SHRI RAMSWAROOP MEMORIAL
UNIVERSITY
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
(UCS 3201)
LAB FILE
SESSION: 2024-2025
Submitted By: Submitted To:
MR. Sanjay Name- Saksham Patel
Roll No- 202310101310149
Course- BCA 3C
INDEX
FACULTY
S.NO NAME OF ACTIVITY DATE REMARKS
SIGNATURE
Queries for DDL and DML
1
commands
SQL Queries Using Logical
2 Operators
3 SQL Queries Using SQL Operators
SQL Queries Using Character,
4 Number, Date, and Group
Functions
SQL Queries For Relational
5 Algebra
SQL Queries For Extracting Data
6 From More Than One Table
SQL Queries For Sub Queries,
7 Nested Queries
8 Write Program Of PL/SQL
Concepts for Rollback, Commit,
9 Savepoints & Checkpoints
Create VIEWS, CURSORS And
10
TRIGGERS
Lab Activity 1
Write the queries for Data Definition and Data Manipulation Language
1. Data Definition Language (DDL) Queries
CREATE TABLE
Syntax:
CREATE TABLE table_name (
column1 datatype constraint,
column2 datatype constraint,
...
);
Example Query:
CREATE TABLE Employees (
EmployeeID INT PRIMARY KEY,
FirstName VARCHAR(50),
LastName VARCHAR(50),
Salary DECIMAL(10, 2),
DepartmentID INT
);
CREATE TABLE Departments (
DepartmentID INT PRIMARY KEY,
DepartmentName VARCHAR(50)
);
EMPLOYEE TABLE:
DEPARTMENT TABLE:-
ALTER TABLE
Syntax:
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD (column_name datatype constraint);
Example Query:
ALTER TABLE Employees
ADD (HireDate DATE);
OUTPUT:
TRUNCATE TABLE
Syntax:
TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;
Example Query:
TRUNCATE TABLE Employees;
OUTPUT:
DROP TABLE
Syntax:
DROP TABLE table_name;
Example Query:
DROP TABLE Employees;
2. Data Manipulation Language (DML) Queries
INSERT INTO
Syntax:
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, ...)
VALUES (value1, value2, ...);
Example Query:
INSERT INTO Employees (EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName, Salary, HireDate,
DepartmentID)
VALUES
(1, 'John', 'Doe', 50000, '2020-01-15', 10),
(2, 'Jane', 'Smith', 60000, '2019-03-20', 20),
(3, 'Michael', 'Johnson', 55000, '2018-05-10', 30),
(4, 'Alice', 'Brown', 70000, '2021-07-25', 10),
(5, 'Emma', 'Davis', 75000, '2020-09-30', 20),
(6, 'David', 'Miller', 65000, '2017-11-13', 30),
(7, 'Sarah', 'Wilson', 80000, '2016-12-05', 20),
(8, 'Chris', 'Moore', 72000, '2021-02-18', 10),
(9, 'Sophia', 'Taylor', 53000, '2019-07-22', 30),
(10, 'Daniel', 'Thomas', 58000, '2022-03-03', 10),
(11, 'Julius', 'Nova', 65000, '2022-08-25', 20);
INSERT INTO Departments (DepartmentID, DepartmentName)
VALUES
(10, 'HR'),
(20, 'Finance'),
(30, 'Engineering');
OUTPUT:-
EMPLOYEES TABLE
DEPARTMENT TABLE
UPDATE
Syntax:
UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ...
