UNIT II CONSTRUCTION OF SUB STRUCTURE

1) Define Job Layout A systematic arrangement of various jobs / resources required for construction
project around it, are chalked out on drawing so as to achieve economy, Safety & convenience

2) Define the job layout and site clearance.

JOB LAYOUT: A plan in which the arrangement for placing site office, store room, labour quarter,
medical aid center, godowns for keeping construction material and other facility are properly prepared is
called as job layout or site layout.
Site Clearance: Site clearance is the process of removing big trees, plant, roots, old construction etc. to
prepare a leveled ground for marking of layout.

3) Describe the procedure for layout of load bearing structure by center – line method.

1. From the plan (fig 1), the center line of the walls are calculated. Then the center lines of the rooms are set out
by setting perpendiculars in the ratio 3:4:5. Suppose the corner points are A, B, C, D, E, F and G which are
marked by pegs with nails on top.

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION notes by (PROF. KAJAL PACHDHARE )

 4) State any four precautions to be taken while marking layout on ground.

The necessary precaution to be taken while marking layout on ground are as follows

1. All vertical wooden post should be firmly fixed into the ground with concrete and curing should be done to the
concrete work for the period of 7 days before fixing horizontal railing.

2. Horizontal wooden planks called as railing should be straight and should have standard size.

3. Joints of the wooden railing should not be overlapped but should be joined by small wooden planks on either
side of joint and nailed properly.

4. All vertical post should be kept generally at the same level

5. Horizontal wooden railing should have same level throughout and leveled should be found either by level tube
or dumpy level.

6. Railing should be fixed by the nails of 50 mm in dia.

7. Nails of 40 mm in dia. Should be used for locating the center of column in framed structure and locating the
centre of masonry wall in load bearing structure

8. A diagonal check should be done for every day work while locating the centre of column.

9. Strict instruction should be given to the staff and labours not to sit on railing such that bending of railings
avoided and it helps for better accuracy

10. Periodical checking should be done by measuring distances of each rail from the face marking or origin

11. Position of nails on the horizontal railing should not be disturbed till the completion of the plinth work

12. All column number i.e. C1, C2, C3 etc. marked on wooden railing should be visible.

13. All the work should be certified by RCC consultant and Architect

14. To prevent the lime powder flowing away with wind action, it should be thoroughly mixed with sand.

15. Marking with lime powder should be clear and distinct to excavate the pits and trenches properly by labour.

16. Measure or check all distances by steel tape.

17. Prepare the location sketch of reference markings.

18. Mark the face line or center line correctly.

19. Use proper or correct plumb bob for centering.

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION notes by (PROF. KAJAL PACHDHARE )

 5) Explain timbering and strutting with a neat sketch.

A method of giving the temporary support to the side of deep trench or when subsoil is loose or very soft is
known as timbering (i.e. shoring) and strutting. It consists of timber planks and strut to give temporary support to
the side of trench. When the depth of trench is large, or when the sub-soil is loose, the sides of the trench may
cave in. The problem can be solved by adopting a suitable method of timbering. Timbering of trenches,
sometimes also known as shoring consists of providing timber planks or boards and struts to give temporary
support to the sides of the trench.

Timbering of deep trenches can be done with the help of the following methods:

1. Stay bracing.

2. Box sheeting 3.

Vertical sheeting

4. Runner system

5. Sheet piling

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION notes by (PROF. KAJAL PACHDHARE )

6) Draw neat sketches of any three shallow foundations and suggest suitability of them for different
loading and soil conditions.
Types of shallow foundation with their suitability:

1. Wall Footing: Wall footings are used for individual columns, walls and bridge piers where the bearing
soil layer is within 3m (10 feet) from the ground surface. Soil bearing capacity must be sufficient to support the
weight of the structure over the base area of the structure.

2. Isolated Footing: This foundation is constructed for single column and also called as pad foundation.
The footing of concrete columns may be a slab, stepped or sloped type.

3. Combined Footing: A combined footing provided as a column for two or more columns in a row.
Combine footing is also provided when the columns are very near to each other and isolated footing of these
column will overlap on each other.

