The Inverse Laplace
Transformation
Lecture 3
The Inverse Laplace
Transform Integral
This integral is difficult to evaluate because it
requires contour integration using complex variables
theory.
For most engineering problems, we can refer to
Tables of Properties, and Common Laplace
transform pairs to lookup the Inverse Laplace
transform.
Partial Fraction Expansion
Laplace transform expressions in most cases
appear in a rational form of s
If m < n: F(s) is called a proper rational function.
If m > n: F(s) is an improper rational function.
F(s) can be rewritten with unity coefficients of sn
Partial Fraction Expansion
For proper rational function (m < n)
Case 1: Distinct Poles
By partial fractions:
The residues are computed as:
Partial Fraction Expansion
For proper rational function (m < n)
Example:
Find the time domain function corresponding to:
Solution:
The residues are:
Partial Fraction Expansion
For proper rational function (m < n)
Therefore:
Using the property:
Then:
Partial Fraction Expansion
For proper rational function (m < n)
Case 2: Complex Poles
Since complex poles occur in complex
conjugate pairs, the number of complex poles is
even.
Example:
Find f3(t) corresponding to
Solution:
Partial Fraction Expansion
For proper rational function (m < n)
Example, cont.
The residues are:
By substitution:
Partial Fraction Expansion
Example, cont.
The last two terms do not resemble any Laplace
transform pair, combining them in a single term
The first term
The second term
Partial Fraction Expansion
Example, cont.
Therefore:
Partial Fraction Expansion
For proper rational function (m < n)
Case 3: Multiple (repeated) poles
F(s) has simple poles, but one of the poles, say p1,
has a multiplicity m
The partial fraction expansion is written as:
Multiplying both sides by (s - p1)m
Partial Fraction Expansion
For proper rational function (m < n)
Taking the limit as s p1
Therefore,
In general
Partial Fraction Expansion
For proper rational function (m < n)
Example:
Find f4(t)
Solution:
There is a pole of multiplicity 2 at s = -1
The residues are calculated as follows:
Partial Fraction Expansion
For proper rational function (m < n)
Example, cont.
r22 can be found without differentiation, letting s = 0
Finally:
Alternate Method of Partial
Fraction Expansion
Method of Clearing the Fractions:
1) Assume that the denominator can be expressed as a
product of real linear and quadratic factors
2) Make the denominators of both sides the same, then
equate the numerators. Arrange the terms in decreasing
powers of s.
3) Equate the coefficients of corresponding powers of s.
4) Solve the resulting equations for the residues
Alternate Method of Partial
Fraction Expansion
Example:
Solution:
The denominator can be expressed in factored form of a
linear term and a quadratic.
F(s) is written in partial fractions form
Alternate Method of Partial
Fraction Expansion
r1 can be computed directly
To compute r2 and r3, we need two equations in two
unknowns
Equating the coefficients of s2
Equating the constant terms
Then,
