Thanks to visit codestin.com
Credit goes to www.scribd.com

Scribd
Upload
49 views31 pages

EST Lesson1

laalaalaa

Uploaded by

Pritam Malwadkar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
49 views31 pages

EST Lesson1

laalaalaa

Uploaded by

Pritam Malwadkar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 31
CHAPTER Environment syllabus depletion, environment. Definitions, need of environmental studies, Segments of environment ~ Biosphere, Environmental Issues - Green house effects, Climate change, Global warming, Acid rain ozone layer Nuclear accident, Concept of 4R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recover), Public awareness about ‘Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Lithosphere, —<— ‘Syllabus Topic : Definition, Need of Environmental Studies ee Need/Scope of Environmental Studies (6) Lithosphere " (@) Biosphere (Ret. Sec. 1.2) List segments of Environment. (Ref. Sec. 1.2) Environment mainly comprises of = ‘Environment’ is a subject matter not only of sciences but also of the social studies and humanities. To study environment, one has to know the subjects such as physics, chemistry, biology and geography. To save our environment, one also has to study the social sciences like resource management, economics and population issues of country. — So the study of environment has a very wide scope and it covers almost all the disciplines of pure as well as applied sciences. ‘Syllabus Topic : Segments of Environment ~ Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Lithosphere, Biosphere 1 Segments of Environment Re 1S De 2. > > 1. Atmosphere 2. Hydrosphere 3. Lithosphere 4, Biosphere 1. Atmosphere ‘The Greek word ‘atmo’ means air. The atmosphere is the body of air which surrounds our Planet. ‘The atmosphere comprises of 78% Nitrogen gas, 21% oxygen and 0.9% argon. Trace gases like carbon oxide, nitrous oxides, methane and ozone comprise about a tenth of 1% of the atmosphere. 2. Hydrosphere ‘The Greek word ‘Hydro’ means water. The hydrosphere comprises of all the water bodies on or below the surface of the earth. It includes the oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, snow, ice, underground and atmospheric water (moisture in the atmosphere) too. ‘An enormous mass of water is concentrated in oceans and seas, This occupies 71% of the surface of the ¥ Environmental Studies (MSBTE) us Se, x chemical globe. 97% of the world’s water is comprised in the |. S*eCshtion . Povey SS + oceans. Two-and-a-half % is fresh water. However, totally water accounts for only 0.023% of the earth's total mass. 3. Lithosphere ‘The word lithosphere is derived from the word ‘sphere’ combined with the Greek word ‘lithos’ meaning rock. The lithosphere is the solid outer section of Earth. It includes Barth's crust (the “skin” of rock on the outer layer of planet Earth), as well as the underlying cool, dense, and rigid upper part of the upper mantle. The lithosphere extends from the surface of Barth to a depth of about 44-62 mi (70-100 km). This relatively cool and rigid section of Earth is believed to “float” on top of the warmer, non-rigid, and partially melted material directly below. The thickness of the crust varies. ‘The lithosphere is just one of Earth’s five great spheres. The lithosphere interacts with the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere and cryosphere to influence the climate and landscape of our planet. 4. Biosphere The biosphere is the life-supporting stratum of earth's surface. It extends from a few kilometers into the atmosphere to the depths of the ocean where marine life abounds. Its a global ecosystem composed of living organisms (biota) and the abiotic (non-living) factors from which they derive energy and nutrients. All the four spheres interact and interlink with each other, nourish each other and are dependent on each other. This interlinkage can be understood even in a piece of soil. ‘The soil will contain mineral matter from the lithosphere, the moisture within the soil is matter from the hydrosphere, the insects and plants in the soil ‘comprise the biosphere and the pockets of air between the soil particles. aoe Core Fig. 1.2.1 : Segments of Environment Syllabus Topic : Public Awareness about Environment —_—_————— ES 1.3. Public Awareness about Environment aS Q.1.3.1 Why public awareness about Environmental Protection is essential ? How is t created ? (Ret. Sec. 1.3) 1.3.1 Need for Public Awareness To make the public aware about the need to protest ht natural environment they must be told about the value of natural environment. Our natural environment has two NP of values which are quantitative and qualitative. 1.3.2 Methods of Creating Awareness ~ In our countty mass media like news papers and television have a very high influence general public. ‘ ‘The State and the Central Government shovld “ leading part in creating the awareness 20" people, ea ‘The public movements like “Sardar Saro' ‘ai Silent ValleyProject (near Palghat in the | WB cnvicnmoral susies SETE) Chipko Andolan in Uttarkhand which was headed by a strong nature lover Mr. Sunderlal Bahuguna. ‘These activities, not only help to solve the local problem, but they also help to generate awareness among the people living far from these problem areas. = Together with the Government activities, the Non- Government organizations can take up this issue and conserve the environment. Syllabus Topic : Environmental Issue: 1.4 _ Environmental Issues 1441 Introduction to Environmental Issues —5 The environmental issues are the after effects of Also infra red rays, reradiated from atmosphere when reach earth, meet insufficient amount of water vapours and carbon dioxide, and hence these IR radiations also remain partially unabsorbed. -. 