Infrastructure Planning & Management (Fall 9/15/2024

2024)

Types of Infrastructure
Lecture 02
Infrastructure Planning and Management
Semester V (Fall 2024)
CRP Dept. LCWU
Course Instructor: Amna Shoaib

Types of Infrastructure
Hard Infrastructure
“Hard” Infrastructure refers to the large physical networks
necessary for the functioning of a modern industrial nation.

Soft Infrastructure
Whereas, “soft” infrastructure refers to all the institutions which are
required to maintain the economic, health, and cultural and social
standards of a country, such as the financial system, the education
system, the health care system, the system of government, and
law enforcement, as well as emergency services.

Infrastructure Planning and Management CRP Dept. LCWU

Semester V (Fall 2024) Course Instructor: Amna Shoaib

Course Instructor: Amna Shoaib 1

Infrastructure Planning & Management (Fall 9/15/2024
2024)

Hard Infrastructure
▪ It refers to the physical network that keeps an
industrialized nation smoothly functional.

▪ Among the components that are classified under the hard

infrastructure are the capital assets like utilities, transport
vehicles, water and sanitation, energy, telecommunication
and waste management, roads, highways, drainage
system, the airports, bus terminals, and bridges among
others.

Infrastructure Planning and Management CRP Dept. LCWU

Semester V (Fall 2024) Course Instructor: Amna Shoaib

Hard Infrastructure
Energy

Communication Transport

Hard Infrastructure fosters

Hard
economic growth and Infrastructure

physical development of
the economy.
Sewerage/
Irrigation
Drainage

Infrastructure Planning and Management CRP Dept. LCWU

Semester V (Fall 2024) Course Instructor: Amna Shoaib

Course Instructor: Amna Shoaib 2

Infrastructure Planning & Management (Fall 9/15/2024
2024)

Hard Infrastructure
1. Transportation Infrastructure
Transportation infrastructure is the fixed installation that allows a vehicle
to operate; It consists of a way, a terminal and facilities for parking and
maintenance.
▪ Road and highway networks including structures (bridges, tunnels,
culverts, retaining walls), Signage and markings, electrical systems
(Street lighting and traffic lights), edge treatments (curbs, sidewalks,
landscaping), and specialized facilities such as road maintenance
depots.
▪ Mass transits systems (Commuter rail systems, subways, tramways,
trolleys, City Bicycle Sharing system, City Car Sharing system and bus
transportation).

Infrastructure Planning and Management CRP Dept. LCWU

Semester V (Fall 2024) Course Instructor: Amna Shoaib

Hard Infrastructure
▪ Railways, including structures, terminal facilities (rail yards,
train stations), level crossings, signalling and
communication systems.
▪ Canals and navigable waterways.
▪ Seaports and light houses.
▪ Airports, including air navigational systems.
▪ Bicycle paths and pedestrian walkways, including
pedestrian bridges, pedestrian underpasses and other
specialized structures for cyclists and pedestrians.

Infrastructure Planning and Management CRP Dept. LCWU

Semester V (Fall 2024) Course Instructor: Amna Shoaib

Course Instructor: Amna Shoaib 3

Infrastructure Planning & Management (Fall 9/15/2024
2024)

Hard Infrastructure
2. Energy Infrastructure
▪ Electrical power network, including generation plants,
electrical grids, substations and local distribution.
▪ Natural gas pipelines, storage and distribution terminals, as
well as the local distribution networks.
▪ Petroleum pipelines, including associated storage and
distribution terminals.
▪ Specialized coal handling facilities, for washing, storing and
transporting coal such as from coal mines.

Infrastructure Planning and Management CRP Dept. LCWU

Semester V (Fall 2024) Course Instructor: Amna Shoaib

Hard Infrastructure
3. Water Management Infrastructure
Sustaining the collection and distributing systems, treatment
plants and other infrastructure that collects treats and delivers
water related services.
▪ Drinking water supply.
▪ Sewage collection and disposal of waste water.
▪ Drainage systems (storm sewers etc.)
▪ Major irrigation systems (reservoirs, irrigation canals)
▪ Major flood control systems and Large-scale snow removal.
▪ Coastal Management.
Infrastructure Planning and Management CRP Dept. LCWU
Semester V (Fall 2024) Course Instructor: Amna Shoaib

Course Instructor: Amna Shoaib 4

Infrastructure Planning & Management (Fall 9/15/2024
2024)

Hard Infrastructure
4. Communication Infrastructure
▪ Postal Service
▪ Telephone networks including telephone exchange systems.
▪ Mobile phone networks
▪ Television and radio transmission stations
▪ Cable television physical networks
▪ The Internet
▪ Communication satellites
▪ Undersea Cables.

