Solution
UNIT TEST- I (CH-1 ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELD)
Class 12 - Physics
Section A
1.
(d) They form closed loops
Explanation: Electric field lines may not always form closed loops.
2.
(d) ε0
σ
AL
Explanation:
HO OB
Field due to a parallel infinite non conducting sheet is given by E = σ
2∈0
As two plates are placed parallel, at a point between them field due to positively charged plate will be along the negative plate
and due to negatively charged plate field is also towards negatively charged plate.
Thus total field E = + towards left.
GL
σ σ σ
=
2∈0 2∈0 ∈0
3.
OL
(c) total charge of the entire universe remains constant
Explanation: total charge of the entire universe remains constant
4. (a) 30 cm
NA
Explanation:
HE
SC
At point P, EA = EB
−6 −6
or 1 10×10 1 40×10
AT
⋅ = ⋅
4πε0 2 4πε0 2
x (0.90−x)
1 4
or 2
=
2
x (0.90−x)
or 0.90 - x = 2x
or x = 0.30 m = 30 cm
5.
(b) electric field
Explanation: Force per unit charge is the electric field.
6.
(d) 0.07 μC
Explanation: Net outward flux through the surface of the box, ϕ = 8.0 × 103 N m2/C
∈0 = Permittivity of free space = 8.854 × 10-12 N-1C2 m-2
For a body containing net charge q, flux is given by the relation,
q
ϕ =
∈0
So, q =∈ ϕ = 8.854 × 10
0
−12
× 8.0 × 10 = 7.08 × 10
3 −8
= 0.07 μC
Therefore, the net charge inside the box is 0.07 μC.
Section B
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PHYSICS
7. Acceleration of the electron in the upward direction, q = eE
Time taken to cross the field, t = l
v0
The upward component of electron velocity on emerging from field region,
vy = at = eEl
mv0
Horizontal component remains same, vx = v0
If θ is the angle of deviation of the path of the electron, then
or θ = tan-1
vy
eEl eEl
tan θ = vx
=
2 2
mv mv
0 0
OR
Given, electric field intensity
3 −1
E = 5 × 10 iNC
Magnitude of electric field intensity
3 −1
|E| = 5 × 10 NC
AL
Side of square, S = 10 cm = 0.1 m
Area of square, A = (0.1)2 = 0.01 m2
The plane of the square is parallel to the YZ-plane.
Hence, the angle between the unit vector normal to the plane and electric field is zero.
HO OB
i.e., θ = 0 ∘
∴ Flux through the plane is the scalar product of the Electric field vector and Area vector.
3 ∘
ϕ = |E| × A cos θ ⇒ ϕ = 5 × 10 × 0.01 cos 0
2 −1
ϕ = 50Nm C
If the plane makes an angle of 30o with the X-axis, then the angle between area vector and electric field will be, θ = 60
GL
∘
∴ Flux through the plane,
ϕ = |E| × A × cos 60
= 5 × 10
3
OL
× 0.01 × cos 60
∘
∘
= 25Nm C
2 −1
Here the positive value of electric flux denotes that electric field lines are coming out of the loop.
NA
8.
HE
SC
Now Electric field Intensity due to a plane sheet of charge
AT
σ
E=
2ε0
+σ −σ
Here E A =
2ε0
and E B =
2ε0
i. Electric field at Point Q (In between the sheets)
⃗ ⃗ ⃗ σ σ σ
E = EA + EB = + =
2ε0 2ε0 ε0
ii. Field at the point P or R(outside the sheet).
⃗ ⃗ ⃗ σ σ
E = EA + EB = − = 0
2ε0 2ε0
Section C
9. i. By Gauss's Theorem,
Q
Flux through S1 is ϕ 1 =
ε0
2Q+Q 3Q
Flux through S2 is ϕ 2 =
ε0
=
ε0
Ratio of electric flux through S1 and S2 is
ϕ1 Q/ε0 1
ϕ2
=
3Q/ε0
=
3
=1:3
ii. If a medium of dielectric constant k is introduced in the space inside S1, then flux through S1 becomes
′ −
→ ⃗ −
→ −→
Q
′ ⃗ E 1 ⃗ 1
ϕ = ∮ E ⋅ dS = ∮ ⋅ dS = ∮ E ⋅ dS = ⋅
1 κ κ κ ε0
iii. The flux through S1 does not change with the introduction of the dielectric medium inside the sphere S2.