1 at this stage if these radiations escape the lower auuosphere, it would disturb greenhouse effect, which ‘iti lead to further fall in temperature, and this will curbireduce evaporation of water. ~. Téerefore, infrared radiations absorbing water vapours Wii reduce in the atmosphere. ‘Teas will also cause cooling. In the stratosphere there ‘weatt be significant moisture to rainout the thick soot. Se due to nuclear explosi 3, a phenomenon opposite to global warming will occur. Such a phenomenon is, called as “Nuclear Winter”. = The modem fusion bombs (nuclear bombs) are of explosive force of 500 kilotons and 10 megatons. ‘Nuclear bombardment will cause combustion of wood, plastics, petroleum, forests etc. 1.7.2 Effects on Climate and Environment It results in lowering the global temperature, Itdrastically affects crop production. Crop productivity will reduce substantially causing famines and human suffering, It causes infertility of soil, Itaffects water for long persisting adverse effects. Environment Example 1 The Chernobyl nuclear 1986 has resulted in wide spread contamination by radioactive substances. The devastation caused by nuclear bombs is not only immediate but may be long lasting. Towards, the end of World War I, bombing of Dresden, Germany caused huge firestorms. This caused particle laden updrafts in the atmosphere. q Example 2 In nuclear holocaust in Japan 1945, two nuclear bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki cities in Japan, One fission bomb was dropped on Hiroshima. This holocaust (large scale destruction of human lives by fire) killed about 1, 00,000 people and destroyed the city. This forceful explosion emitted neutrons and gamma radiations. It had a force of 12 kilotons of ‘Trinitrotoluene (TNT). The radioactive Strontium (°°Sr) liberated in the explosion resembles calcium and had the property of replacing calcium of the bones. As a result large scale bone deformities occurred in the inhabitants of these cities. Even after more than 50 years the impacts of nuclear fallout are still visible. ‘Syllabus Topic : Concept of 4R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Recover) 1.8 Control Measures . 1.8.1 List 4R and explain each in contra with Environmental lssues. (Ret. Sec. 1.8) 1. Control Measures through the concept of 4R 2. Control Measures through Environmental Education F cnrmers sues SET = Control Measures through the concept of 4R. Good Practice of waste ms ‘Four principle of waste reduction are, 1 Reduce agement (4) 2 Reuse 3 Recycle 4 Recover (@)4R HY REUSE REDUCE RECYCIE (b) 3R Fig. 1.8.1 : Principle for control of damage to Environment 1.8.1 Reduce — If we avoid making garbage, we need not worry about disposing of waste or recycling it later. ~ Changing the habits of shopping, working and playing can reduce our waste, There's a ton of ways to reduce waste, saving some time and money and being good to the Earth at the same time — By reducing and reusing, consumers and industry can save natural resources and reduce waste management costs. Waste prevention, or source reduction, is the strategy behind reducing and reusing waste, 18 Environmey _ py designing, manufacturing, purchasing, or usiy } materials in ways that generate less Waste, fey, natural resources are used. 1.8.1.1 Advantages 1 (i) Saves natural resources : Throughout the life cycley ( a product from extraction of raw materials transportation, processing, manufacturing and then en use, waste is generated. Reusing items or making then with less material decreases waste dramatically : Ultimately, fewer materials will need to be recycled, combusted for energy, or land filled. 1 (ii) Reduces toxicity of waste : Sharing products the contain hazardous chemicals instead of throwing ou ( leftovers, using the smallest amount necessary we can reduce waste toxicity. ii) Reduces cost : Preventing waste also can mean ( economic -savings for communities, businesses, organizations, and individual consumers. é 1.82 Reuse Reuse is the best policy for resource conservation. To 4 Teuse is to use an item again after is been used. This includes conventional reuse where the item is used again for the same function and new-life reuse where it is used for a different function. Example of. conventional reuse is refillable milk bottles, retreading of tires and the use of returnable/reusable plastic boxes, shipping container etc, Scientific research has shown that re-using a product can reduce CO» emissions ‘and carbon footprint bY more than 50% relative to the complete product lif cycle, Rising wages and consequent consumer demand disposable products has made the reuse of low v8 items uneconomic, ut cure rn But current environmental awareness is grit hanging attitudes and regulations, such as the Environmental Studies (MSBTE) packaging regulations, are gradually beginning (© reverse the situation. 1.8.2.1 Advantages (Reuse help save time, money, energy, and resources. Gi) Reuse reduced disposal needs and costs (ii Refurbishment can bring. sophisticated, sustainable, ‘well paid jobs to underdeveloped economies: (iv) Reusable products are often cheaper than the many single use products it replaces. 4.8.2.2 Disadvantages (@ Sorting and preparing items for reuse takes time, which ‘may be inconvenient for consumers and costs money for businesses. (@ Reuse often requires cleaning or transport, which have ceavironmental costs. (Gil) In general, reusable products need to be more durable than single-use products, and hence require more ‘material per item. 1.8.2.3 Reuse Techniques Reuse Techniques: (@) Reuse centres and virtual exchange | (b) Deposit programs (c) Closed-loop programs (@) Reiling programs (c) Regiving (reiting) (f) Printer cartridges and toners reuse (g) Repurposing Fig. 1.8.2 : Reuse techniques ‘> (@ Reuse centres and virtual exchange = Reuse centres facilitate the redistribution of unwanted, yet perfectly usable, materials and equipment from one entity to another. They take possession of the donated eee ws Eee Environment them avail \s and sale Virtual exchanges allow users to post listings of ‘materials available and wanted on an online materials exchange website without taking physical possession of material (b) Deposit programs It offers customers a financial incentive to return packaging for reuse. Statistics show that, on average, @ milk