Infrastructure Planning and Management CRP Dept. LCWU

Semester V (Fall 2024) Course Instructor: Amna Shoaib

Hard Infrastructure
5. Solid Waste Management
▪ Municipal garbage and recyclables collection
▪ Solid waste landfills
▪ Solid waste incinerators and plasma gasification facilities
▪ Materials recovery facilities
▪ Hazardous waste disposal facilities

Infrastructure Planning and Management CRP Dept. LCWU

Semester V (Fall 2024) Course Instructor: Amna Shoaib

Course Instructor: Amna Shoaib 5

Infrastructure Planning & Management (Fall 9/15/2024
2024)

Soft Infrastructure
▪ The social infrastructure is the framework required to keep
and maintain the different institutions which are necessary
to sustain, economic, health, and cultural and social
standards of a country, such as: Financial, Education,
Health care, government and law enforcement or
emergency services.
▪ It is basically a framework required to keep and maintain
the different institutions.
▪ This includes both the physical and non-physical assets.

Infrastructure Planning and Management CRP Dept. LCWU

Semester V (Fall 2024) Course Instructor: Amna Shoaib

Soft Infrastructure
▪ It includes both physical assets such as highly specialized
buildings and equipment used to maintain the institution.

▪ For non-physical assets, this includes the software and

programs, the governing rules and regulations, the financial
system, and the organizational structure.

Infrastructure Planning and Management CRP Dept. LCWU

Semester V (Fall 2024) Course Instructor: Amna Shoaib

Course Instructor: Amna Shoaib 6

Infrastructure Planning & Management (Fall 9/15/2024
2024)

Soft Infrastructure

Health

Soft infrastructure facilitates

human resource growth and
Soft
development of good quality Infrastructure
human resource. Both types
of infrastructure re essential
and complementary for each Education
other.

Infrastructure Planning and Management CRP Dept. LCWU

Semester V (Fall 2024) Course Instructor: Amna Shoaib

Soft Infrastructure
▪ On a broader level, it means those basic activities and
services which, in addition to achieving certain social
objectives, indirectly help various economic activities.
▪ For example, education does not directly affect economic
activities like production and distribution but indirectly
helps in the economic development of the country by
producing scientists, technologists and engineers.

Infrastructure Planning and Management CRP Dept. LCWU

Semester V (Fall 2024) Course Instructor: Amna Shoaib

Course Instructor: Amna Shoaib 7

Infrastructure Planning & Management (Fall 9/15/2024
2024)

Soft Infrastructure
1. Governance Infrastructure
▪ The system of government and law enforcement including the
political, legislative, law enforcement, justice and penal systems
as well as specialized facilities (government offices, courthouses,
prisons etc.), and specialized systems for collecting, storing and
disseminating data, laws and regulation.
▪ Emergency services such as police fire protection, and
ambulances, including specialized vehicles, buildings,
communications and dispatching systems.
▪ Military infrastructure including military bases, arms depots,
training facilities, command centre, communication facilities,
major weapons systems, fortifications, specialized arm
manufacturing and strategic reserves.

Infrastructure Planning and Management CRP Dept. LCWU

Semester V (Fall 2024) Course Instructor: Amna Shoaib

Soft Infrastructure
2. Economic Infrastructure
▪ The financial system, including the banking and financial
institutions.
▪ Major business logistics facilities and systems, including
warehouses as well as warehousing and shipping management
systems.
▪ Manufacturing Infrastructure, including industrial parks and
special economic zones, mines and processing plants for basic
materials used as inputs in industry, specialized energy,
transportation, and water infrastructure used by industry, plus
the public safety, zoning, and environmental regulations that
limit industrial activity, and standard organizations.
Infrastructure Planning and Management CRP Dept. LCWU
Semester V (Fall 2024) Course Instructor: Amna Shoaib

Course Instructor: Amna Shoaib 8

Infrastructure Planning & Management (Fall 9/15/2024
2024)

Soft Infrastructure
▪ Agricultural, forestry and fisheries infrastructure, including
specialized food , livestock transportation and storage
facilities, major feedlots, agricultural price support system
(including agricultural insurance), agricultural health
standards, food inspection, experimental farms, and
agricultural research centres and schools.

Infrastructure Planning and Management CRP Dept. LCWU

Semester V (Fall 2024) Course Instructor: Amna Shoaib

Soft Infrastructure
3. Social Infrastructure
▪ The health care System
▪ The educational and research system
▪ Social welfare systems, including both government support
and private charity for the poor for people in distress or
victims of abuse.

Infrastructure Planning and Management CRP Dept. LCWU

Semester V (Fall 2024) Course Instructor: Amna Shoaib

Course Instructor: Amna Shoaib 9

Infrastructure Planning & Management (Fall 9/15/2024
2024)

Soft Infrastructure
4. Cultural, Sports and Recreational Infrastructure
▪ Sports and recreational infrastructure, such as parks, sport
facilities, the system of sports leagues and associations.
▪ Cultural Infrastructure, such as concert halls, museum,
libraries, theatres, studios, and specialized training
facilities.
▪ Business travel and tourism infrastructure, including both
man-made and natural attractions, convention centers,
hotels, restaurant, and other services that cater mainly to
tourists and business travelers, as well as the system for
informing and attracting tourists, and travel insurance
Infrastructure Planning and Management CRP Dept. LCWU
Semester V (Fall 2024) Course Instructor: Amna Shoaib

Course Instructor: Amna Shoaib 10