e— PRACTICAL—2 al i" jin ° gots REQUIRED 1, Screw driver g, Hammer 3, Pliers 4, Line tester [tube light connection with starter and choke. oMPONENTS REQUIRED 1. Switch g, ‘Tube light with fitting 3, Joint clips 4, Wires 5, Screws 6. Switch board {ORKING OF THE FLUORESCENT TUBE LIGHT he fluorescent lamp circuit consists of a choke. a starter, a fluorescent tube and a frame. he length of the commonly used fluorescent tube is 100 cm; its power rating is 40 W and 30V. The tube is filled with argon and a drop of mercury. When the supply is switched on, ye current heats the filaments and initiates emission of electrons. ‘After one or two seconds, ye starter circuit opens and makes the choke to induce a momentary high voltage surge cross the two filaments. Ionization takes place through argon and produces bright light. 'ROCEDURE 1. Mark the switch and tube light location points and draw lines for wooden board. . Place wires along the lines and tix them with the help of clips. Fix the switch and tube light fitting in the marked positions. ~ Complete the wiring as per the wiring diagram. . Test the working of the tube light by giving electric supply to the Circuit. wiring on the newp © scanned with OKEN ScannerMachines and Kqu 260 Installation, Maintenance and Repair of Electrical Storter 40.W, 220 .V Holder Fluorescent Tube 4-Way Switch 12, | 20 Pp 50 Hz Fig. P21 RESULT ‘The wiring for the tube light is completed and tested. © scanned with OKEN ScannerVrortivat 204 6 ee wt of transformer and note ita breakdown value. i pARATUS REQUIRED pane ot kit, Transformer oil 1HeORY gpril ip poured in a contwiner known aa teat-coll which has internal dimenmons of fam x fF mm * 100 mm high. The electrodes are polished apheres of 1 imme ameter, prefernbly ef braes, oeranges horizontally with their axis net less than 40 mim sbove The bottom of the cvll For the test, the distanre between the 5 shall te 4 * mm. Asuitable gauge is used to adjust the gap. While preparing the oil sample, the eell should be thoroughly cleaned and the moisture and suspented rticles should feasvided. Fig, P31 xhows tn experimental setup for firing out the dielect rie atrongth Tithe given sample of nil. The voltmeter is connected uit to the primary xide of the high joltage transformer ‘but calibrated on the high voltage si oz2ea ky Transtormes mov TPH St Fuse so He Fig. PRA ‘The gap between the spheres 15 adjusted to 4: mm with the help of a gauge and the jpheres are immersed in oil to a depth as mentioned earlivr, The voltage iv increased gradually and continuously till a flash over of the gap Is sven OF the MCB operates. fown this voltage. This voltage is known as rapidly-appbed voltage, The breakdown af the gap has taken place mainly duw to field effect, The thermal effect is minimal as the time of application is short . “ Next bring the voltage back to zero and start with 40% of the rapidly applied voltage and wait for one minute. See if the gap bas broken. Hf not, mecrease the voltage every time by 2.12% of the rapidly applied veltage and wait for one minute till the flash over is seen. or the MCB trips down this voltage. Start again with zero voltage and increase the voltage to a value just obtained in the previous step and wait for a minute, It ts expected (hat the breakdown will take place. A few trials around this point will give us the breakdown value of the dielectric strength. The soceptable value is 30 kV for 4 mar applied for ane minute. In fact these days transformer © scanned with OKEN Scanner262 Iastetlatin, Maintenance and Kepatr of Electrical Machinesand Equipment value armavnilable If it is les# than AO LY, thy gig that if the electrodes wre imMMerstd ve; fr uut Wy he lower than what we gf in ich am the nurenal comfiyuratig, tess being Hehter rive un agg lh the gmp and tho Irreakdone thy wil cilewith 65 kV for 4 mm [minute be rent for reconiitioning. It ia to be noted the oil. the diglectric perength measured may ts by placing the electrodes mm horizontal position #! Inct that when oil decampases enrkun partie here will lridve due tot plectrodes are in vertical configuration, | take place ata relitively lower value. PROCEDURE 1. Study the eneloge instruetions on Transformer all testing. 2. Switch on the test kit 3. Slowly raiee the voltage, and keep it at 30KV for one minute. AL Ube end, rpen whethor the oif sample with stood 0 kY for one otinute, If it fils earlier, got, = time it stood, 3OKV. Ifit fils at a voltage lower than BOKV, record that voltage ., breakdown voltage. 4. Then raise the voltage till such time there if.a break down, and record the breatioy, eet! the maximum voltage of BOKY, voltage. All the time take care mot to exces " Remove the suspended particles due to brenkdown with the help of glass tube provided 6, Wait for & minutes. 7. Repent steps 3 to 6, five times given # total of & Switch off the test kit, observations. PRECAUTION 1. Transformer oil should be free from moisture content. 