bottle is returned 12 times. Sainsbury Ltd. have operated a plastic carrier bag cash refund scheme that saved 970 tonnes of plastic per annum. In India and Pakistan, manufacturers collect and refill old glass’ bottles for selling cola and other drinks “Kabadiwalas” buy old newspapers from the readers for scrap value and reuse them as packaging or recycle them. (© Closed-loop programs ‘This method applies primarily to items of packaging, where a company is involved in the regular transportation of goods from a central manufacturing facility to warehouses or warehouses to retail outlets. For example cold drinks, milk, vegetables, etc. are transported in reusable plastic crates or pallets. (@) Refilling programs It encourages packaging, reuse by customers, For example refills of liquid soaps and cleaning materials, insects killers, cooking oils ete, ‘This saving in packing being passed onto the customer by lower shelf prices, This avoids the transport cost and emissions of returning the reusable package to the factory. (e) Regiving (regifting) Items, such as clothes and children’s toys, often become unwanted before they wear out due to changes in their owner's needs or preferences; these can be reused by selling or giving them to new owners. ¥ Environmental Studies (MSBTE) > (© Printer cartridges and toners reuse Printer ink cartridges can be reused. The companies that created these cartridges can refill and sold back to .s are recycled the same way consumers. Toner cartridge: as ink cartridges. — This method is highly efficient as there is no energy spent on melting and recreating the cartridges. > () Repurposing = Repurposing means using a tool usually for a purpose unintended by the original tool-maker. — Examples of repurposing include using tires as boat fenders and steel drums as feeding troughs. — Similarly fly-ash produced by power plants is used extensively as an additive to concrete, providing increased strength. 1.8.3 Recycling = Recycling is breaking down of an item into raw ‘materials which are then used to make new potentially useful materials. Recyclable materials include many Kinds of glass, paper, metal, plastic, textiles, and electronics. Recycling turns materials that would otherwise become waste into valuable resources. Collecting used bottles, cans, and newspapers and taking them to the curb or to a collection facility is just the first in a series of steps that generates a host of financial, environmental, and social returns. Recycling of a material may produce a fresh Supply of the same material-for example used office paper would be converted into new office paper, or used foamed polystyrene into new polystyrene. ‘Sometimes recycling is difficult or too expensive so “recycling” of many products or materials may involve their reuse in producing different materials (eg. paperboard) instead, ‘Another form of recycling is the salvage of certain materials from complex products, either due to their intrinsic value e.g,, lead from car batteries, or gold from computer components, or due to their hazardous Environ nature (€. items). Recycling is a key component of modem yq reduction and is the third component of the “Rey Reuse, Recycle” waste hierarchy. 1.8.3.1 Advantages moval and reuse of mercury fom yi, Y @ (i Recycling reduces the consumption of fresh p,% " materials. (i) Itreduce energy usage. (iii) It reduce air pollution (from incineration). (iy) It reduces water pollution by reducing the need j ’ conventional waste disposal. (v) It lowers greenhouse gas emissions as compared virgin production. ‘According to a study following is the cost effectivenss of recycling : Table 1.8.1 ‘Material | Energy savings | Air pollution savings| Aluminium 95% 95% | Cardboard 24% = | Glass 5-30% 20% | Paper 40% 3% | Plastics 10% = Steel 60% ll | _ 1.8.3.2 Disadvantages Critics ‘dispute the net economic and environmea® benefits of recycling over its costs. According to critics a « fa t @ must consider following points. 3 (The costs and energy used in collection transportation detract from (and outweigh) the and energy saved in the production process. (ii)_ The jobs produced by the recycling industry oe Poor trade for the jobs lost in logging, minisé other industries associated with virgin productio™ © covicrenta Suces MSSTE) 1 (iii) Materials such as paper pulp can only be recycled a few times before material degradation prevents further recycling 1.8.4 Recover ‘The 4 R's “Recover” provides at ecologically sound and environmentally friendly approach to minimizing and waste and waste streams. RECOVER is to convert waste into resources (such as electricity, heat, compost and fuel) through thermal and biological means. Resource Recovery occurs after reduce, reuse and recycle have been attempted. Most favoured ‘option Disposal Fig. 1.8.3 Recovery is when most of the material thrown as garbage is used and processed in ways other than being. destroyed. When it is not possible to reuse or recycle objects - such as mobile phones, computers, televisions and other electronic gadgets, all of which may contain toxic clements, recovery is the last option. This means tuming waste into a fuel for manufacturing processes after removing all the individual components that may be used again. €.g.The waste is sent to scrap dealers, can be a source to recover gold and silver from the contacts, copper from the PCBs, all the metal from the casings, the plugs and sockets etc. which can all be re-used. Environment Review Questions Q.1 Define Environment, (Refer Section 1.1) 2.2. Define : (a) Atmosphere (b) Hydrosphere (6) Lithosphere (6) Biosphere (Reter Section 1.2) @.3 List segments of Environment. (Refer Section 1.2) Q.4 Why public awareness about Environmental Protection is essential ? How is it created 7 (Refer Section 1.3) Q.5 List Environmental Issues. (Refer Section 1.4) Q.6 List Green House gases. (Refer Section 1.4.1(A)) Q.7 Explain Green House Etfects. (Refer Section 1.4.2) Q.8 Write a note on Global warming (Refer Section 1.4.2) Q.9. What is climate change? Explain its effect on Environment. (Refer Section 1.4.3) ©. 