DS3010: Sustainable Design

Course conducted by
Dr. Amrita Bhattacharjee
Use of
Energy in
human
civilization
 Energy use
with progress
of human
civilization
Energy end use
sectors
Oil Crisis Of 1973

• In October 1973 OAPEC (Organization of

Arab Petroleum Exporting countries and
Egypt, Syria and Tunisia) proclaimed an
embargo on oil production and started oil
pricing control strategy, in response to
support of USA to Israel in its war against
Egypt.
Classification
Of Energy
Sources
Classification
based on Usability
of Energy
• Primary resources: Resources
embodied in nature prior to undergoing
any human-made conversions or
transformations.
Examples: Coal, crude oil, sunlight, wind,
running rivers, vegetation and radioactive
material etc.

• Secondary Resources: The energy

resources supplied directly to consumer
for utilization after one or more steps of
transformation are known as secondary
energy.
Example: Electrical energy, thermal
energy, hydrogen fuels etc.
Classification
based on
Traditional Use
• Conventional Energy: Resources, which
are being traditionally used, for many
decades and were in common use around oil
crisis of 1973, are called conventional
energy resources.
Examples: Fossil fuels, nuclear and hydro
resources.

• Non-conventional Energy: Resources,

which are considered for large-scale use
after the oil crisis of 1973, are called non-
conventional energy sources.
Example: Solar, wind, biomass, etc.
Classification based
on Based on Long-
Term Availability
• Non-renewable: Resources,
which are finite and do not get
replenished after their consumption,
are called non-renewable.
Examples: Fossil fuels, uranium, etc.

• Renewable: Energy obtained from

sources that are essentially
inexhaustible.
Examples: Wind power, solar power,
geothermal energy, tidal power and
hydroelectric power.
Classification based on
Based on Commercial
Application
• Commercial Energy Resource: The
energy sources that are available in the
market for a definite price are known as
commercial energy.
Examples: Electricity, coal and refined
petroleum

• Non-commercial Energy: The energy

sources that are not available in the
commercial market for a price are
classified as non-commercial energy.
Examples: Firewood, agro-waste in rural
areas, solar energy for water heating,
animal power for transport, irrigation and
crushing of sugarcane, etc.
Classification
based on Origin

• Fossil fuels energy

• Nuclear energy
• Hydro energy
• Solar energy
• Wind energy
• Biomass energy
• Geothermal energy
• Tidal energy
• Ocean thermal energy
• Ocean wave energy
Salient Features Of Non-conventional Energy Sources

Merits

• Non-conventional sources are available in nature free of cost.

• They produce no or very little pollution.
• They are inexhaustible.
• They have low gestation period.

Demerits

• In general, the energy is available in dilute form these sources.

• Though available freely in nature the cost of harnessing energy from nonconventional sources is generally high.
• The energy flow depends on various natural phenomena beyond human control.
• Difficulty in transporting this form of energy.
• Difficulty in storage.
Trade-off between Energy and Environment

• Environment literally means surroundings.

• During any energy conversion process some energy is expelled by the energy conversion system into surroundings in the form of heat.

• Some pollutants may be produced as a by-product of this process.

• These cause certain degradation of environment.

• While supplying the increased energy demand, efforts should be made to adopt measures to minimize the degradation of environment.

• The present trend is to have a trade-off between the two.

• Future seems to be in favour of developing renewable and environment friendly energy resources.

• To create public awareness about environment conservation, 5th June is observed as ‘World Environment Day’.
Ecology

• Ecology deals with the relationship existing between living organisms and the
environment.

• Nature has self-cleaning capability and recycles its resources through various
processes thus maintaining a state of equilibrium.

• Water cycle, nitrogen cycle and carbon cycle are the well-known examples of
this.

• When human interference exceeds the limits, the ecological balance is

disturbed.
Greenhouse Effect

• Gases like CO2, methane, nitrous oxide (N2O),

hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs), hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFC), sulphur
hexafluoride, ozone are known as greenhouse
gases(GHG).
 What is Sustainable
design?

The purposeful design of

buildings and places that
• minimise harmful
environmental impacts
• drastically reduces carbon
emissions
• Positively increase health,
wellbeing, nature and
biodiversity, and social value,
throughout their lifecyles.
 WHY IS IT
IMPORTANT
?
• PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE DESIGN
 PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE DESIGN

OPTIMISE SITE POTENTIAL OPTIMISE ENERGY USE PROTECT AND OPTIMISE BUILDING ENHANCE INDOOR OPTIMISE OPERATIONAL
CONSERVE WATER SPACE AND MATERIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND MAINTENANCE
USE QUALITY PRACTICES
 HOW BE CAN IT DONE?