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PHYSICS
10. Gauss' law states that the total flux through a closed surface is 1
ε0
times to the net charge enclosed by the closed surface.
q
Mathematically, ϕ E = ∮
s
E ⋅ dS =
ε0
.
Here, ε is the absolute permittivity of the free spaced, q is the total charge enclosed and E is the electric field at the area element
0
dS.
Consider a thin cylindrical Gaussian surface S with charged wire on its axis and point P on its surface.
AL
Then net electric flux through surface S is
∘ ∘ ∘
ϕ = ∮ E ⋅ ds = ∫ EdS cos 90 + ∫ EdS cos 0 + ∫ EdS cos 90
HO OB
s
U pper plane f ace Curved surf ace Lower plane f ace
ϕ = 0 + EA + 0 or ϕ = E ⋅ 2πl
But by Gauss's theorem, ϕ = q/ε 0
= λl/ε0 where, q is the charge on length l of wire enclosed by cylindrical surface S and λ is
uniform linear charge density of wire.
λl
GL
∴ E × 2πl =
ε0
λ
⇒ E =
2π ε0 r
OL
Thus, electric field of a line charge is inversely proportional to distance directed normal to the surface of charged wire.
Section D
11. (c) both in the field of two equal and opposite charges and in the field of two like charges
NA
Explanation: both in the field of two equal and opposite charges and in the field of two like charges
12. (c) EA > EB > EC
Explanation: EA > EB > EC
HE
13. (c) radially outwards
SC
Explanation: radially outwards
14. (c) They always form closed loops.
Explanation: Electric lines of force do not form any closed loops.
AT
Section E
15. i. Force between two point charges varies inversely with the square of distance between the charges and is directly proportional
to the product of magnitude of the two charges and acts along the line joining the two charges.
→
1 q1 q2
F12 = r
ˆ12
4πϵ0 2
r12
→
Where r12 is a vector from charge q2 to charge q1.
ii. In derivation of Gauss’s law, flux is calculated using Coulomb’s law and surface area. Here coulomb’s law involves 1
2
factor
r
and surface area involves r2 factor. When product is taken, the two factors cancel out and flux becomes independent of r.
iii.
→
^ ^
r ⃗ = AB = a i + a j
→ −− −−−− –
2 2
r = |AB | = √a + a = √2a
1 q1 q2
⃗ ^
F = r
4π∈o 2
r
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PHYSICS
^ ˆ
q×2q (a i +a j )
⃗ 1
F = × ×
4π∈o 2 √2a
( √2a)
2 ^ ^
1 2q ( i + j)
⃗
F = × ×
4πϵo 2
2a √2
2
1 q
⃗ ^ ˆ
F = × × (i + j)
4π∈o 2
√2a
2
q
⃗ ^ ^
F = (i + j)
2
4√2π ∈o a
2
q
⃗ 1
|F | =
4π∈o a2
OR
The force experienced by a unit positive charge placed at a point is termed as the electric field intensity at that point. It is vector
quantity it's direction is in the force acting on +ve charge.
The SI unit of electric field intensity is NC-1
Electric field at an axial point of electric dipole:
Assume point P is located at distance r from the centre of an electric dipole as shown in the figure.
AL
OB
→ → →
The electric field at point P is E = E +q + E −q
→
1 q q
E = [ − ] p̂
4πε0 2 2
(r−a) (r+a)
→ 2 2
GL
q (r+a) − (r−a)
E = [ ] p̂
4πε0 2 2 2
(r − a )
or
or
→
E =
→
E =
q
4πε0
1
[
(r − a )
2pr
4ra
2 2 2
] p̂
[ p = q(2a)p̂ ]
OL
4πε0 2 2 2
(r − a )
A
→
2p
or 1
[ For short dipole i.e., r > > a ]
HO
E =
4πε0 3
r
EN
SC
H
AT
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