Department of Cyber Security

Applied Physics
Course Code: PH111L
Instructor: Mr. Waqas Arshad

LAB REPORT

Name: Mahnoor
Reg_ID: 232083
BSCYS-ev-A-F-23 Batch
Applied Physics for Spring_24 Batch Semester 2
Experiment Preformed: April 19,2024
Report Submission: April 24, 2024
Due Date: April 24 2024
Group 3
 Experiment # 9:
Objective:
The objective of this experiment is to investigate the relationship between the magnetic force and the angle
between length of wire and magnetic field lines
Theory:
When a conductor carrying a current is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a force. This force is
given by the equation:
F=I⋅L⋅B sin Ѳ
where:
F is the force experienced by the conductor,
I is the current flowing through the conductor,
L is the length of the conductor, and
B is the magnetic field strength.
This force is a result of the interaction between the magnetic field produced by the current in the
conductor and the external magnetic field in which the conductor is placed. The direction of the force can be
determined using the right-hand rule.
The magnitude of the force is directly proportional to the current, the length of the conductor, and the
magnetic field strength. This means that increasing the current or the magnetic field strength will increase the
force, and increasing the length of the conductor will also increase the force.
Derivation:
Using Biot-Savart Law, the magnetic field dB at a point due to a small current element idl carrying
current I is given by:
𝝁𝟎 ⋅𝑰⋅𝒅𝒍⋅𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽)
𝒅𝑩 = 𝟒𝝅𝒓𝟐
where:
dB is the magnetic field,
I is the current,
dl is the length of the current element,
r is the distance from the current element to the point,
θ is the angle between dl and r,
μ_0 is the permeability of free space.
For a long straight conductor carrying current I, the magnetic field B at a distance r from the conductor
is given by integrating the Biot-Savart law over the length of the conductor:
𝝁𝟎 ⋅ 𝑰
𝑩=
𝟐𝝅𝒓
Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field: The force dF on a small element dl of a
conductor carrying current I and placed in a magnetic field B is given by:
𝒅𝑭 = 𝑰 ⋅ 𝒅𝒍 ⋅ 𝑩 ⋅ 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽)
Where
F is the force,
I is the current,
L is the length of the conductor, and
B is the magnetic field strength.
Ѳ is angle between length of wire and magnetic field
If the angle is increased from 0 to 90 force will also increase and vice versa
Apparatus needed:
• A Current Balance Apparatus
• A power supply
• Digital weight machine
• Connecting wires
Procedure:
• Setup: Set up the current balance apparatus with the digital weight monitor. Ensure the wire is aligned
with the magnetic field lines at a 90-degree angle.
• Calibration: Calibrate the digital weight monitor and the angle monitoring device.
• Experiment: Start the current at a constant value. Gradually turn the knob of the angle monitoring device
from 0 to 90 degrees and then back to 0. Observe and record the changes in the mass (as indicated by the
digital weight monitor) as the angle changes.
• Data Collection: Repeat the experiment for different angles and record all the data.
Graph and Caluclations:
The force F on the wire due to the magnetic field can be calculated by measuring the change in mass (m'
- m) on the balance when the current is flowing. Here, m' is the mass with constant current and angle being
changed and m is the mass without current at 0 ‘. The force F is then given by the equation:
𝑭 = (𝒎′ − 𝒎)𝒈
 Fixed current = 1.66 A

where g is the acceleration due to gravity. This force F is the magnetic force on the wire. So, by measuring the
change in mass on the balance when the current is flowing, we can calculate the magnetic force on the wire for
different angles…
-Graph with angle going 0 to 90
0.008 0.00725
0.007056
0.006762
0.007 0.00637
0.005684
0.006
0.004802
0.005
Force

0.003724
0.004

0.003 0.002548

0.002

0.001
0 0.000147
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Angle

-Graph with angle going 90 to 0

-0.002 -0.002548

-0.003
-0.003724
Force

-0.004
-0.004802
-0.005 -0.005684

-0.006 -0.00637
-0.006762
-0.007056
-0.00725
-0.007

-0.008
Angle

Conclusion:
Through this experiment, we have successfully demonstrated the relationship between the magnetic
force and the angle between the length of a wire and the magnetic field lines. The results obtained align with the
theoretical prediction given by the equation F=I⋅L⋅Bsinθ
, which is derived from the fundamental principles of electromagnetism.
The experiment has provided a practical understanding of how a current-carrying conductor interacts with a
magnetic field. We observed that the force experienced by the conductor is not only directly proportional to the
length of the conductor, but also to the sine of the angle between the conductor and the magnetic field lines.
This relationship is clearly indicated in the equation F=I⋅L⋅Bsinθ
This experiment has thus enhanced our understanding of the principles of electromagnetism and the factors
affecting the magnetic force on a current-carrying co
Precautions:
• Ensure all connections are tight and secure.
• Handle the apparatus with care to avoid any damage.
• Do not exceed the maximum current rating of the apparatus.
• Always turn off the power supply when not in use.