physical quantity and be able to calculate
Quantities physical quantity is written such magnitude.
as the product of the
number and the unit.
a) Stateand breakdown the following SI base
1.2 Base Quantities • Base quantities; length, quantities and their units: mass (kg), length
and Units of mass, time, current, (m), time (s), current (A), temperature (K),
System internal (SI temperature interval, amount of substance (mol).
units amount of substance. Base b) Understand that these quantities and their
units; metre, kilogram, units form one possible minimum set in
second, ampere, Kelvin, terms of which all other physical quantities
mole. and units may be defined.
c) Explain that these quantities are fixed by
convention. (Luminous intensity and the
candela are not included. Definitions will not
be examined).
d) Explain the implications of the definition of
the ampere for the value of µ 0.

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 CAMEROON GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD ADVANCED LEVEL 780 PHYSICS 2011

TOPIC NOTES ATTAINMENT TARGETS

Candidates shall be assesses on their ability
to:
1.3Derived Units (SI) • Relationship between a) Express derived units as products or
derived quantities. quotients of the base units and use the named
• Homogeneity of physical units listed in this syllabus as appropriate.
equations. b) Use base units to check the homogeneity of
physical equations.
c) Show an understanding of the ultimate
dependence of all definitions of derived units
on base units.
d) Recall and show that homogeneity is
necessary with respect to either units or
dimensions, but that this is not a sufficient
test for correctness. (The use of units or
dimensions to predict simple physical
relationships is not required. Demonstration
of homogeneity is required).

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 CAMEROON GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD ADVANCED LEVEL 780 PHYSICS 2011

TOPIC NOTES ATTAINMENT TARGETS

Candidates shall be assesses on their ability
to:
1.4 Scalar and Vector • Distinction between vector a) Recognize whether or not a physical quantity
Quantities and scalar quantities. is a vector from definition.
• Vector nature of physical b) Calculate the magnitudes of physical
quantities: everyday quantities.
examples. c) Distinguish between scalar and vector
• Composition of quantities and give examples of each.
perpendicular vectors. d) Add and subtract coplanar vectors.
• Resolution of co-planar e) represent a vector as two perpendicular
vectors. components

1.5 Experimental • Null methods a) Display an understanding of the techniques

Physics (potentiometer). for the measurement of length, volume,
• Use of standard angle, mass, time, temperature and electrical
instruments. quantities appropriate to the ranges of
magnitude implied by the relevant parts of
the syllabus.
b) Use a galvanometer in null methods.
c) Appreciate the limitations of the techniques
used.

1.6 Accuracy and • Need to calibrate a) Calibratemeasuring instruments.

Sensitivity measuring instruments; use b) show an understanding of the distinction
of standards. between precision and accuracy.
1.7 Instruments • Use of the cathode ray a) Use the CRO with a known resistor as a
oscilloscope. voltmeter, ammeter and as a clock.
b) Use a CRO to measure p.d., current and time
of alternating currents.

2.0 MECHANICS
a) Define each quantity and statetheir units.
2.1 Rectilinear Motion • Displacement. b) Measure velocity and acceleration, using any
• Velocity. suitable apparatus.
• Acceleration. c) Draw and use of distance-time, velocity-time
graphs.
d) Measure g, the acceleration due to gravity.
e) Appreciate the vector nature of displacement,
velocity and acceleration.
f) Do appropriate calculations using the
equations of motion (Derivation of

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 CAMEROON GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD ADVANCED LEVEL 780 PHYSICS 2011

TOPIC NOTES ATTAINMENT TARGETS

Candidates shall be assesses on their ability
to:
equations may be required).
g) Appreciate the role of rectilinear motion in
sports.
a) Define angular speed, the unit vectors θˆ and
2.2 Circular Motion • Angular speed. r̂ , angular velocity, and centripetal
• Angular velocity. acceleration.
• Centripetal acceleration for b) Derive the equation v = ωrˆr and a = ω 2 rr̂ ,
a particle moving along a
v2
circular path at constant ωr = ,
r
speed.
c) Express angular displacement in radians.
d) Understand and use the concept of angular
velocity to solve problems.
e) Use the equations in b) above,to solve
problems.
f) Describe qualitative motion in a curved path
due to a perpendicular force, and show
understanding of centripetal acceleration in
the case of uniform motion in a circle.
g) recall and apply centripetal force as
mv 2
F = mω rrˆ =
2
rˆ
r
a) State, define and use with different types of
2.3. Forces • Force as a pull or push. forces.
b) Calculate weight, W = mg
c) Appreciate the importance of friction in
everyday experience, e.g. walking, use of
lubricants, etc.
a) Define and apply the moment of a force and
2.4 Turning Effects of • Moments. the torque of a couple (h)
Forces • Couple. b) Show an understanding of the conditions of a
• Torque. system is in equilibrium: i.e.that, when there
• Static and dynamic is no resultant force and no resultant torque.
equilibrium. c) Define a couple as a pair of forces that tends
• Coplanar forces. to produce rotation only.
• Conditions of equilibrium. d) State and apply the principle of moments.
e) State and use the conditions of static and
dynamic equilibrium of a body.
f) Explain the use of couples and torques in
everyday life.
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 CAMEROON GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD ADVANCED LEVEL 780 PHYSICS 2011

TOPIC NOTES ATTAINMENT TARGETS

Candidates shall be assesses on their ability
to:
a) Find resultants using Newton balances or
2.5. Newton’s Laws of • Statement of the three laws. pulleys.
Motion and • Force and momentum. b) State the three laws.
Momentum o definitions and units. c) Define momentum.
• Vector nature of forces to d) Appreciate the vector nature of forces and
be stressed. momentum.
e) Appreciate   
 as a special case of
Newton’s second law.
f) Do appropriate calculations. (Problems
involving change of mass need not be
considered).
g) Demonstrate the laws using air track or
tickertape timer or powder track timer, etc.
h) Apply the use of each law in everyday life
e.g. in seat belts, rocket travel, Lifts,
escalators, sports, all ball games, etc.
i) State, explain and use the principle of
conservation of momentum.
j) Appreciate elastic and inelastic collisions.
a) Define and state the units of Work.
2.6 Work, Energy and • Work. b) Appreciate work as energy transferred by
Power • Power. some physical processes.
• Kinetic energy. c) Recall different forms of energy e.g.
• Potential energy. gravitational potential energy, Ep = mgh,
• Gravitational potential Kinetic energy, EK = mv2 and elastic

energy. potential energy.
• Elastic potential energy. d) Apply the law of conservation of energy.
• Law of conservation of e) Use the work-energy equation in
energy. calculations.
• Conservative forces. f) Show an understanding of Einstein’s mass-
• Elastic and inelastic energy relation,E = mc2
collisions. g) Appreciate the efficient use of energy in the
home.
h) Define power as the rate of doing work or
rate of energy conversion and state its unit.