10 Write a note on Acid Rain. (Refer Section 1.5) .11 Write @ note on Ozone Layer Depletion (Roter Section 1.6) Q. 12 What are nuclear accidents ? Give examples. (Refer Section 1.7) {Q. 13 List 4R and explain each in contra with Environmental Issues. (Refer Section 1.8) JULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS .1 Which of these causes the sea level change over flooding due to process of melting of snow 7 (Global warming (i) Ozone layer damaging si). Both () and (i) (iv) None of these. Ans, : (tl) @.2 Which of them can be recycled ? () Paper (i) Plastic (ii) Metal (v) Allof these Ans.: (Wv) _ 9.3 Recycle of plastic can also minimize air pollution. Yes (i) No (i) Neither yes nor fale (W) None Ans: () 2.4 Recycting is best process to control pollution. © Te () False (i) Neither tue norfalee —(W) None 2 5 Osicknown a (Atmosphere (i). Ozone (i) Oxygen () Allot these ‘Ans.: (il) @.6 Ozone get rupture by reaction of NO, with © Sunlight i) Water (i) Volatite organic compounds (iv). None ‘Ans. (ji) Q.7 Third world war have impact sen” (© Uthosphere (Hydrosphere (i) Bio-sphere (3) Allthe above ‘Ans.: (iv) @.8 Environment consist of. (Lithosphere. (i) Hydrosphere ~ (W)Bio-sphere (Ww) Allthe above ‘Ans.: (iv) @.9 Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Bio-sphere and atmosphere form __- Environment (i) Pollution (i) Pollutant (iv) None Ans.: () 10 Which gas gets deposited in lower layer of ‘atmosphere due to decomposition of organic matter ? () Methane (i) Ethane (ii) Nitrogen (iv) None of the above 2 Envi Environmental Studies (MSBTE) a hm industries co @.11 The refrigeration ntribute (>) falewing ges which ads to green house tee ¥ fir’ Choro fluoro carbon [CFC] i {iy Chloro fluoro chloride {CFI} (ii) Chloro fluoro carbonate (OFC) (iv) None of the above Ans: () An @.12 CFO, if added at a particular level of affects ozone layer. Name the level “Pa. AT Higher level (i) Midate tevet (i) Lower evel (iv) None ofthe abs Ans.: () @.13 Which of the following term describes se temperature of stmesphere due to green hos gases ? (Paradoxical warming e (i Global warming e (ii) Sun stroke (iv) None of the above : qi @.14 Due to global warming, there is melting of snow” ‘Atic Region. During 100 years ie. 1901 to 2000 how much is approximate average rise in sea leve\ () 2ems a) i) (i) 10.cms. 20.cms (Iv) None of the above a When S0;, HNO; and HCI are released fet chemical Industries, it these mix with Rail” Moisture in atmosphere which of following oft? occurs 2 (Acid Rain (i) Green House ete , Ai) Global warming) None of the above Ans.: (I) : a1 | ue to acid rain, how pH of soll gets affected? PHidecreases (4) pH increases Ai) pHs unattected (iv) None of the abov® Ans. () @.17 Due to acd rain, how fertity of sol gots fected ? {) Soil gets more fertile (i) Soll remains unaffected (ii) Fertility of soil reduces (iv) None of the above au COzonosphere is a separate layer in stratosphere, at 18 a height of __. (10-20 kms from sea level (i) 15-30 kms from sea level 30-40 kms from sea level (iv) None of the above Ans.: (ii) oe Which of the following radiations from sun are absorbed by ozone gas ? 8 () UV. radiation (i) ecradiation (i) Gamma radiation (v) None of the above 0 Chioro Fluor Carbons dissociate giving out toxic substances. Which of the following is mainly responsible for depletion of ozone layer, (Fluorine (A Chlorine atoms (ii) Carbon atoms (iv) None of the above Ans.: (i) @.21 One chlorine atom is estimated to destroy up to how ‘many ozone molecules approximately ? About 1 lakh (ii) About 2 lakh (iii) More than 5 lakh, w None of the above o 2.22 Which of following helps to minimise depletion of © ozone ayer? (i) If freons are replaced by halogens. (i) Iffreons, halons both are used to lesser extent. (ii) By making use of CFC. (v)_ None of the above. Environment 23° Which is the following makes it dificult to use only eco-friendly chemicals, so that ozone depletion stops/minimises? Due to their high cost (i) Due to non-availability (ii) Due to lesser availabilty (iv) None of the above w @.24 Which of the following diseases is caused to humans due to ozone layer depletion? Y ‘Skin, lungs and blood cancer (i) Brain tumor Ans. : (ii) Heart attack (iv) None of the above o @.25. Hydrocarbons and NO, interact leading to formation ® ‘of photochemical smog in atmosphere. In which layer of atmosphere such an interaction takes Ans. : ae 0) Me ner ofemshe eee Herat eestor (lv) None of the above di) ee atmosphere which of the primary © tate pun? tenon andNO, Ans. : 1 smog in pollutants @.26 (i) Ozone i) ™ w @.27 Which gas reacts with light in following reaction ? Chlorine gas None of the above Ans +hy-——> NO+0 ® NO, (i) SO, ill), H (Wv) None of the above Ans.: (I) Ans.: 9) ¥ Environmental Studies (MSBTE) i Q.28 Atomic oxygen reacts with ____ to give acyl © radical eo Hydrocarbon (il) CFC (ii) SO, (iv) None of the above Ans.: (I) Q.29 By the reaction between acyl free radical (RCO*) ‘and Q,, one of following is formed : O) WZ <_ AF Peroxy acyl radical ( ROO; ) (i) CFC (ii) Hydrocarbon compounds (iv) None of the above Ans.: (i) Q.30 By reaction between acyl radical (RCO") and Hydrocarbon (HC), one of following formed : @ RCO; i) {CO and ACHO (i) R-COOH (i) None ofthe above Ans.: i) @.31, By reaction between RCO" and NO, which one of the following formed ? 5 : © RCO; andNO, (i) RCO, and N,O il) RCO, and o (i). None ofthe above Ans: () @.32 During life eyele of a nuclear fuel, accidents occurs © (@ Onlyonce Frequently AY At any stage

