1. Assumptions of pure q.1.
Section modulus(Z)
bending theory: section modulus is depend as the
The material of the beam is ration of the moment of inertia
perfectly homogenous.
[M.I or I] to the extreme fibre(y)
The stress induced is
proportional to the strain & at no of the neutral axis (NA) .
place the stress exceeds the
elastic limit.
Z= M.I or I Y /
The value of modulus of
elasticity is same for both
compressive & tension. Q.2. poison’s ratio ( or
The traverse section of the beam 1/m )
remains before & after bending. Poisson’s ratio is defined as
The loads are applied in place of the ratio of the lateral strain to
bending.
the longitudinal strain.
Pure bending: A beam is said to be
pure bending when it is subjected to Q.3. short column and long
the bending moment. column
2. Assumptions of Euler’s Short column:
theory: The ratio between effective
The column is perpendicular length (Leff) to its least lateral
straight & load is truly axial. dimension (LLD) is less than
The material of column is 15 called as short column.
perfectly homogenous &
isotropic.
Long column: the ratio
Its obeys hook’s law with elastic between Leff to its least lateral
limit. dimension is grater than 15
The column has uniform cross
called as long column.
section through its length.
The length of the column is very Bending / buckling type of
large as compare to its lateral failure occurs
dimension. Q.4. Slenderness Ratio(
The column fails by buckling
only. ).
The self-weight of the column is ( ) =leff/rmin
neglected. The ratio between effective
3.Draw the neat sketch of stress & length to its minimum radius of
strain diagram for mild steel & gyration called as slenderness
explain the salient point is detail.
ratio.
Stress-strain curue of mild steel.
𝜏 = FAY/IB
Stress-strain curue of mild steel is That it’s a unit less.
obtained when tensile test is done by the Q.Shear stress:
belp of UTM( universal testing machine).
‘O’ to ‘A’ is know as the proportional
limit as it is increasing linearly and doe’s Where,
hook’s law . F=shear force
A = area of the cross section.
Y= centriodal distance from
natural
OA=proportional region & A= proportional
limit. I = momentum Intia
Beyond the proportional limit the elastic B= birth of layer
region is formed A to B. Q.Shear force (SF)
AB= elastic region & B= elastic point. The algebraic sum of all the forces
When continuous load is applied yield acting either from left side or tight
point occurs and the region is called as side at ant section of the beam is
plastic region. called shear force.
O= plastic region
C= upper yield point. Yield point Q. Blending moment:
D = lower yield point. The algebraic sum of all moments
either acting from right side or left
Again when load is applied stress
side at any section of the beam is
remain same at ‘E’ and at last
called as bending moment
fractures occur at point ‘F’. Diagram of sagging and hogging moment
E = ultimate stress.
F = necking region.