3.0 SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (SHM) AND WAVES

a) Give and describe simple examples of free
3.1 Simple Harmonic • Definition of simple oscillations.
Motion harmonic motion. b) Investigate the motion of an oscillator using
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CAMEROON GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD ADVANCED LEVEL 780 PHYSICS 2011

TOPIC NOTES ATTAINMENT TARGETS

Candidates shall be assesses on their ability
to:
• The equation a = -ω2x, experimental and graphical methods.
where ω is a constant, c) Understand and use the terms amplitude,
should be understood period, frequency, angular frequency and
physically, algebraically phase difference and express the period in
and graphically. terms of both frequency and angular
• Experimental study of frequency.
simple harmonic motion of d) Usethe equation a = −ω 2 x as the defining
(i) a simple pendulum, and equation of simple harmonic motion.
(ii) a mass attached to a e) Recall and apply x = xosinωt as a solution to
helical spring. the equation a = –ω2x
• Analytical treatment of a f) Recognise and apply v = vocosωt,
vertical mass- spring v = ± ωx
oscillator. g) Describe, with graphical illustrations, the
• Simple harmonic changes in displacement, velocity and
oscillators and energy. acceleration during simple harmonic motion.
• Mechanical resonance: h) Describe the interchange between kinetic and
qualitative and potential energy during simple harmonic
experimental discussion of motion.
free, damped and forced i) Describe practical examples of damped
oscillators and of oscillations with particular reference to the
resonance. effects of the degree of damping and the
importance of critical damping in cases such
as a car suspension system.
j) Give practical examples of forced oscillations
and resonance.
k) Describe graphically how the amplitude of a
forced oscillation changes with frequency
near to the natural frequency of the system,
and understand qualitatively the factors that
determine the frequency response and
sharpness of the resonance.
l) Appreciate circumstances in which resonance
is useful and other circumstances in which
resonance should be avoided.

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 CAMEROON GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD ADVANCED LEVEL 780 PHYSICS 2011

TOPIC NOTES ATTAINMENT TARGETS

Candidates shall be assesses on their ability
to:
a) Distinguish between longitudinal and
3.2 Mechanical Waves • Mechanical waves on transverse waves and give examples of each
water, along springs and in type of wave.
air. b) Define and describe wave fronts.
• Progressive waves, c) Draw displacement-time graphs and
amplitude speed displacement-distance graphs.
wavelength frequency and d) Establish the definitions of period,
phase interpreted amplitude, wavelength and frequency.
graphically. e) Associate progressive waves with energy
• Longitudinal and transverse transfer.
waves.
• Reflection and refraction of
water waves in a shallow
tray, wave fronts.
• The factors affecting the
speeds of transverse waves
on taut strings and wires.

4.0 ENERGETICS – THERMAL ENERGY

a) Show an appreciation that thermal energy is
4.1 Temperature • Basic concepts of thermal transferred from a region of higher
equilibrium and temperature to a region of lower temperature.
temperature. b) Show an understanding that regions of equal
• Thermometers. temperature are in thermal equilibrium.
• Liquid-in-glass and c) Show an understanding of a physical
thermocouples to measure property that varies with temperature may be
Celsius temperature. used for the measurement of temperature and
θ / oC = T / K − 273.15 state examples of such properties.
d) Compare the relative advantages and
disadvantages of resistance and
thermocouple thermometers as previously
calibrated instruments.
e) Show an understanding that there is an
absolute scale of temperature that does not
depend on the property of any particular
substance (i.e. the thermodynamic scale and
the concept of absolute zero).
f) convert temperatures measured in kelvin to
degrees Celsius: θ / oC = T / K − 273 .15

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 CAMEROON GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD ADVANCED LEVEL 780 PHYSICS 2011

TOPIC NOTES ATTAINMENT TARGETS

Candidates shall be assesses on their ability
to:
a) Give examples of energy in different forms,
4.2 Energy Transfer • Forms of energy. its conversion and conservation, and apply
• Concepts of energy transfer the principle of energy conservation to
and energy conversion. simple examples.
• Law of conservation of b) Relate a rise in temperature of a body to an
energy. increase in its internal energy.
• Internal energy. c) State and explain the concept of internal
energy.
d) Appreciate the implications of energy losses
in practical devices and use the concept of
efficiency to solve problems.
e) show an understanding
i. of internal energy as determined by the
state of the system and
ii. that internal energy can be expressed as
the sum of a random distribution of
kinetic and potential energies associated
with the molecules of a system.
f) Apply the first law of thermodynamics
expressed in terms of the increase in internal
energy, the heating of the system and the
work done on the system.
a) Explain using a simple kinetic model for
4.3 Heating Matter • Definitions and meaning of matter why
heat capacity, specific heat i. melting and boiling takes place
capacity, latent heat and without a change in temperature.
specific latent heat. ii. the specific latent heat of
• Measurements of specific vaporisation is higher than specific
heat capacities of solids latent heat of fusion for the same
and liquids and specific substance.
latent heat of fusion of ice iii. a cooling effect accompanies
and vaporisation of water. evaporation.
b) Define and use the concept of specific heat
capacity, and identifythe main principles of
its determination by electrical methods.
4.4Thermal Energy • Conduction, convection a) Describe experiments to demonstrate the
Transfer and radiation. properties of good and bad conductors of
• Definition of thermal heat.
conductivity. b) Give a simple molecular account of heat
• Simple numerical examples transfer in solids.

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 CAMEROON GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD ADVANCED LEVEL 780 PHYSICS 2011