100 kilotons (iv) None of the above Ans.: (ii) a.46 megatons is explosive force of nuclear bombs. L& 10 (i 500 (i) 300 (iv) None of the above Ans.: (i) @.47 Nuclear Bombardment cause burning of, () Wood, plastics (i) Forests, petroleum Lil) Both above (v) None of the above ‘Ans. (il) @.48 Nuclear accidents global temperature. () Increase 1_W Lower (ii), Mutiply (iv) None of the above Ans.: (i) 2.49 Nuclear accidents drastically affects, () Machine production (i)-€rop production (il) Power (iv) None of the above ‘Ans.: (il) Environment of Soil (W) Drying (v) None of the above @.51 Crop productivity ____ substantially due to nuclear accidents. () Increase Reduce (ii) Will not affect“ (iv) None of the above Ans.: (il) Q.52 Nuclear explosions for long. persisting adverse effects. (i) Water (it) Sky (ii) Troposphere (iv) None of the above Ans.: (i) @.53 In Japan, in 1945, two bombs were dropped on and () Hiroshima and Nagasaki (i) Dresden (ii) Tokio (iv) None of the above 0 @.54 The hydrosphere covers about ___ of the surface of earth, 70% (i) 90% Gi) 60% (iv) 50% Ans.: (i) @.55 Environmental education emphasises on_. Air (i) Water (i) Environmental issues (Wv)_ None of the above ‘Ans. (ill) @.56 Environmental issues are discussed and solved in subject. () Sociology (i) Economics (i) EVs: (iv) None of the above Ans.: (ll) () Environmental (i) Physical (ii) Chemical (Wv)_ None of the above ‘Ans.: (1) Q.58 is to be understood to protect environment. (Quality issues (i) Health requirement (ii) Environmental balance (iv) None of the above ‘Ans. : (ily @.59 EVS is important in both _and countries. (USA and UK i) China and india (ii) Developing and Developed (iv) None of the above Ans.: (il) @.60 Study of EVS covers. (Pure and applied sciences (i) Only environment (ii) Only chemistry (iv) None of the above Ans.: (i) @.61 Dealing with functioning of natural environment is () Environmental education (i) EVs (ii) Environmental chemistry (iv) None of the above Ans.: (i) 62 is one of objective ‘of “environmental ‘education () Private schools (i) Private company (ii) Public awareness (iv) None of the above ‘Ans.: (ul) Ans. : a.64 Ans. : 65 Ans. : a6 Ans. : er Ans. aes Ans. : 69 | ¥ Environmental Studies (MSBTE) 1-16 Ey, 57 Civilization is major cause of. poliutior 63 In India, Environmental education ig weg (il) Habitat ¢ (0) None othe tng Curriculum ‘Atmosphere 0 0) w 4 torm Is used 10 describe allen, government and NGOs to educate people," (@) EVs (i) EC (iil) Environmental education (iv) None of the above (ill) is important o save environment. ()) Environmental protection (i) EVs (il) Environmental pollution 4 (iv) None of the above i 0 ‘Along with government, also put efors educate people. u (Companies (i) Schools 3 (ii) NGOs (iv) None ofthe above (ii) —__—— is a green house gas. ) co, (i) HeS x Ne (iv) None of the above gas causes acid rain. @ So, (i) & (ii) Np () None ofthe above 0 Acid rain caused when mixes ___— (0 Moisture, So, (2) Humiaity, nitrogen i Ant Water vapour, Hydrogen () None of the above 0 a.70 Ans. : a7 Ans. : a7 Ans. : a76 Environmental Studies (MSBTE) ‘Ozone depletion is harmful to_. (Skin Ai) Digestion (ii) Reproduction (v) None of the above @ James Lovelock put forth theory / hypothesis. () Gaia (i) Teleology (ii) Habitabilty (iv) None of the above 20 USCB is short form for () United States Census Bureau 20 (i) United States Community Bureau (il) United Society for Communist and Beaurocrates. (iv) None of the above Great Famine and Black Death occurred in year () 1850) 1350 (i) 1947 (lv) None of the above a In 1850, during great famine and black death disaster mrllion approximately died, (300 million (i) 370 milion 40 milion (iv) None of the above: i) By year 2050, global popilation would be about @) 6-7billion (i -7.5 to 10.5 billion. (ii) Sameasnow —_(iv) None of the above Ww ‘The law, “population increases by geometrical way, but natural resources increase by arithmatic way’, is known as, () Arthenius Law (i) Einstein Law (ji) Malthus Law (iv) None of the above 1) Ans. : 78 79 Ans. : Q.80 Ans. : ast Ans. : Q.e2 Environment jaly due to (W) Water quality (iv) None of the above (0 Population () 0 Air quality and states have severe issues on release of water. () Delhi and Haryana (i) Bihar and Rajasthan (ii) Gujrat and Bihar (iv) None of the above 2) ‘Shortage in natural resources Is due to () High population (i) Low forty of sot (i) Low water quality (iv) None of the above @ High population gives rise to management of resources. (Poor (i) Natural (i) Proper (iv) None of the above 0 and crisis emerge due to high population. (i) > Land, water, sanitation ‘i i) ™ 0 Population rise affects status of Crime, health, children Social, health, women None of the above () Women and children i) wi) (wv) Poor people Education and shelter None of the above Ans. : as Ans. : 85 Ans. : ae7 Ans. : aes Ss Environmental Studies (MSBTE) 83 Poor sanitation affects quality of __. 1-18 0 (i) ai) (Ww) 0 Rivers, wells and ponds get polluted with _, (Heavy metals (i) Aquatic animals, (ill) Chemical compounds (v)_ None of the above o ‘Contaminated agricultural run off Pollutes__ (Food chain and food webs (i) Air (i) Pesticides (W)_None of the above o WHO stands for 0 i) World Health Organization Water sources Management of contaminants Air None of the above World Hygiene Observation (ii) Wild Hazardous Organisms (iv) None of the above 0) According to UNO, amongst~ present world Population, 0 w (iii) w 0 ‘According to WHO, up to ‘suffers from water bome diseases () Half of total (ii) 10% of total o ‘About 1 billion do not get potable water About 50% people get potable water No one faces water crisis, None of the above Population, (i) One fourth of total (iv) None of the above Q.89 Ans. : Q.90 Ans. : ast Ans. : a93 Ans. : 94 Ans. : Q. 96 & Guinea worm to hook worm occurs due ta ¥ 0 (il) w) Ww 0) Diarthoea is a 0 il) 1) UN suggests per person, () 20-50 litres (i) >40iitres i) (iv) @ In dry Northern china, water table drops __w meter peryeardueto X (One, over pumping (i) Ten, over using (il). Five, over pumping (v)__ None of the above q @ Ps Chinese rivers are highly polluted with___, Chemicals (i) Metals (ii) Heavy metals (iv).None of the abo. Oy x Many water conserving technologies are inverts! Air quality Drinking water Sanitation and drinking wate r None of the above A a borne disease i) Air Normal water Dirty water (iv) None of the abo, quantity of safe water per, < 40 litres None of the above () Japan (il) Israel (il). China (W¥) None of the above