WHERE condition;
Example Query:
UPDATE Employees
SET Salary = 55000
WHERE EmployeeID = 1;
OUTPUT:-
DELETE
Syntax:
DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Example Query:
DELETE FROM Employees
WHERE EmployeeID = 11;
OUTPUT:-
Lab Activity 2
Write SQL Queries Using Logical Operators
AND Operator
Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 AND condition2;
Example Query:
SELECT FirstName, LastName
FROM Employees
WHERE Salary > 50000 AND DepartmentID = 10;
OUTPUT:-
OR Operator
Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 OR condition2;
Example Query:
SELECT FirstName, LastName
FROM Employees
WHERE DepartmentID = 10 OR DepartmentID = 20;
OUTPUT:-
NOT Operator
Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE NOT condition;
Example Query:
SELECT FirstName, LastName
FROM Employees
WHERE NOT DepartmentID = 10;
OUTPUT:-
Lab Activity 3
Write SQL Queries Using SQL Operators
Comparison Operators
Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE column1 operator value;
Example Query:
SELECT FirstName, LastName
FROM Employees
WHERE Salary > 50000;
OUTPUT:-
Arithmetic Operators
Syntax:
SELECT column1 + column2 AS result
FROM table_name;
Example Query:
SELECT FirstName, Salary, Salary * 0.1 AS Bonus
FROM Employees;
OUTPUT:-
String Operators
Syntax:
SELECT CONCAT(coulmn1, ' ', column2) AS concatenated_column
FROM table_name;
Example Query:
SELECT CONCAT(FirstName, ' ', LastName) AS FullName
FROM Employees;
OUTPUT:-
Lab Activity 4
Write SQL Queries Using Character, Number, Date, and Group
Functions
1. Character Functions
UPPER and LOWER
Syntax:
UPPER(string)
LOWER(string)
Example Query:
SELECT UPPER(FirstName) AS UpperFirstName, LOWER(LastName) AS LowerLastName
FROM Employees;
OUTPUT:-
2. Number Functions
ROUND
Syntax:
ROUND(number, decimal_places)
Example Query:
SELECT Salary, ROUND(Salary, -3) AS RoundedSalary
FROM Employees;
OUTPUT:-
3. Date Functions
CURDATE
Syntax:
CURDATE()
Example Query:
SELECT FirstName, HireDate, DATEDIFF(CURDATE(), HireDate) AS DaysEmployed
FROM Employees;
OUTPUT:-
4. Group Functions
AVERAGE
Syntax:
SELECT AVG(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Example Query:
SELECT DepartmentID, AVG(Salary) AS AvgSalary
FROM Employees
GROUP BY DepartmentID;
OUTPUT:-
SUM
Syntax:
SELECT SUM(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Example Query:
-- Sum of all employee salaries
SELECT DepartmentID, SUM(Salary) AS TotalSalaries
FROM Employees
GROUP BY DepartmentID;
OUTPUT:-
COUNT
Syntax:
SELECT COUNT(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Example Query:
-- Count the total number of employees
SELECT DepartmentID, COUNT(EmployeeID) AS TotalEmployees
FROM Employees
GROUP BY DepartmentID;
OUTPUT:-
MIN
Syntax:
SELECT MIN(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Example Query:
-- Minimum salary among employees
SELECT DepartmentID, MIN(Salary) AS MinimumSalary
FROM Employees
GROUP BY DepartmentID;
OUTPUT:-
MAX
Syntax:
SELECT MAX(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Example Query:
-- Maximum salary among employees
SELECT DepartmentID, MAX(Salary) AS MaximumSalary
FROM Employees
GROUP BY DepartmentID;
OUTPUT:-
FIRST Element By Using LIMIT
Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name ASC
LIMIT 1;
Example Query:
-- First employee by EmployeeID
SELECT FirstName, LastName
FROM Employees
ORDER BY EmployeeID ASC
LIMIT 1;
OUTPUT:-
LAST Element By Using LIMIT
Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name DESC
LIMIT 1;
Example Query:
-- First employee by EmployeeID
SELECT FirstName, LastName
FROM Employees
ORDER BY EmployeeID DESC
LIMIT 1;
OUTPUT:-
GROUP_CONCAT
Syntax:
SELECT GROUP_CONCAT(column_name SEPARATOR 'separator')
FROM table_name
GROUP BY column_name;
Example Query:
-- List all employees in each department
SELECT DepartmentID, GROUP_CONCAT(FirstName SEPARATOR ', ') AS Employees
FROM Employees
GROUP BY DepartmentID;
OUTPUT:-