TOPIC NOTES ATTAINMENT TARGETS

Candidates shall be assesses on their ability
to:
in one dimension only. c) Relate convection in fluids to density
• Good and poor conductors. changes and describe experiments to
• Newton’s law of cooling. illustrate convection.
d) Identify infra-red radiation as part of the
electromagnetic spectrum.
e) Describe experiments to show the properties
of good and bad
i. emitters;
ii. absorbers
of infra-red radiation.
f) Identify and explain everyday applications
and consequences of conduction, convection
and radiation.
Definedensity.
4.5 Solids and Liquids • Solids are rigid and a) Relate the difference in the structures and
transmit forces while fluids densities of solids, liquids and gases to
transmit pressure. simple ideas of the spacing, ordering and
• Direct measurement of motion of molecules.
density b) Describe a simple kinetic model for solids,
• Pressure difference in liquids and gases.
fluids: p = hρg: c) Distinguish between the structure of
manometers. Hydrostatic crystalline and non-crystalline solids with
force. particular reference to metals, polymers and
• Stresses and strains in one amorphous materials.
direction. d) Derive and use the equation p  ρgh.
• Hooke’s law and the elastic e) Appreciate that surfaces in contact with a
limit, yield point and liquid are subjected to a force.
plastic flow. f) Appreciate that deformation is caused by a
• Experiment to measure force and that, in one dimension, the
Young’s modulus. deformation can be tensile or compressive.
g) Describe the behaviour of springs in terms of
• Energy and area between
load, extension, elastic limit, Hooke’s law
the force-extension graph
and the spring constant (i.e. force per unit
and extension axes, when
extension).
elastic limit is not
h) Define and use the terms stress, strain and the
exceeded.
Young modulus.
• Use of curves to explain
i) Describe an experiment to determine the
macroscopic properties
Young modulus of a metal in the form of a
such as Hookian behaviour
wire.
and thermal expansion.
j) Distinguish between elastic and plastic
• Simple phenomena.
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 CAMEROON GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD ADVANCED LEVEL 780 PHYSICS 2011

TOPIC NOTES ATTAINMENT TARGETS

Candidates shall be assesses on their ability
to:
• Pressure difference across a deformation of a material.
spherical interface. k) Deduce the strain energy in a deformed
material from the area under the force-
extension graph.
l) Demonstrate knowledge of the force-
extension graphs for typical ductile, brittle
and polymeric materials, including an
understanding of ultimate tensile stress.
a) Define the term pressure and use the kinetic
4.6 Gases • Brownian motion in gases. model to explain the pressure exerted by
• The behaviour of an ideal gases.
gas with changes of b) Recall and solve problems using the equation
pressure, volume and of state for an ideal gas expressed aspV 
temperature. nRT (n = number of moles).
• The kinetic theory of an c) Infer from a Brownian motion experiment the
ideal gas. evidence for the movement of molecules.
• The kinetic theory of an d) Stateand apply the basic assumptions of the
ideal gas: assumptions kinetic theory of gases.
which define the model, e) Explain how molecular movement causes the
and derivation of pressure exerted by a gas and hence deduce
1 the relationship (N = number of
p = ρc 2 molecules)PV = NkT and hence deduce that
3
• The distribution of the average translational kinetic energy of a
molecular speeds. molecule is proportional to T.
• The Boltzmann constant, k.
f) Deduce the expression.
1 3
• The relation mc 2 = kT
2 2

5.0 ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS

a) Derive and use the equation I  nAve.
5.1 Electron flow in • The relation I=nAve. b) Distinguish between conductors and
Metals • Temperature coefficient of insulators.
resistance. c) Define temperature coefficient of resistance
• Temperature coefficient of and relate the sign to conductors,
resistance. semiconductors and insulators.
d) Calculate the temperature coefficient of
resistance from graph.
a) Show an understanding that conductivity in
5.2 Conduction • Application of the relation semiconductors is due to electrons and holes.
Mechanisms to any charge carrier should b) Explain the action of the semiconductor
18
 CAMEROON GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD ADVANCED LEVEL 780 PHYSICS 2011

TOPIC NOTES ATTAINMENT TARGETS

Candidates shall be assesses on their ability
to:
be understood. diode and the p-n junction.
c) Describe the action of the diode in forward
and reverse bias modes.
d) Appreciate minority and majority carriers in
semiconductors.
e) Show an understanding of the current-voltage
relation; reverse bias and breakdown.
f) Show that many semiconductor devices
depend on effects at the boundary between p-
and n-materials formed in the same
continuous crystal lattice.
a) Describe the carrier concentration in intrinsic
5.3 Semiconductors • Differences in size and sign semiconductor.
between metals and b) Explain doping in extrinsic semiconductors.
semiconductors should be c) State the difference between intrinsic and
related to I = nAve extrinsic semiconductors.
d) State the difference between a p-type and an
n-type semiconductor.
a) Give the functions of a junction diode.
5.4 Electronic Devices • The p-n junction and the b) Appreciateand state the applications of LEDs
LED. in daily life.
• Semiconductor diode. c) State the functions of a transistor as a switch
Zener diode. and an amplifier.
• The bipolar transistor. d) Describe the action of a bipolar npn transistor
• Common emitter class as an electrically operated switch and explain
Aa.c. amplifier. its use in switching circuits.
• The transistor as a switch. e) State in words and in truth table form, the
• Integrated circuits. action of the following logic gates, AND,
OR, NAND, NOR and NOT (inverter).
• Logic gates: OR, AND,
f) State the symbols for the logic gates listed
NOT, NAND and NOR.
above.
a) Infer from the results of the α-particle
5.5 The Nucleus • Evidence for the existence scattering experiment the existence and small
of atomic nuclei. size of the nucleus.
• Relative atomic mass, b) Describe a simple model for the nuclear atom
nucleon number (mass to include protons, neutrons and orbital
number), proton number electrons.
(atomic number), isotopes. c) Distinguish between nucleon number (mass
• Extra-nuclear electrons. number) and proton number (atomic
• Nuclear fission and nuclear number).

19
 CAMEROON GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD ADVANCED LEVEL 780 PHYSICS 2011

TOPIC NOTES ATTAINMENT TARGETS

Candidates shall be assesses on their ability
to:
fusion. d) Show an understanding that an element can
exist in various isotopic forms, each with a
different number of neutrons.
e) Use the notation for the representation of
nuclides.
f) Appreciate that nucleon number, proton
number, and mass-energy are all conserved in
nuclear processes.
a) Represent simple nuclear reactions by
5.6 Radioactive Decay • The existence of natural nuclear equations of the form.
and induced radioactivity. b) Show an appreciation of the spontaneous and
• Properties of alpha, beta random nature of nuclear decay.
(+and-) and gamma c) Show an understanding of the nature and
radiation and properties of α-, β- and γ-radiations.
corresponding d) Show an appreciation of the association
disintegration processes. between energy and mass as represented
• Radioactivity as a random byE  c  ∆mand solve problems using this
! relationship.
process. "
 #$% and the
e) Sketch the variation of binding energy per
exponential decay law:
nucleon with nucleon number.
decay constant and half
f) Explain the relevance of binding energy per
life.
nucleon to nuclear fusion and to nuclear
• Stable and unstable nuclei.
fission.
g) Definethe terms activity and decay constant
and solve problems using A = λN
h) Infer and sketch the exponential nature of
radioactive decay and solve problems using
the relationship N  N+ e,–./0 , where N
could represent number of undecayed
particles or received count rate.
i) Define half-life.
j) solve problems using the relation
0.693
$t  ln2 4. . λ 
 t