ay ue Without sanitation, __arinking¥# 's impossible, (Sate, sate (W) Proper, prope’ (ii) Sate, plenty (W) None ofthe sto" 8 at 0 Safe water is essential for Hygiene (i) Pumping ) (i) Washing (iv) None of the abo”? Environmental Studi (MsBTE) Lack of safe sanitation leads to 97 () Diseases (i) Water crisis (ii) Healthy environment (iv) None of the above Ans.: (I) 0.98 “itis human right to water and sanitation” explicitly recognized by (Human Rights commission (i) UN General Assembly (iii), Both of above: (iv) None of the above Ans.: (iii) Q.99 Sanitation facilities should be hygienically touse. () Sate (ii) Unsafe (i) Proper (Wv) None of the above ‘Ans.: (i) : 2.100 The price of water and sanitation should be (High (i) Low (iii) Different (iv) None of the above Ans.: (W) @.101 Sanitation faciities should be accepted. @ Culturally (i) Politically (iii), Technically (iv) None of the above Ans.: (i) @. 102 Sanitation facilities are constructed and made Common to alll (ii) Gender specific (iil), Only for women (iv) None of the above Ans.: (il) Q. 103 Crisis related to land is due to rise in () Prices (ii) Population (il) Reforestation (iv) None of the above wy Q. 104 Public awareness aims at (0. Protecting natural resources (i) Utilizing natural resources Ans. : 105 2. 106 Ans. : 107 Ans. : 108 Ans. : @.109 Ans. Q. 110 Ans. Environment (i) Exploiting natural resources (WW) None of the above w ur natural environment has values. 0 (i) a (wy and Qualitative and quantitative Preservation and conservation Utilization and recreation ‘None of the above : 0 ‘The species in world have numerous number of (Complex chemicals (i) Toxic elements (il) 7) @ ‘Some plants are useful as they produce _ @ i, @ Plants are valuable resources for many @ di) Useless substances ‘None of the above Medicines (i) Fruits. Flowers (iv) None of the above Vegetables and fruits Life saving medicines ) Both of above (v) None of the above ) ‘Aesthetic value of environment is enhanced by () Dryplants (i) Green plants (ii) Plants with colourful flowers (v)__ None of the above qu Plants are also ‘sources of many for industries, () Raw materials (i) Medicines (ii) Flowers (Iv) None of the above @ Q.111 The growth of plants are, (Habitat specitic (i) Water specie. {iv) None of the above (ii) Airspecitic Ans.: () @.112, We have to_extinotion of rare plants. (Encourage (ii) Help (ii). Protect (Wv) None of the above ‘Ans. (ii) @.113 Once a plant’ insect species is lost, it is lost () Fortime being (i) Forever (ii) Fora season —_(v) None of the above Ans.; (i) @.114 Humans do not have capacity to_ the lost species. Destroy (i) Reproduce Gil) Grow (v) Generate ‘Ans.: (il) Q.115- By law, no person is allowed to__or. the wild species. @ Care, protect i) Kill, sen (i) Purchase, protect. (Iv) Car, kill Ans.: (ii) @.116 Deforestation destroys natural__. () Environment () Lite (i) Cycle (v) Balance Ans.: (i) @.117 Wetland areas should not be 10 protect environment () Destroyed (i) Protected (i) Preserved —_ (Ww) Produced Ans.: () @.118 The environmental awareness starts with @ Country (i) State (ii) Individual (iv) None of the above Ans.: (ill) 1-20 (SBTE) Some Se 49 Public awareness 10 protect environmen spread by ——— ()_ Anindividual (i) Women (ii) Children (iv) Society Ans.: (I) Q.120 To protect wild species, Parks help () Regional (i) National (lil) |“ Water (iv) All of the above. Ans.: (Il) @.121 Wild life sanctuaries are developed to protec species of () Birds ii) Animals (iil) Tribals: (iv) All of the above Ans.: (i) Q.122 Bio reserves add to value of nat environment. () Protective (i) Productive (i) Preservative (Ww) Preparative Ans.: (ii) Q.123. Mother earth is a and planet. (Caring and living Green and water (iii) Growing and safe (iv) None of the above Ans.: (ii) Q.124 On bank of river Nile, civilizet developed. OF () Egyptian (i) Chinese (hp atican Ans. (i) Q. 125 Natural beautiful environment inspires —_—- (i) Artists, (i) Writers and poets ¢ (il) All above (iv) None of the above Ans. : (ll) 0.126 Great Indian poet kalidas has written, —__— Meghdut ( Shakuntal | (Wi) Mrutyunjay (iv) None of the Ans.: (1) aut ‘great indian writer/poet, (Picasso (i) Katidas (ii) Vyas (wv) Sharatchandra Ans. : (li) @. 128 Natural environment serves __as basis of out lite, (Poles (il) Philosophy (iy Culture (iv) Cycle Ans.: (i) @.129 In urban development, places are reserved for (Gardens and parks (i) Schools and hospitals (il) Allof above (wv) None of the above ‘Ans.: (i) @.130 For sustainable development R are followed. Os M2. ws ‘Ans. : (ill) 131 Ans. : 132 2.133 Environmental Studies (MSBTE) 127 The all time great book “meghdut is written by the 70 1.21 Reduce, Recycle, Reuse and Refuse are popularly known as, 0 (i) Ristobe followed 4 R for sustainable development (ii) Essential R's for better lie. (iv) None of the above 0 better than cure. (Protection (i) Conservation (i) Prevention (iv) Production iit) Conservation of forest is. than regeneration of forest. () Less costiy (i) More expensive (ii) More difficut (v) Easier Environment a. 134 is. public movement () Sardar sarovar (i) Sagar dam (iy an (i) None of the above Ane: (0) @. 136. Mr. Sundarlal Bahuguna headed popular movement 0) 0) i) (iv) Sardar sarovar 0 @.196 Chipko Andolan was done @ (i) Uttarakhand i) (iv) None ofthe above Ans.: (ii) @. 137 Chipko Andolan was headed by. Chipko Andolan Ecofriendly project development Dam developments Ans. : Jharkhand Kerala (i) Poltical leader (i) Nature lover (ii) Spirtual leader _((v) None of the above ‘Ans. : (i) @.138 Sardar sarovar project is in ()_» Andhra Pradesh (i) Gujarat (ii) Maharashtra (Wv) Punjab Ans. : (i) @.139 In south India, near palghat project is developed. (Sardar sarovar (i Silent valley (ii) Sagar dam (iv) Ecotrienaly ‘Ans. (il) @. 140. Using mineral and power resources at high speed would be () Short sightedness (i) Foresight. (i) Futuristic (uv) Long living Ans.: (I) @.141 The modem living style would lead to () Sustainable development (i) Unsustainable development (WW) Realistic approach (iv) Allof the above wy Environmental Studies (MSBTE) @.142 The wrong pattem of m style can corrected by folowing aR (iy Regeneration (ili) Redevelopment (iv) 3. » Q.143° The value of environment gives us peace. (Aesthetic = (i) 4 (i) Futuristic (iv) Spiritual. ) @. 