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION notes by (PROF. KAJAL PACHDHARE )

 4. Inverted Arch footing: It is suitable to be used for the construction of bridges, tanks, underground
sewers, and reservoirs. This type of foundation can be used for such structure where the load is concentrated over
the column and where it is desired to distribute the load over a large area or in such cases where the bearing
capacity of soil is poor.

5. Continuous Footing: This type of footing is suitable at locations liable to earthquake activities. This
also prevents differential settlement in the structure.

6. Cantilever Footing/Strap Beam: This type of footing may be used where the distance between the
columns is so great that a combined becomes quite narrow with high bending moment.

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION notes by (PROF. KAJAL PACHDHARE )

 7. Raft Footing: It is suitable where ground is soft. Clayey or marshy having low bearing capacity, and
where sub soil water conditions are uncertain. The raft foundation is also used to reduce settlement above highly
compressible soils.

8. Grillage Footing: It is suitable where the bearing capacity of soil is very low. It is also suitable where
heavy structural load from columns, piers are required to be transferred to a soil of low bearing capacity of soil.

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION notes by (PROF. KAJAL PACHDHARE )

7) Suggest relevant type of foundation with sketch for educational building on black cotton soil with
justification.
Black cotton soil- Pile foundation.
In case the depth of black cotton soil is more, the following type of foundation may be provided 1. Strip
or pad foundation
2. Pier foundation with arches and
3. Under reamed pile foundation Under-reamed piles are best solution for foundation problem in black
cotton soil or such similar type of expansive soil.
They are bored cast-in-situ concrete piles having bulb shaped enlarged base

8) Define underpinning
Ans. Underpinning: The process of placing a new foundation under an existing one or strengthening an
existing foundation is called underpinning of foundation.
9) Enlist functions of Sill and Lintel
Ans. Functions of Sill:
1. To prevent the exposed masonry wall top from weathering.
2. To support the frame of window / Door.
3. To give good finish to wall openings
Functions of Lintel:
1. To transfer the load of wall above the opening to side.
2. It holds chajja.
3. To prevent load on frame.
4. To strengthen the wall.

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION notes by (PROF. KAJAL PACHDHARE )

10) List two purposes of shoring
Ans. Purposes of Shoring: Shoring is the construction of a temporary structure to support temporarily an
unsafe structure.
1. To repair bulging out wall.
2. To repair the cracks in the wall.
3. To dismantle adjacent structure.
4. To make openings in existing wall.

11) State any four precautions to be taken while marking layout on ground.
The necessary precaution to be taken while marking layout on ground are as follows
1. All vertical wooden post should be firmly fixed into the ground with concrete and curing
should be done to the concrete work for the period of 7 days before fixing horizontal railing.
2. Horizontal wooden planks called as railing should be straight and should have standard size.
3. Joints of the wooden railing should not be overlapped but should be joined by small wooden
planks on either side of joint and nailed properly.
4. All vertical post should be kept generally at the same level
5. Horizontal wooden railing should have same level throughout and leveled should be found
either by level tube or dumpy level.
6. Railing should be fixed by the nails of 50 mm in dia.
7. Nails of 40 mm in dia. Should be used for locating the center of column in framed structure
and locating the centre of masonry wall in load bearing structure
8. A diagonal check should be done for every day work while locating the centre of column.
9. Strict instruction should be given to the staff and labours not to sit on railing such that bending
of railings avoided and it helps for better accuracy
10. Periodical checking should be done by measuring distances of each rail from the face
marking or origin
11. Position of nails on the horizontal railing should not be disturbed till the completion of the
plinth work
12. All column number i.e. C1, C2, C3 etc. marked on wooden railing should be visible.
13. All the work should be certified by RCC consultant and Architect
14. To prevent the lime powder flowing away with wind action, it should be thoroughly mixed
with sand.
15. Marking with lime powder should be clear and distinct to excavate the pits and trenches
properly by labour. 16. Measure or check all distances by steel tape.
17. Prepare the location sketch of reference markings.
18. Mark the face line or center line correctly.
19. Use proper or correct plumb bob for centering.

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION notes by (PROF. KAJAL PACHDHARE )

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION notes by (PROF. KAJAL PACHDHARE )