6.0 FIELDS
a) State the laws of gravitation; Prove of
6.1Gravitational • Newton’s laws of Kepler’s laws and apply it to motion of moon
Fields gravitation: gravitational and the movement of planets.
field strength, g. b) Apply Newton’s law of gravitation to

20
 CAMEROON GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD ADVANCED LEVEL 780 PHYSICS 2011

TOPIC NOTES ATTAINMENT TARGETS

Candidates shall be assesses on their ability
to:
• Qualitative description of problems solving orbiting bodies
the earth’s gravitational mm
F = G 13 2 r
field. r
• Inverse square law for c) Define gravitational field strength.
fields of spherically d) Derive g from force of gravity for uniform
symmetrical masses. field.
• Variation of inside and e) Draw and interpret graphs showing variation
outside earth. of g with distance from the centre of the
earth.
f) Sketch graphs showing the variation of V
with distance from centre of mass.
g) Apply potential energy to planetary and
satellite motions.
h) Define potential energy and derive
m
V = −G
r
a) show an understanding of the concept of an
6.2 Electric Fields • Measurement of charge. electric field as an example of a field of force
• Electrostatic phenomena b) Define electric field strength (as force per
and electric charge. unit positive charge acting on a stationary
• Current as rate of flow of point charge).
charge. c) Represent an electric field by means of field
• Coulomb’s law. lines.
• Electric field dipole and d) Apply E = V/d in calculate the field strength
torque. of the uniform field between charged parallel
• Electric flux. Gauss’s law. plates in terms of potential difference and
separation.
• Electric potential.
e) Calculate the forces on charges in uniform
• Conductors and insulators.
electric fields.
f) Describe the effect of a uniform electric field
on the motion of charged particles.
g) use Coulomb’s law in the form
QQ
F = G 13 2 r
r
for the force between two point charges in
free space or air
Q
E= r
h) State and use 4 πε 0 r 3
for the field
strength of a point charge in free space or air.

21
 CAMEROON GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD ADVANCED LEVEL 780 PHYSICS 2011

TOPIC NOTES ATTAINMENT TARGETS

Candidates shall be assesses on their ability
to:
i) Define potential at a point in terms of the
work done in bringing unit positive charge
from infinity to the point.
j) Show an understanding of the field strength
of the field at a point as numerically equal to
the potential gradient at that point.

Q
V=
k) Apply the equation 4πε 0 r for the
potential in the field of a point charge.
l) Recognise the analogy between certain
qualitative and quantitative aspects of electric
fields and gravitational fields.
a) State the function of capacitors in simple
6.3 Capacitors • Meaning and measurement circuits.
of capacitance. b) Define capacitance and the farad.
• Factors affecting c) Describe an experiment to measure the
capacitance of a parallel capacitance of a capacitor.
plate capacitor: relative d) Derive the equation for series and parallel
permittivity. arrangements of capacitors;
• Capacitors in series and e) Solve problems using C = Q/V.
parallel. f) Solve problems using formulae for capacitors
• Exponential growth and in series and in parallel.
decay of charge stored in a g) Deduce from the area under a potential-
capacitor in series with a charge graph the equation W = ½ QV and
resistor. hence W = ½ C V2.
• Time constant.
• Energy of a charged
capacitor.

22
 CAMEROON GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD ADVANCED LEVEL 780 PHYSICS 2011

TOPIC NOTES ATTAINMENT TARGETS

Candidates shall be assesses on their ability
to:
Candidates should be able to:
6.4 Magnetic Fields • Magnetic flux density: the a) Understand and show that a magnetic field is
tesla. an example of a field of force produced
• Quantitative study of the either by current-carrying conductors or by
force on a current carrying permanent magnets.
conductor in a magnetic b) Represent a magnetic field by field lines.
field and in a magnetic c) Show an appreciation that a force might act
field and on a charged on a current-carrying conductor placed in a
particle moving through a magnetic field.
magnetic field. d) Solve problems using the equation
• Measurement of e/mo. F  BI <sinθ,
• Couple of rectangular coil with directions as interpreted by Fleming’s
in a magnetic field. left-hand rule.
• Magnetic effect of a steady e) Define magnetic flux density and the tesla.
current: Biot-Savart law. f) Showthat the force on a current-carrying
• Ampere’s law. conductor can be used to measure the flux
• Magnetic flux density density of a magnetic field using a current
within a long solenoid and balance.
near a long straight wire. g) Predict the direction of the force on a charge
moving in a magnetic field.
• Force between parallel
h) ApplyF = BQvsinθ in solving problems.
current-carrying
i) Sketch flux patterns due to a long straight
conductors; the definition
wire, a flat circular coil and a long solenoid.
of the Amperes and µo.
j) Display an understanding that the field due to
• Force on current carrying
a solenoid may be influenced by the presence
conductor in uniform
of a ferrous core.
magnetic field.
k) Explain the forces between current-carrying
• Effects of ferrous core in
conductors and predict their direction.
solenoid.
l) Describe and compare the forces on mass,
• Earth’s magnetic field.
charge and current in gravitational, electric
Para- dia- and fero-
and magnetic fields, as appropriate.
magnetic substances.
• Electromagnets.
• Magnetic shielding.
Lorentz force.
7.0 ENERGETICS – ELECTRICAL ENERGY
a) Express electric current as the rate of flow of
7.1 Current Electricity • Flow of electric charge in a charged particles.
metallic conductor. b) Solve problems using V = WQ, P = VI = I2R.
• Electrical current. c) Sketch and explain the I-V characteristics of
a metallic conductor at constant temperature,
23
 CAMEROON GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD ADVANCED LEVEL 780 PHYSICS 2011