144 A system without ite ‘ Abiotic (i) Biotic Gi) Sustainable. (v) Organi Ans.: (0) @.145 Acid rain occurs due to alssolution of in rain water. Gases (i) Particles i) Smoke () Soot Ans.: () @.145 Organisms adjust with environmental conditions is called as (i) Adaptation (i) Reproduction (ii) Development (iv) None of the above ‘Ans. : (I) @.147 Establishment of forests by planting trees. is (Afforestation (i) Reforestation (iii) Deforestation (iv) None of the above Ans.: (i) 2.148 Asbestosis is disease of @ Heart (i) Lungs (ii) Eyes () Kidney Ans.: (li) 149 Bhopal ges tragedy occurred in year () 1986 (i) 1985 (iil) 1990 (iv) 1987 Ane: () Q. 150 Gas leaked in Bhopal in 1984 is, Mic (i) co, i) NO, (W) None of the above Ans.: (I) 1-22 Evry, 7st Leakage of MIC 100k Pace from stage. () Union carbide (i) National company (i) State company (iv) None ofthe aboyg Ans.: (I) Q.152 Leakage of MIC happenedin (Midnight (i), Morning a (il) Noon, (Wv) Evening Ans.: (I) @.183. Progressive accumulation of toxic compener, 1s ()Bio-accumulation 1 Precipitation (ii) Decantation ()__ None of the above 0 's Q.154 Wide range of flora andfaunais_— © Nature (i) Biodiversity (i) Environment (Wv) Ecosystem w @. 155 Bioaccumulation is also known as _* Biodiversity (i) Biomagniticatons ™! (i) Precipitation (v) None of the abow Ans.: (il) @. 156 Requirement of O, for microbial. degradato's. ‘organic matter in water is 1 BOD @CoD Gi) PPT — (uyPew Ans.: (i) Q.157 Geographically ecological region with simiat ‘vegetation and climate is, © Abiotic (i) Biome (ii) Biotic (Wy) Allof the above . 6 2.188 Waste originating ‘mainly from hospta® * lines : 1s Biomedical waste 19 () Biological waste Ai) Biochemical waste (™) None of the above Ana.: () = 1 WH crvromeni usd S9TE 1.23 Environment '@.159 Lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere together is called () Biosphere (i) Environment {iy Stratosphere (iv) None of the above Ans.: @. 160 Plants, animals and micro organisms from ecosystem make, (Biota (i) Biosphere (i) Environment (W) Biome Ans. @.161 Technology that manipulates the genes in an organism to modify characteristics. (Biology (W)_ Microbiology (i) Biotechnology _(iv) Genetology Ans.: (iii) Q. 162 Cyclic movement of carbon, to and fro, between environment and organism, (Carbon eycle (i) Carbonization (ii) Coalition (iv) Carboxyiation Ans.: (i) Q. 163 A flesh-eating animal () Camivore (i) Herbivore (Both (iv) None of the above Ans.: ()) @.164 Maximum number of a species that can be accommodated in given area (per square kilometer) (i) Carrying capacity (i) Accommodating power (ii) Accommodating quantity (iv) None of the above Ans.: (i) . 465 Tree hugging movement in Uttarakhand, ()Chipko Andolan (i) Asbestosis (i) Agenda 21 (iv) None of the above ‘Ans. (1) 2.166 Oxygen required by non-biodegradable substances @.167 Movernent by women in Tehri-Garhwal in Uttara hand, 0 Chipko Andolan (i) Women liberalization (i) Agenda 21 (iv) Women Development ‘Ans.: () @.169 Gaseous compounds of carbon, fluorine and chioring__. () Gro (Hoe (i) CHE. (HE Ans.: () Q.169 CFC used widely as. (Coolant (i) Refrigerant Gil) Aircooters (iv) None ofthe above Ans. (il) @.170 A stove that uses wood or charcoal as fuel () Chua (i) Open store (i) Furnace (uv) Sigh ‘Ans.: () Q.171. Organism that feeds on producer () Heterotroph (i) Herbivore (i) Camivore (Ww) None of the above Ans. () | @.472 Total “economic and social retums against expenditure : (0) Cost Benefit analysis, (i) Cost- profit analysis (ii) ~ Price - profit estimate (iv) . Total Analysis 0 Q.173 is number of live births per 1000 people, population in an year. Ans. : (i) Total Birth chart () Crude Birth rate (ii) Additional births __(Wv) None of the above Ans.: (0) Q,174 _____ is number of deaths per 1000 people population in an year. in water (Depth % (iy) Death chart % 0 cop i) BOD (ii) Oxidation (iv) Oxygenation (il) Crude doath rate ('v) None of the above Ans. () ‘Ans. : (tl) u ¥ Environmental Studies (MSBTE) Even 75 __is Total socially transmitted behavior in a | Q. 183. Land degradation due to human activi ‘Ans. : 17 178 Ans. : 2.179 Q. 180 Ans. : 381 Ans. : Q. 182 ‘community, — Cuture (i) Habits Gil) Customs (v) Rituals oO Wind circulates round an area of low pressure anticlockwise (Cyclone (i). Storm, (ii) Anticyctone (iv) Wind power 0 Wind speed reaches 100 km per hour or more during ? @ Storm i) Tsunami Gil) Cyctone (iv) Wind mitt iit) wind circulates anticlockwise in Norther Hemisphere (@)—Anticycione . (i) Storm (ii) Cyclone (iv) Tsunami ai In cyclone wind circulates in. Norther Hemisphere. () Anticlockwise (i) Clockwise (i) Without direction (jv) None of the above o In , wind circulates clockwise in Southem Hemisphere. 2 Te i) Anticycione (ii) Tropical storm —_((v) None of the above 0 Unit of sound intensity is __. (Decibel (i) Bel (i) Frequency unit (Wv) None of the above 0 ‘Audibilty of human ear is () 110 130 decidel (i) > 100 decibel (il) <100 decibel —(v) §0- 100dB o (il) Erosion (iv) Corrosion Desertification Land slide 0 ) Ans.: (I) @. 184 Physical or biological complexity of & sya, () Biodiversity (i) Diversity (ii) Ecosystem (iv) Culture 0) ‘A technique to distinguish between individu, ‘same species using DNA. (DNA testing (i) DNA finger pint (ii) DNA analysis ——_(v) DNA Tracing @w @.186 A high level inter governmental meeting environment of earth. (Earth summit (i) Save earth (ii) Save planet (@v) None of the above Ans.: () Q. 187 Earth summit was held at (0. Japan (i) Rio-de-Janero in Brazil (i) UK (USA ‘Ans.: (il) @.188 Earth summit at Rio-devanero was held in y (1982 (iy 1985 Gi) 1981) ‘Ans.: (0) @. 189 United nations conference on environment # development (UNCED) is popularly known () Earth summit w ay ™ 0 DNA fingerprinting uses sample of __- (RNA (iy) ONA ay , Save environment movement ‘Save earth movement None of the above Ans. 190 (i) Nails (w) Tissue Ans. : Environmental Studies (MSBTE) @. 