2, Gap should be premises. . Nobody should go near the H.T. bushing when the test be Tenore the first ane or two readings, as the nir between the electrodes may notinnize 5 conducted, 4. The equipment must be grounded firmly, 6. The electrodes must be cleane| properly before and itlter Gh: use. 7. Do not touch the equipment without grou it with the grounding rod. 8. Dofore starting the experiment, make sure the electrodes are properly aligned and zero reutling is adjusted. © scanned with OKEN ScannerPractical 261 { PRACTICAL—4 alm Make a alarm circuit, THEORY There can be any sudden situation of panic. If could be because of an intruder entering our house or bud health status, Situations ean be many far panicking and inuy vary from person to person. During such emorgencies, we might be unable to intiinate to the people around us, In this article we shall see how to make a simple panic alarm, which can help us to intimate others regarding our bud situntion without any delay, Fig. Pat: Panic Alarm Cireuit Diagram COMPONENTS REQUIRED © 5551C * © Resistor - 1k. # Resistor — 22 kQ. ~ eo Resistor — 100k « Capacitor — 10 pF a OV Battery e Push Butten @ Mini Buzzer « Breadboard « Connecting Wires © scanned with OKEN Scanner264 Instutiation Afuintenunce and Repair of Ridetrical Machines and Bagurpriene DESIGN Thin circuit is mde wilh w low east hardwure using [C555 timer, buzzer, a fey, and eapaciters, (a mide ta be working ediahly aa it has eimpta to vised not gy ny hardware hke Gh5 timer, ceramic bugger, capacitors, etc. TWh Although no exelusive nerangemunt iy ued to make any compensution for they parameters, tll cirewil by default is made ta be rabust and easy to ite, His vory aver patel: ton to be premnl to handle the panicking situation vathout apy try » ideu about Working of Burglar Alarm Circuit ble WORKING The (C555 ta uaed in the Astuble mode with the frequency depenting on valu resistors Ry. Ry amd Cy, The values of Ry = 100 LM, y= 22 hand Cy= oR ete By substituting the given parameters in the reapective formulas for IC 885 in pg inode, we eet the following values. ‘Che frequency af operation of the circuit is enleyhy tobe 1 Ha, By finding Uh fine perios! of the vireuil by sing the frequency informating get the time period of the cireuitais 1 seeund, This mins the circuit bus 4 On-Off repair Lime period of abent 1 seeond. 7 Fig. P42 After analyzing the ON and OFF time perind of che panic alarm cireuit given abave, w. find that the eircuit will remain on for about 0.844 seconds and off for alait 0.182 seconds ‘The circuit is in the disabled mode when the button is nt pressed and hence the alan will not fimetinn when the button in not pressed. Although the power supply will he supplie tothe | Ball the time, theeircuit will aperite in the astablis mode only when the IC enabled. The [Cis in the en mode enty when pin tof the 443 10 is given o high voltag “This happens only when the buttan is pressed, ‘he buttan cap he made to have a plast enclosure to have a hetter visibility and ease of nocess to it, Far the purpowt of demonstratic Thave e Hale simple Piizver te the output of the 533 1C, © scanned with OKEN ScannerProctica! 265 aM Make ON/OFF rontrol circuit 1p run an el EXPETINENTAL SETUP [consisting of ; L. Micro Controller Kit with firing cireuit 2. Single Phase Induction Motor Capacitor Start (Fan type) 3. Pate Cord 4. [natruction Manual leetric induction motor (Single Phaxe) THEORY When single phase supply is applivd across ut of u single phage induction motor, the roter will nat devolap any ne single phase winding on winding the stator the nature of the field produced is alternating and such Starting torque. It his however been observed that ance the motor is given an initial rotation « continues to rotate, Staring Winding Mile. Weng Squivel cage rotor (8) Schematic representation (>) Phasor diagram Fig. P5.1: A Single-phaso induction motor winding carrying currents which have a time phase difference of a degree, In aeingle-phase motor, to provide starting torque, an additional winding is provided, ehichis called the auxiliary winding. The main and the aurailiory windings are connected in parallel across a single-phase supply. The impedence of the two windings are made deferent so that currents flowing through thesn windings will have a time phase difference ae shown in Fig. P5.2. Need of n Capacitor in the Auxiliary Winding Cireuit :A single-phase motor having 5 main winding and an auxiliary winding fed from n single phane supply can be considered gg equivalent to a two-phase motor having a single phase supply. Since the two windings © scanned with OKEN Scanner2660 fretaliatinn, Maintenance and Nepair of Elavtriea! Machines aout Fguaponest have a time-phase ilisplace, tical, he two currents Int and fm, will TENE Ny phase displacement between the ri ewrrenth Nes and 1g, 8 h the two windings cain be mare Pa aimee ace rT The time phase displacement between F ts Tere seth, in the auniliagy windingeans shown in Pe 1S I The capacitor way IL pawer factor af the motor From the phasor diagrams af Figs, eof the motor is improved When a cane 2M tor an te Ie beckons fap gag heup Re ane nat ide nr will bea eset atmo phare mot using a cnpeacit improve the ave Howl be abserved that the