TOPIC NOTES ATTAINMENT TARGETS

Candidates shall be assesses on their ability
to:
• Electrical potential a semiconductor diode and a filament lamp.
difference. E.m.f. of a cell. d) Sketch the temperature characteristic of a
• Current–potential thermistor (thermistors will be assumed to be
difference relationship. of the negative temperature coefficient type).
• Ohm’s law. e) Solve problems using.
• Electrical energy and f) Define e.m.f. in terms of the energy
Power. transferred by a source in driving unit charge
• Resistance, resistivity, round a complete circuit.
conductivity and g) Distinguish between e.m.f. and p.d. in terms
superconductivity. of energy considerations.
• Temperature dependence of h) Describe the effects of the internal resistance
resistance. of a source of e.m.f. on the terminal potential
• Internal resistance of a cell. difference and output power
i) Use appropriate circuit symbols.
• Resistors in series and in
j) Draw and interpret circuit diagrams
parallel, rheostats and
containing sources, switches, resistors,
potential dividers.
ammeters, voltmeters, and/or any other type
• Circuit calculations:
of component.
applying the laws of
k) Apply Kirchhoff’s first law and appreciate
conservation of charge and
the link to conservation of charge.
conservation of energy
l) Recall Kirchhoff’s second law and appreciate
(Kirchoff’s laws) to simple
the link to conservation of energy.
series and parallel circuits.
m) Derive, using Kirchhoff’s laws, a formula for
• Wheatstone bridge and
the combined resistance of two or more
Meter Bridge.
resistors in series and in parallel.
• Potentiometer and
n) Apply Kirchhoff’s laws in solving simple
application.
circuit problems.
o) Show an understanding of the use of a
potential divider circuit as a source of
variable p.d.
p) Explain the use of thermistors and light-
dependent resistors in potential dividers to
provide a potential difference that is
dependent on temperature and illumination
respectively.
8.0 MOTION IN FIELDS
a) Resolve motion of a body into two
8.1 Projectile • Motion with non uniform dimensions.
acceleration. b) Find the range of movement of a projectile.
c) Calculate the maximum height and

24
 CAMEROON GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD ADVANCED LEVEL 780 PHYSICS 2011

TOPIC NOTES ATTAINMENT TARGETS

Candidates shall be assesses on their ability
to:
maximum displacement of a projectile.
a) Apply Kepler’s laws todescribe the motion
• Energy transfer when a of moon and the movement of planets around
8.2 Gravitational mass moves through a the sun.
Field, uniform gravitational field, b) Explain the conditions for a satellite to
Gravitational meaning of gravitational remain in a stable circular orbit in a
Potential and potential difference in gravitational field(PE and KE of satellite).
Energy orbits. c) Calculate the parameters of satellite in stable
• Kepler’s laws, orbital circular orbit. This will include applying the
C E GH I
velocity and geostationary relationships; ABA = ,ac= ,Fg = G ,
D F F
satellite. K
g G
L
a) Understand and list the forces acting on
8.3 Electric and • Electric and magnetic field charged particles in motion:
Magnetic Fields, strength: uniform and i) an electric field.
Potential and inverse square law fields in ii) a magnetic field.
Energy vacuum (or air). b) Describe the trajectory of the charged
• Energy transferred when particles in the fields.
charge moves through a c) Explain the electrostatic acceleration and
uniform electric and focussing as used in science and in everyday
magnetic fields; meaning of applications.
electric potential i. X-ray generation from e-beam.
difference. ii. electron microscope iii)welding and
television and Computer monitor.
9.0 THERMAL PHYSICS-THERMODYNAMICS
a) Define pressure and use the kinetic model to
9.1 Gas Laws • Ideal gas and real gas. explain the pressure exerted by gases.
• Absolute zero of b) Solveproblems using the equation of state for
temperature and Kelvin an ideal gas expressed as
temperature. pV  nRT(n = number of moles).
• P-V diagrams. c) Infer from a Brownian motion experiment the
evidence for the movement of molecules.
d) State the basic assumptions of the kinetic
theory of gases.
e) Explain how molecular movement causes the
pressure exerted by a gas and hence deduce
the relationshipp  HMNOPPP.
f) Compare with pV = NkT and hence deduce
that the average translational kinetic energy
of a molecule is proportional to T.

25
 CAMEROON GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD ADVANCED LEVEL 780 PHYSICS 2011

TOPIC NOTES ATTAINMENT TARGETS

Candidates shall be assesses on their ability
to:
g) Deduce the expression.
a) Explain using a simple kinetic model for
9.2 First Law of • Statement of the law. matter why
Thermodynamics • Energy conservation. i. melting and boiling take place without a
change in temperature.
ii. the specific latent heat of vaporisation is
higher than specific latent heat of fusion for
the same substance.
iii. a cooling effect accompaniesevaporation.
b) Usethe concept of specific heat capacity and
identifythe main principles of its
determination by electrical methods.
c) Use the concept of specific latent heat, and
identifythe main principles of its
determination by electrical methods.
a) Appreciate that an efficiency of more than
9.3 Second Law of• Statement of the law. 100% for a machine is impracticable.
• Degrees of disorder in a
Thermo-dynamics b) Understand basic concept of entropy.
system.
• Reversible and irreversible
processes.
• Entropy change.
10.0 WAVE PHENOMENA
a) Describe the term ‘Doppler effect’.
• For moving detector, b) Derive the associated equations.
moving source. In c) Use the associated equations in solving
10.1 The Doppler
measurement of speed. simple problems.
Effect in sound

a) Explain and use the principle of

10.2 Superposition of • The principle of superposition in simple applications.
Mechanical superposition illustrated by b) Show an understanding of experiments that
Waves a) the overlapping of two demonstrate stationary waves using
sets of spherical sound microwaves, stretched strings and air
waves, and columns.
b) Stationary waves on a c) Explain the formation of a stationary wave
taut wire or long using a graphical method, and identify nodes
stretched spring. and antinodes.
d) Explain the meaning of the term diffraction
e) Describe experiments that demonstrate
26
 CAMEROON GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD ADVANCED LEVEL 780 PHYSICS 2011

TOPIC NOTES ATTAINMENT TARGETS

Candidates shall be assesses on their ability
to:
• Phase difference and path diffraction including the diffraction of water
difference. waves in a ripple tank with both a wide gap
and a narrow gap.
f) Explain the terms interference and coherence.
g) Describe experiments that demonstrate two-
• Measurement of speed of source interference using water, light and
sound in free air. microwaves.
h) Explain and state the conditions required if
two-source interference fringes are to be
observed.
QR
i) Solve problems using the equation λ 
S
for double-slit interference using light.
a) Explain the movement of electromagnetic by
10.2 Electromagnetic • Displacement current, EM Stating that all electromagnetic waves travel
Waves waves and their with the same speed in free space and
characteristics. b) Explain the orders of magnitude of the
• EM spectrum and uses. wavelengths of the principal radiations from
• Reflection and refraction at radio waves to γ-rays.
plain surfaces. c) Understand and explain polarisation as a
• Laws of refraction. phenomenon associated with transverse
• Refractive index. waves.
• Dispersion.
• Total internal reflection and
critical angle. Familiarity
with practical situations in
which a single converging
lens produces a magnified
or diminished image.
• Method of production of
the chief properties of the
main divisions.
• Meaning and applications
of plain polarisation.