191 DNA fingerprinting can help to distinguish betweer (). Different individuals of same species. (i) _ Different individuals of different species. O) (wv) None of the above Ans.: (0) @. 192 The points of agreement of "Earth summit circulated as. (Rio Declaration UNCED minutes Rio-de-Janero Declaration None of the above Individuals trom different regions, F @.193 The shaking and trembling of earth is € (Earth Vibrations i) Earthquake Ans.: (il) @.194 Scale to measure intensity of earthquake is (i) Tremors (iv) None of the above () Richterscale (ji) Vector (ii) Scalar (wv) 48 pans: (0) } 195 Richtor scale is unit to measure of earthquake, (i) Intensity (ii) Vibration (ii) Frequency (iv) Severity Ans.: (i) Q.196 The variety of habitats is | () Ecosystem Diversity “(Ecological Variation (ii) Biodiversity (iv) Diversity Ans.: (I) 2.197 A group of co-existing organisms which interact with the environment. © Diversity (Wi) Ecosystem, (ii) Biodiversity (wv) wi ‘Ans. (il) 4.25 Environment Q. 198 One Is able to do work due to Energy (i) Heat (i) Force: (Iv) None of the above Ans.: (i) Q. 199. “Something that environs” is. () Environment (i) Surrounding (ii) Encircle (Ww) None of the above Ans.; (I) Q. 200 Evaluation of shorviong term effect on environment is (Environment impact Assessment (i) Environmental influence (ii) Environmental impact Analysis () Environment Impact Assurance Ans.: (i) Q..201 Activity that protects environment () Ecofriendly (i) Safe (i (v) Ecology Ans.: (V) @.202 Code of conduct based on moral values (id) Asthetic (iv) Morals Green (Attitude (li) Ethies ) Electronic waste generated (0. E-waste (i) Solid waste (lil), Biomedical waste (iv) Electronic waste ‘Ans.: (i) Q. 204 Regional animals and animal life. Ans. : Q.203 ) Fauna (i) Flora (ii) Ecosystem (iv) None of the above 0 Regional plants growing naturally. () . Flora (i) Fauna (il) Ecosystem —_(v) Forest 0 Excessive intake of fluoride causes (Thyroid problem (i) Fluorosis (il) Fluorination () Fluorolysis. wo nmental Studies (MSBTE) @. 207 Fluo: caused due to excessive Intake of @ todine (i) Fluorine (i) CFC (iv) Fluorides Ans.: (il) @.208 Fly Ashis Portion of solid fuel. (Combustible (i) Non-combustible (ii) Partially bumt (iv) Harmful Ans.: (il) Q.209 Particles floating in air due to non-combustible Portion of solid fuel are @ FlyAsh qi) Ash il) Dust (iv) Particles Ans.: (i) @. 210 Chain of food transfer from primary producer to various consumers (Food chain (i) Food web (i) Food cycte (iv) None of the above Ans: (0 L211 Large no. of trees naturally grown inarea (Forest (i) Garden (ii), Mangrove (iv) None of the above Ans.: (i) G.212 Remains of organisms converted into fuels". (Fossil fuels (il) Carbon credits ii) Carbon ppt. (iv) None of the above Ans.: (i) @.213 “Frugivorous” term is used for animals / creatures Which depend only on () Fruits (ii) Vegetables (ii) Grass (w) Seeds Ans.: (i) @.214 Slow gradual rise in temperature of earth due to green house gases (Global warming (i) Thermal pollution (ii) Heat Transfer (iv) None of the above Ans.: (I) () Global warming (il) Acid Rain Ans.: (I) @..216 Region suitable for grass 10 few trees 1p () None of he any (i) Grass land (iv) None of the above () Wet land (ill). Green park Ans.: (Il) @.217 Effect due to green house gases__ () Green House effect (i) Green park (ii) Green chemistry (iv) None of the above Ans.: (I) @.218 COzis (Green House Gas (ii) Red in colour (ii) Insoluble in water (iv) Heavier thang ‘Ans. (i) @.219 During second half of twentieth century the w. saw () Famine (i) Green Revolution (ii) Desertiication (iv). None of the abot ‘Ans.: (li) Q.220 Green Revolution is ‘growth of workd# production: (Steady (i) Rapid (ii) Stow (iv) None of the above Ans.: (il) Q. 221 Green Revolution was mainly in ccountit (i) Developing (i) Developed (i) Sma (wv) Large Ans.: (I) @.222 An area where biological population () Ecosystem (il) Divinity Ans.: (ll) (i) Habital (wv) Diversity {9.223 Violent storm with very strong winds. ( Oyctone (i) Anti eyclone (i Hurricane —_(w) Tsunami ‘Ans. (i) ‘| q.z26 Westem Atlantic ocean experience _. (Hurricane (il) Voleano | (i) Storm (i) Cyclone [= o | 9.228 cycle of evaporation of water to rain fall is (Hydrological (i) Rain cycle (i) Carbon eyele (iv) Nitrogen cycle ans: Q.226 Electric power from water ()Hyéropower ——i)-Hydoenerey __ Gi) Wind eneray —_(v) Thermal power are: @ | aite7 Turbines are driven using (0) Hydropower (i). Electricity ) Wind energy _(\v) Power jo Ar: Process of burning waste material to ashes in incinerator (Incineration (i) Combustion (ii) Buring () Disposal Ans: (0 0.229 Process of burning waste material in special furnace called as, (i) _ Incineration (il) Ash formation (iii) Combustion (iv) Disposal Ans: () @.230 Outside city where municipal waste is dumbed (Land fi (i) Wet land (ii) Garbage (iv) Grass land Ans.: (I) 7 Environt AF crvrnmontl stusios SETE paren 2.281. A pica! vegetation of shrubs and trees () Mangroves (i) Forest (li) Marine vegetation () None ofthe above ans.: 2.232. Protoco! made in 1987 (9 Montreal protocol (i) Agenda 24 (i) Green Revolution —_(W) Malthus law ans. 2.233. Montreal protocol estabished ia (1987 (i) 1985 (iy 1982 (1986 ans: ( 0.224 Montreal protocols on substances that (i) Deplete ozone (i) Cause Acid Pain (i) Cause Global warming (Ww) None ofthe above ans.: (0.235 Montreal protocol was made under the auspices of 0 UN UK USA (China ans.: 0.236 An Amendment to Montreal protocol was’ done in yoanbeosh.5 (91987 (i) 1992 i) 1985 (Wy) 1988 ans. (i) 0.237. Total nations signed Montreal protocol (93 Gi) 112 (iil) 55 (iv) 95 ane: () Q. 238 Resources in earth's crust. (i) Natural (li) Renewable (il) Ancient: (iv) Plenty o non-renewable Preventing overexploltation of natural resources ()_ Nature conservation (i) Environmental degradation (lll) Expiotting biodiversity (iv) None of the above 20 a.239

You might also like