power fact ; intrtuced in the auxiliary winding ciremt Ha cape high starting the ainibiary winding ean be oeitehed off when the motor Tune-phiwe iffere Hand SUNIBAEY SNE rue hase in achieved by using a capa ase Induce arly SP between thi u yr an the auxiliary winding corcurt Single 7 Motor If motor is supplied through voltage controller a there by changing the firing AD zlea og SCRs the voltage supplied to the motorenn be changed and hence the » wed of single 5 no induction motor is changed Ther Micro controller is used to generate the desired firing pulses TD Fault wetting of, is at 160" and angle can be varied between ( 160" by Increase INC) and Deep = (EC) ewitches Default (DER) wetting of 160" is minimum: voltage at the q, of switching the controller Micro Controtler PCR. 100 (S081) is microcontrn lier based Sep Bridge controller Following applications can be ca * Full wave controlled rectifier * Hall wave controlled rectifier * Single phase AC Motor speed controller wed te accomplished through FOR: 100 [= Pulse TRK Cary : Mock Diagram of FCR 100 Fig. PS, RESULT Hf motor is supplied through voltage controler a there SCRs the voltage supplied to the motor canbe changed and h induction motor ix changed. by changing the firing angles of cv the «peed of single phase © scanned with OKEN ScannerProraral 267 fate erat tr a ceili Gn ,ppARATUS REQUIRED Type Quantity imetor BOO A, J phase tndarticn Wal itor Capnritar 20 MFT & Bn, AHOV AC HO Me Fan nusembly dro, ladon) Fan regulator (0.05 rpm Tesistanceelee ironies Test lamp sow = Diffirent tonts 2 = As per requirement M Analogiductal E 1 [Volk meter tos0OV Moving cul 1 THEORY Colling Fan Acciling fan isa propellor blade and having two or more blades, directly driven by an ehetric motor and intended for use with free inlet and outlet Accorlamg to use of electric motor fine are Lwo typed: DC Fan: HC fone use de orion motor and generally used where de supply ts easly available AC Fan: AC fane are moat commonly used domestic devices, which are generaily known Differrat parts of ceding fan: Figure 20.1 shows the construction diagram of ceiling fan, It is cont ns following parts © scanned with OKEN Scannerie of Electrenal Machines and Equireent 768 Iaptallatiee, Maamienance anc Rem arts of Ceiling Fan enerally a aingle phase, hing fan ie geners + Permane duction mator, The stator consist of to windin citer, split phase and squirrel cage te inns (a) Starting win ) Running vindings Capacitor: A paper enpaciter of eaparitur depends upon the rating 6! MFD to 3.0 MED Rlades: The ceiling fan in fitted with dort angular blad sot aluminiug sheets. Aluminium blades are lighter and add efficiency of fan The blades are fined on th, body of fan with the help of two machines # Canopy: It is the shape of cup which covers t suspension rod of the fan where it ts screwed Two cane made of plastic. provided top of the body of the fan The vai, (the fan The capacity of rating i vary from 24 {steel sheet and capacitor Tt ts beld on th, piew are used th each fan and gp (9) One fur covering hook. Ob) Another for covering U Ball-Bearings: all-bearings are use for ensuring free moments of rotating parte The ape provide wen rofating and atatiouary parte The fans may have amg ball-bearing able ball bearing are there Inthe costher The heart of high quality ate! and are regularly gr sv as to provided long life enpacitor, eed Regulator: [ts used ta conten! the specd of the fan They ean either eleetne or electronic type © scanned with OKEN ScannerProton! Peo fectrieal CYT emulator (ype speed ny ete predatanine tn aera va Rulatar, speed ia contri hy inserting and eateries Hype regalo, a tirnae ed used toy ieee control the aperd by varying input wohuage LOF WORKING plane uel ju (The trust, HCIPA| which comprises ta dietnibuted windings stator magnelic Held in eet in the atator windings which Hriht amgte te the fie at the blades attactied «i Control by Reguiators aw thet ther eo twe bypes of reytilatire Ire rienl reyulntor we! une many Feslatanee in series and eompectes with firm i preesitoeny 1 Clue ena ctamgrity reminbaa tien dseoineeted in series, henen currant of aan ke cen a trine a tase tacontiol the apewd by varying input woltage nine typ eel Adiar he vised for triggering Ue triac, . PRECAUTION: 1 Connection should be proper. Le 2, De not touch any lve w fF part. 1 Hefore awitch on the mupply, the eanmeetnn she 4) De not damage the ‘terminoln of ps 2 connection bs not allowed. be checked by lab aseitant, tor w anew ing AS Suppy ‘Main 2209 Rector S Fig. Pet: Ciroutt Ding PROCEDURE (A) For Toating: 1. Connect different ereutt 2 Cheek condition obtain f anid record, © scanned with OKEN Scanner270 Installation, Mointenuriee und Repalt of Electrical Machines an Euninment (B) Far Speed: 1, Connect cri 2. By varying knob of re} Ling fan as shown Big. 76.2, gulator, check the speci by visualization, OBSERVATION TABLE Teale 2. a eee ceiling fan with construction snd worl nat varias regulator rewinter, RESULT We have successfully prepare the connection of principal. Thus we bave got the speed regula! a © scanned with OKEN Scanner