10.3 Superposition of • Fraunhofer diffraction at a a) Describe Fraunhofer diffraction pattern at a

e.m. Waves single slit and a circular single slit and aperture.
aperture. b) State the conditions for interference of water
• Two-source interference waves using two slits.
TU
patterns. c) Use the equation λ  in solving problems.
S
• Young’s double slit
27
 CAMEROON GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD ADVANCED LEVEL 780 PHYSICS 2011

TOPIC NOTES ATTAINMENT TARGETS

Candidates shall be assesses on their ability
to:
experiment and the d) Explain coherence and the conditions
measurement of necessary for its to occurrence.
wavelength.Dimensions are e) Determine wavelength by method of Young’s
expected. double slit experiment.
f) Recall and state approximate dimensions of
slit size, slit separation and screen distance.
g) Derive the diffraction equation nλ = dsinθ
and use it to solve problems.
h) Explain the effect of diffraction grating on
white light (spectrum production.

i) Describe the method of production of light by

• Light sources. gas discharge lamps and by a LASER.
j) Give advantages of LASER over the gas
discharge tube.

k) Solve problems using the formula

• Optical transmission d sin W  X$ and
grating with normal l) Usea diffraction grating to determine the
incidence. wavelength of light (the structure and use of
the spectrometer are not included.
10.4 Geometrical • Prism, lenses, dioptre,
Optics optical instruments:
microscope, astronomical
telescope.

• Multipleslit diffraction.

11.0 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

a) Define magnetic flux and the weber.
11.1 Magnetic Flux • Magnetic flux, flux linkage b) Solve problems using Φ = BA.
and the phenomenon of c) Define magnetic flux linkage.
magnetic induction. d) Infer from appropriate experiments on
• Faraday’s and Lenz’s laws electromagnetic induction
of magnetic induction. i. thata changing magnetic flux can
• Meaning of self inductance induce an e.m.f. in a circuit.
and mutual inductance: the ii. thatthe direction of the induced e.m.f.
Henry. opposes the change producing it.

28
 CAMEROON GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD ADVANCED LEVEL 780 PHYSICS 2011

TOPIC NOTES ATTAINMENT TARGETS

Candidates shall be assesses on their ability
to:
• Transformer. iii. the factors affecting the magnitude of
• Simple d.c the induced e.m.f.
motor/generator. e) Solve problems using Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction and Lenz’s law.
f) Give simple applications of electromagnetic
induction.
g) Show an understanding of the principle of
operation of a simple iron-cored transformer
and solve problems using for an ideal
transformer.
h) Explain the scientific and economic
advantages of alternating current and of high
voltages for the transmission of electrical
energy.
a) Show an understanding of and use the terms
period, frequency, peak value and root-
11.2 Alternating • Meaning of r.m.s. and peak mean-square value as applied to an
Currents values and their relationship alternating current or voltage.
for sinusoidal currents and b) Deduce that the mean power in a resistive
p.ds. load (i.e. half the maximum power for a
sinusoidal alternating current).
• Energy and power. c) Represent a sinusoidal alternating current or
voltage by an equation of the form x =
• Rectification and xosinωt.
smoothing. d) Distinguish between r.m.s. and peak values
and recall and solve problems using the
relationship for the sinusoidal case.
e) Distinguish graphically between half-wave
and full-wave rectification.
f) Explain the use of a single diode for the half-
wave rectification of an alternating current.
g) Explain the use of four diodes (bridge
rectifier) for the full-wave rectification of an
alternating current.
h) Analyse the effect of a single capacitor in
smoothing, including the effect of the value
of capacitance in relation to the load
resistance.

a) Explain and describe the series connections

only,
11.3 Electrical • RL, RC, RLC circuits. b) Show an understanding of and use the of
oscillations phasor diagrams,

29
 CAMEROON GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD ADVANCED LEVEL 780 PHYSICS 2011

TOPIC NOTES ATTAINMENT TARGETS

Candidates shall be assesses on their ability
to:
• Resonance.
d) Draw diagrams showing input and output
• Impedance singles as applied to the various circuits.
e) Explain the use of the circuits as high / low
pass filters.
e) Calculate impedance and reactance.
f) Appreciate real and apparent power lost.
g) Determine resonance point and its uses.
h) Calculate quality factor.
12.0 QUANTUM PHYSICS
12.1 Photons and • Conservation of energy for a) Show an appreciation of the particulate
Energy Levels. waves in free space from a nature of electromagnetic radiation.
point source. b) Use E = hf in solving simple problems.
• Inverse square law. c) Explain that the photoelectric effect provides
• The photoelectric effect. evidence for a particulate nature of
• Photons: The Planck electromagnetic radiation while phenomena
constant. such as interference and diffraction provide
• Einstein’s photoelectric evidence for a wave nature.
equation. d) Understand and state the significance of
• Wave particle duality. threshold frequency.
e) Explain photoelectric phenomena in terms of
• Line spectra: emission and
absorption. photon energy and work function energy.
f) Explain why the maximum photoelectric
• Energy levels - 'electron in
energy is independent of intensity, whereas
a box'.
the photoelectric current is proportional to
• The electron volt.
intensity.
• Excitation and ionisation
g) use and explain the significance of
energies. 
hf = Φ + ½ mYG
h) Describe and interpret qualitatively the
evidence provided by electron diffraction for
the wave nature of particles.
i) use the relation for the de Broglie wavelength
λ = h/p.
a) Show an understanding of the existence of
12.2 Atomic Spectra • Schrodinger model of discrete electron energy levels in isolated
Hydrogen atom. atoms (e.g. atomic hydrogen) and deduce
• Heisenberg uncertainty how this leads to spectral lines.
principle: position- b) Distinguish between emission and absorption
momentum, time-energy. line spectra.
c) Solve problems using the relation
hf = E1 – E2.

30
CAMEROON GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD ADVANCED LEVEL 780 PHYSICS 2011

31
CAMEROON GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD ADVANCED LEVEL 780 PHYSICS 2011

Option 1: ENERGY RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS

Topic Note Assessment objectives:
Candidates should be able to:
Energy Resources. Primary and Secondary a) Distinguish between primary andsecondary
energy. sources of energy.
Finite and renewable b) List renewable and non-
resources. renewableenergysources.
Patterns of consumption c) Give the definition and use of Fossil fuels,
in Cameroon. fossil materials and biofuelsas stores of
energy.
Reserves energy and their d) State and describe geothermalenergy, solar
sources: estimates of energy, tidal energy, wind energy, biomass,
fossil fuels and uranium biofuel, wave energy. Example of locations in
resources. Solar power. Cameroon.
Energy of winds, waves e) Distinguish between direct energysourceand
and tides. indirect energy source(convertible) sources of
energy. Express all contributions in a common
unit.
f) Appreciate the non-uniform
distributionofworldwide energy sources.

g) Use the Solar constant in simplecalculations

on kinetic energy of wind, potential energy of
stored water.
Energy Conversion
h) Give a description of deep water waves.