DESIGN FOR PERFORMANCE PRIORITISE RE-USE DESIGN EFFICIENCY FOR

REDUCED EMBODIED CARBON
Solar Energy
What is Light?
Wave-Particle Duality
Photoelectric Effect
Semiconductor
Solar Cell
Solar Cell Construction
Solar PV Module
• Applications of Solar Thermal
System (Domestic)
Solar Water Heater
Solar space heating
Solar space Cooling
Solar Heating Systems
Solar Cooling Systems
Solar Cookers
Community Solar Cooker
• Products for which batteries are not
required
• Basic solar calculator
• Toy helicopter with
rotating blades
• Radiometer
• Sun chime
Products
for which
batteries
are
required
Applications of Solar Thermal System (Outdoor)
Solar Park at Charanka Village, Distt. Patan, Gujarat, India
Solar Water Pump
Solar Lighting
Solar Medical Refrigeration
Solar Village Power
Solar Telecommunication and Signaling
Nature-Inspired
Solar Panel Design
World’s largest ‘solar tree’ by CSIR-CMERI in Durgapur, West Bengal
Solar Tree inspired by Fibonacci Sequence
Solar Cell inspired by Fractal Pattern
Solar Cell inspired by Sunflower Heliotropism
Solar Cell inspired by Butterfly Wings
Field of Light by Bruce Munro
Future expectations
Wind Energy
Origin of
Wind
• Global (or Planetary)
Winds

• Local Winds
Factors
Affecting the
Distribution of
Wind Energy
On planetary level, great mountain influences
the circulation of air currents.

Surface roughness or friction, owing to the

resistance that different elements of the earth’s
surface offer to air circulation affects the nature
of wind.

Climatic disturbances such as thunderclouds and

precipitation affect the local winds.

Wind speed increases while passing through

narrow mountain gaps, where it gets channeled.
Variation of Wind
Speed with Height
• The rate of change of wind speed with height is
called wind shear.

• The lower layers of the air results in change in

mean wind speed with height, until the shear
forces are reduced to zero. This height is called
the gradient height and is typically of about
2000 m

• Above the gradient height, known as free

atmosphere, changes in wind speed are not
affected by ground conditions.

• The layer of air from ground to gradient height

is known as planetary boundary layer. It consists
of:
• (i) surface layer, which extends to a
height of approximately 100 m
• (ii) Ekman layer, which starts from 100
m and extends up to gradient height
Wind speed
characteristics

• Every wind turbine-generator has

• specific cut-in speed, where it starts

generating power

• A rated speed

• A furling speed where it stops

generation
Wind Speed
Characteristics
• A’, B’ and C’ are power outputs corresponding to
cut-in speed, rated speed and cut-out speeds
respectively.

• The area within GAF could not be tapped as the

wind speed therein is less than cut-in speed.

• The area within CDOE remained untapped because

the wind speed is greater than furling speed.

• Segment BC represents the portion where the wind

speed is greater than rated speed. Power
generation is kept constant at rated capacity. So, the
energy represented by the area BCB” also could not
be harnessed.

• The hatched area under the output power-duration

curve measures the actual annual energy output of
a particular wind machine at a given site.
APPLICATIONS OF
WIND POWER
Applications Requiring Mechanical Power
Applications As Electrical Power Source
• Small-scale applications of Stand-alone
operation
• A windmill system
next to a remote
home
• Community water
supply in Niama
District, Oujda, NE
Morocco
• Remote weather
system for the
Finnis Coastguard
A windmill for stocking water
• Assembly for a
windmill in
Antarctica
• A boat using wind
power
• Intermediate-scale application of Stand-
alone operation
• Ten wind turbines
powering a remote
village in Kotzebue,
Alaska
• Wind/PV hybrid
system for powering
the Caribbean
Islands
• Bergey Excel 10
kW wind turbine in
a Xiao Qing Dao
Island village
• Village electrification
system for Krasnoe
Island, Russia
• Wind farms
• The Altamont Pass wind farm
• The Texas Horse Hollow Wind farm produces 735 MW of
power
• Offshore wind farm in Denmark
• HYBRID WIND AND PV
ENERGY CONVERSION
SYSTEM
Wind Energy Program In India
FUTURE EXPECTATION OF
WECS
Energy-
efficient Design
Climatic Zone: Cold and Cloudy
Himurja Office
Building, Shimla
Climatic Zone: Composite
Solar
Energy
Centre,
Gurgaon
Climatic Zone: Warm and Humid
Office Building of West Bengal
Renewable Energy
Development Agency
Industrial
Revolution
• From Cradle to Grave
One Size Fits All
• The Four R’s: Reduce,
Reuse, Recycle and Regulate