Hydroelectric power:
Describe the processes by which energyis
efficiency of a power
converted from one form to another, with
station.
reference to:
Fission reactor as a boiler.
(1) chemical/fuel energy (a re-grouping of atoms),
i.e. Compare the advantages and cost of
Alternative sources of
using natural gas, gasoil and HFO (Heavy Fuel
electric energy: solar cells
Oil) for electricity generationand in car
and solar power stations,
consumption.

32
CAMEROON GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD ADVANCED LEVEL 780 PHYSICS 2011

wind turbines, wave (2) Hydroelectric generation andtransmission

systems, Fusion reactor. (emphasising the mechanicalenergies involved).
(3) solar energy (nuclei of atoms in the Sun), solar
Cells; i.e. Candidates should be able to
i) design a simple solar cell and panel ii) do
simple calculations.
(4) nuclear energy,
(5) geothermal energy,
(6) wind energy.
(7) Biomass/biofuel;i.e. be able to
i. Show daily and seasonal variations in
demand.
ii. Solve the problem of storage of
electricalenergy.
iii. Explain nuclear fusion and fission in
terms ofenergy releasing processes.
iv. Qualitatively describe fission and the
chainreaction, the role of fuel,
moderator, coolantand control, is
expected.
v. Calculate the efficiency of an energy
conversion using the formula
efficiency = energy converted to the required
Environmental form/total energy input.
Physics

Climate change Radiation hazard and its a) Explain the radiation hazard between
consequences to human human and their natural environment.
health and the b) Describe the destruction of the
environment. ionosphere and consequences.
Geophysical hazard and c) Appreciate the energy waste in the
its consequences to human destruction of the forest.
health and the d) Appreciate and advise on detection and

33
CAMEROON GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD ADVANCED LEVEL 780 PHYSICS 2011

environment. prevention of destruction caused by

Global warming; seismic waves (tsunami and volcanoes).
Greenhouse effect, effort
to reduce greenhouse a) Appreciate the movement of air over the
effect or mitigation earth surface due to cosmic radiation.
method. b) Detection of air movement by satellite.
Space Weather
Effect of air navigation.
Satellites and power
plants. a) Describe methods of measurement of
Information on collection humidity.
of satellite data b) State and describe simple methods of
Ground armature means weather forecast.
of tracking do data from c) Describe the variation and the
difference satellite. consequences in rain fall inCameroon.
d) Appreciate the use of satellite in
collecting weather parameters.

Option 2: Communication
Topic Note Assessment objectives:
Candidates should be able to:
Radio Systems Simple a.m. radio a) Draw block diagrams for a simple radio
transmitter and transmitter and receiver.
receiver. b) Use tuning circuit to explain the principle of
Tuning circuits. operation of a radio receiver.
Parallel-tuned L-C c) Describe super-heterodyne system.
circuits: the
dependence of f on the
product LC required.

Principles of d) Distinguish between AM and FM transmission.

modulation. e) Understand the term modulation and be able to

34
CAMEROON GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD ADVANCED LEVEL 780 PHYSICS 2011

Topic Note Assessment objectives:

Candidates should be able to:
Difference between distinguish between amplitude modulation (AM)
Optical Fibres AM and FM and frequencymodulation (FM).
transmissions. f) Give the relative advantages of AM and FM
transmissions.
Sidebands and g) Explain that a carrier wave amplitude
bandwidth. modulated by a single audio frequency is
equivalent to the carrier wave frequency together
Transmission of with two sideband frequencies.
information by digital h) Define the term bandwidth
means. i) State the advantages of thetransmission of
Attenuation. data in digitalform.
j) Understand and explain that the digital
Different modes of transmission of speech or music involves
transmission. analogue-to-digital conversion (ADC) on
transmission and digital-to-analogue conversion
(DAC) on reception.

The Mobile-phone
a) Discussthe relative advantages and disadvantages
Structure and functions of channels of communication in terms of
of a mobile phone. available bandwidth, noise, cross-linking,
security, signal attenuation, repeaters and
regeneration, cost and convenience.
b) Describe the use of satellitesin communication.
c) Analyse the phone as a transmitter and as a
receiver.
d) Explain the link betweenthe base stations (via a
cellular exchange) and the public switched
telephone network (PSTN) in a mobile-phone
system.
e) Explain the need for an area to be divided into a
number of cells in the satellite station, each cell
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 CAMEROON GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD ADVANCED LEVEL 780 PHYSICS 2011

Topic Note Assessment objectives:

Candidates should be able to:
served by a base station.
f) Explain the role of the base station and the
cellular exchange during the making of a call
from a mobile phone handset.
g) Draw a simplified block diagram of a mobile
phone handset and give the function of each
block.

Option 3: ELECTRONICS
Topic Note Assessment objectives:
Candidates should be able to:
Electronics Thermionic emission. a) Explain emission of electrons by a hot metal filament.
b) Explain that to cause a continuous flow of emitted
electrons requires (1) high positive potential and (2) very
low gas pressure.
c) Identifyand list components found in electrical circuit.
d) Give the values of some component (resistors, capacitors,
inductors, etc.) found in a circuit.
Action and use of circuit e) explain how the values of resistors are chosen
components. According to a colour code and why widely different
values are needed in different types of circuit.
Colour code. f) State and apply Therevin law.
g) Discuss the need to choose components with suitable
power ratings.

CR, and LR circuits h) display an understanding of the charging and discharging of

LCR Circuits(in series). a
i. capacitorTime Constant
ii. Capacitor coupling
iii. Explain the effect of an inductor in a circuit.
i) Draw a phasor diagram.
j) Calculate the reactant X and impedance Z
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 CAMEROON GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD ADVANCED LEVEL 780 PHYSICS 2011

Topic Note Assessment objectives:

Candidates should be able to:
Oscillatory system.

Heat and Light

Transformers. k) Identify transformer in circuit for rectification (Half wave
Sensors.
and full wave rectification).
Relays and
l) Describe the action of heat and light-dependent resistors
reed switches Centre taped transformer and explain their use as input sensors.
in rectification.

m) Describe and explain the action of reed relays in switching

Thermisistor and LDR circuits.
Relay. n) Explain the use of reed relays in switching circuit.
Reed switch

a) Define a semiconductor.
Semiconductor • Semiconductors. b) State the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic
Devices and • Pure SC materials. semiconductors.
the P-N • Extrinsic SC materials. c) Differentiate between a p-type and an n-type
Junction • P-N junction and the semiconductor.

Zener diode. d) Describe how the junction diode functions.

• Characteristics of P-N e) Use the Zener diode in voltage regulation.

junction f) Construct simple circuit with LED and photodiode.

• Zener diode. g) Use the band theory to differentiate between insulators,

conductors and semiconductors.
• LED.
• Photodiode.
• Band theory.
• Hall effect.

Transistors Transistor as a current a) Display an understanding of the action of a transistor; that

amplifier. is
i. n-p-n and p-n-p transistor in the common emitter
mode.
ii. characteristic of a transistor. (Input and output

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 CAMEROON GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD ADVANCED LEVEL 780 PHYSICS 2011

Topic Note Assessment objectives:

Candidates should be able to:
characteristic for n-p-n transistor).
iii. Saturation.
b) Calculate current gain.
c) Display an understanding of the:
i. the transistor as a switch
ii. Alarm circuit (Temperature, Time and
lightoperated).
d) Describe
Analogue and Voltage amplification by i. Common emitter amplifier
Digital a transistor. ii. Loadline
Electronics Logic gate. iii. The Thermal run away and
iv. Coupling
Choosing the d.c. operation point
e) State in words and in truth table form, the action of the
Action and characteristic. following logic gates, AND, OR, NAND, NOR and NOT
Binary systems (inverter).
Operational Bistable and astable f) State the symbols for the logic gates listed above (American
Amplifier circuits. ANSI Y 32.14 symbols will be used).
(op.amp).
g) Explain and solve simple problems on transfer
characteristic. Understand Negative feedback.
h) Describe the use of a bistable circuit.
i) Discuss the fact that bistable circuits exhibit the property of
memory.
j) Describe the use of an astable circuit (pulse generator).
k) Describe how the frequency of an astable circuit is related
to the values of the resistive and capacitative components.

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 CAMEROON GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD ADVANCED LEVEL 780 PHYSICS 2011

Option 4: Medical Physics

Topic Note Assessment objectives
Candidates should be able to:
Physics of the Eye Physics of vision. a) Draw a simple structure of the eye.
b) Show an understanding ofthe eye as an
optical refracting system; include ray
diagrams of image formation.
Sensitivity of the eye. c) Explain Spectral response as a photo detector.

Spatial resolution. d) Give explanation in terms of the behaviour of

rods and cones.
Persistence of vision. e) Show an understanding of what is meant by
persistence of vision.
Lenses. f) Explain the Properties of converging and
diverging lenses; principal focus, focal length
and power.

Ray diagrams. Image formation.

Defects of vision. g) Trace and explain the origin of Myopia,
hypermetropia and astigmatism.
h) Draw ray diagrams.
Correction of defects of i) Do calculations of powers (in dioptres) of
vision using lenses. correcting lenses for myopia and
hypermetropia.
j) Show an understanding of the format of
prescriptions for astigmatism.

The ear as a sound a) Draw and describe the simple structure of the
detection system. ear and transmission processes.
Physics of the Ear Sensitivity and frequency b) Describe the production and interception of
response. equal loudness curves.
Human perception of relative intensity levels and
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 CAMEROON GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD ADVANCED LEVEL 780 PHYSICS 2011

Topic Note Assessment objectives

Candidates should be able to:
the need for a logarithmic scale to reflect this
Physics of the Ear.
Relative intensity levels of c) Measure the sound intensity levels and the
sounds. use of dB and dBA scales.
d) Defineintensity.

Defects of hearing. e) Describe the threshold of hearing and its

values.
f) Explain the effect on equal loudness curves
and the changes experienced in terms of
hearing loss of: injury resulting from
exposure to excessive noise; deterioration
with age (excluding physiological changes).
Biological Basic structure of the a) Describe the heart as a double pump with
Measurement heart. identified valves.

Electrical signals and their b) Understand the biological generation and

detection; action conduction of electrical signals; action potential
potentials. of a nerve cell; methods of detection of electrical
signals at the skin surface.
c) The response of the heart to the action potential
originating at the Sino-atrial node; action
potential of heart muscle.

Simple ECG machines and d) Explain the principles of operation for obtaining
the normal ECG the ECG waveform; explain of the characteristic
waveform. shape of a normal ECG waveform.

e) Explain reflection and transmission

Ultrasound imaging.
characteristics of sound waves at tissue
Non-Ionising Imaging
boundaries, acoustic impedance, and attenuation.

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 CAMEROON GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD ADVANCED LEVEL 780 PHYSICS 2011

Topic Note Assessment objectives

Candidates should be able to:
Piezoelectric devices. f) State the advantages and disadvantages of
Radiation A-scan and B-scan. ultrasound imaging in comparison with
alternatives including safety issues and
Radio isotopes for nuclear resolution.
medicine, meta stable g) Understand the principles of generation and
radio nuclides. detection of ultrasound pulses. Give examples of
its applications
h) Explain basic principles of radiological
protection.

Fibre Optics and Properties of fibre optics a) State the properties of fibreoptics.
Endoscopy and applications in b) Show the applications offibre optics in
medical physics. medicalpractice.
c) Recall the total internal reflection at the core-
claddinginterface as a physical principle of the
optical.
d) Explain the system of a flexible Endoscope.
e) Understand and give the use of coherent and
non-coherent fibre bundles; with the
examples of use for internal imaging and
related advantages.

Magnetic Resonance Basic principles of MR a) Explain how the MR scanner works.

(MR) Scanner scanner. b) Explain a how a cross-section of patientis
scanned using magnetic fields is produced
c) Explainthe reaction of hydrogennuclei during
the scanning (i.e. understand that they are
excitedduring the scan, emit radio frequency
(RF)signals as they de-excite: RF signals
detected and processed by a computer to
produce a visual image).
NB: Candidates will not be askedabout the magnetic

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 CAMEROON GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION BOARD ADVANCED LEVEL 780 PHYSICS 2011

Topic Note Assessment objectives

Candidates should be able to:
fields used in an MRI scanner, or about de-excitation
relaxation times.

X-ray Imaging X-rays. a) Explain the physics of diagnosticX-rays.

b) Show anunderstanding the rotating-anode X- ray
Physical principles of the tube; methods of controlling the beam intensity,
production of X-rays. the photon energy, the image sharpnessand
contrast the patient dose.

Differential tissue Qualitative description of the absorption processes.

absorption of X-rays. c) Photographic detection with intensifying screen
and fluoroscopic image.
Radiographic image d) Intensification; reasons for usingthese x-ray
detection. Imaging.

Computer Tomography Basic principles of CT a) Elaborate the basic principles of CT scanners.

(CT) Scanner scanner. b) Compare ultrasound, CT and MR scans.
c) State the advantages, disadvantages and
limitations in image resolution, cost and safety
issues.

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